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Antarctica’s Blood Falls, a striking and eerie-looking feature in the McMurdo Dry Valleys where crimson-red fluid oozes from the tongue of the Taylor Glacier, may point to a hidden connection between the sea and the coldest desert on Earth.
According to new research, these unusual features on the southernmost continent may contain microbial evidence of water flowing from ancient seas into the Antarctic desert. Researchers from the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) and Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, revealed their Antarctic discovery in a recent paper published in Nature Geoscience, identifying eukaryotic organisms swimming in the crimson water.
The distinctive color of the Blood Falls comes from the high iron content of the salty water, which leaves a crimson stain on the white snow as it flows out from under the glacier.
An Antarctic Discovery
Close to the Taylor Glacier terminus, the JCVI researchers found a eukaryote community that they suggest arrived in the valley with ancient seawater.
“This is an environment that looks almost completely cut off from the ocean today,” said lead author Angela Zoumplis, of Yale and JCVI. “But when we looked at the molecular signatures of the organisms living in the red mud and sediment around Blood Falls, we saw a surprisingly strong marine signal. That tells us this place may be preserving traces of an older connection between the Dry Valleys and the sea.”
Antarctica’s Blood Falls (Image Credit: National Science Foundation/Peter Rejcek)
Even though glaciers are made of water ice, Antarctica’s McMurdo Dry Valleys are not just some of the planet’s coldest deserts, but also the driest. In this location, extremophiles survive on the edges of some of our planet’s most challenging living conditions.
Extremophile Laboratory
Previous work discovered bacteria persisting in the Blood Falls brine, but the new research is the first to discover a significantly larger life form: eukaryotes such as diatoms. The term eukaryote refers to single-celled organisms with a nucleus. Within this group, diatoms are noted for their silica shells and their highly specific preference for certain habitats.
As they analyzed 167 samples collected in the region, the team identified diatoms associated with marine environments only in the Blood Falls discharge, but not in the surrounding lakes and streams, or even in air samples.
“We were not just asking whether marine organisms were present,” Zoumplis said. “We wanted to know whether they were part of a distinct community, whether they looked different from nearby freshwater communities, and whether there was evidence that they were active. The answer to all three was yes.”
Antarctic Analysis
Laboratory techniques applied to the samples included examining their RNA with metatranscriptomics and molecular sequencing. In the Blood Falls samples, the team’s analysis revealed between 60% and 80% of the diatoms were marine-associated. The samples from other locations were primarily composed of land and freshwater diatoms.
Notably, these weren’t just dying remnants of diatom communities that had been swept into the Antarctic—they displayed gene activity related to survival under these extreme conditions.
“That activity is what makes the finding especially exciting,” Zoumplis said. “We are not simply seeing genetic leftovers. We are seeing evidence of organisms responding to a harsh, changing environment — freezing, thawing, salt stress, iron exposure, and long periods of inactivity.”
While the discovery does not entirely rule out that the diatoms arrived via wind, this is unlikely based on the prevalence of marine species specifically in the Blood Falls samples. The researchers note the area’s unusual chemistry, providing a brine rich in iron, salt, and silica, in addition to observed survival tactics in the diatom, such as the formation of resting cells.
This community likely isn’t a perfect preservation of an ancient marine ecosystem within a seemingly “lost” portion of the ocean, the researchers say, but the result of continued deposits and selection over time. Rather than providing a perfect record of ancient microbial communities, studying these eukaryotes can provide researchers with information on past climate change and how life survives under the most hostile of conditions.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org.
This map, based on data from the OCI (Ocean Color Instrument) on NASA’s PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite, shows Sargassum highly concentrated in the tropical Atlantic in June 2026.
NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin
Sargassum, a type of brown floating algae, has shifted its range in recent decades, thinning out in the North Atlantic’s Sargasso Sea while proliferating in the tropical Atlantic. That trend, underway since 2011, continued in 2026 as the algae, commonly known as a type of seaweed, reached its annual peak in June across a stretch of ocean known as the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt.
The belt’s Sargassum abundance in June 2026 made it the second-highest Sargassum year in the satellite record, slightly behind 2025, according to scientists at the University of South Florida (USF) College of Marine Science. Regionally, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of America (Gulf of Mexico) both hit record highs, according to USF’s June 2026Sargassum outlook. The western and eastern Caribbean saw 3.6 and 9 million metric tons, respectively, while the Gulf saw 5 million metric tons—nearly double its previous record, also set in 2025.
“The belt is a basin-scale phenomenon that can have devastating local-scale impacts throughout the Caribbean and Gulf, and satellite observations are the only method that captures both scales on a daily basis,” said Brian Barnes, a marine scientist at the Optical Oceanography Laboratory at USF. “The tracking done by our lab helps communities know the current extent of Sargassum and prepare for what’s to come.”
In moderate amounts in the open ocean, Sargassum provides habitat for turtles, invertebrates, fish, and birds, and adds oxygen to the water through photosynthesis. But too much of it near shore can tangle and suffocate marine life, and mats that sink can smother corals and seagrasses. On beaches, decomposing Sargassum releases hydrogen sulfide, a rotten-egg-smelling gas that’s a potential problem for both ecosystems and tourism.
The map above shows Sargassum density in the tropical Atlantic Ocean in June 2026. Red and orange areas are where Sargassum densities were the highest. Note that although the “belt” appears continuous, discrete Sargassum mats are scattered across the ocean surface. The map is based on satellite measurements of how much of the ocean surface was covered by the seaweed, averaged per pixel across all observations made in June by the OCI (Ocean Color Instrument) on NASA’s PACE (Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem) satellite.
This detailed view of the same PACEOCI map highlights Sargassum concentrations across the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of America, both of which saw record-high amounts of the floating algae in June 2026.
NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin
Ocean currents and winds shape the Sargassum belt, which, despite the patchiness, stretches nearly continuously from West Africa to the Gulf and holds a fairly steady “width” from the western tropical Atlantic westward, explained Chuanmin Hu, also an optical oceanographer at USF. The ocean currents have also spared Florida’s west coast from inundation this summer, while delivering large amounts of seaweed to the Florida Keys and the state’s east coast. The bulk of the Sargassum, however, is visible in the Caribbean Sea, shown in detail above, where problems associated with inundation have been more severe, Hu said.
Data for the maps were provided by Lin Qi, an oceanographer at NOAA’s Center for Satellite Applications and Research, who has been working to generate Sargassum maps based on data from PACE, which was launched in February 2024. The work extends that of Qi and colleagues at USF’s Optical Oceanography Laboratory. This team first developed Sargassum detection techniques using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) on NASA’s long-running Terra and Aqua satellites and VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-20 satellite—data that have been a key component of USF’s Sargassum Watch System and of research into the seaweed’s longer-term trends.
Satellites detect Sargassum by its signals in reflected sunlight. Because of its plant structure and chlorophyll pigments, Sargassum reflects more near-infrared light than water. Scientists flag pixels where the reflectance spikes above the levels produced by plain seawater, and then they use the strength of this spike to estimate Sargassum density, which refers to the fraction of ocean surface covered by the seaweed in each pixel. Density estimates can then be converted into biomass, or the total weight of Sargassum present within a pixel, which is how the longer-term trends in the chart below are tracked.
NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin
The chart above uses the continuous MODIS record since March 2000 to show how Sargassum biomass across the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt has changed through June 2026. Notice the uptick beginning around 2011, when the belt was first developing, and the seasonal dips in winter and peaks in spring and summer. The record high in July 2025 stands out, followed by the quick rise in early 2026—especially in the first four months of the year—that culminated in the year’s peak in June. More recent observations, not yet reflected in the chart, indicate Sargassum biomass declined through the following month of July.
“Since the initial appearance of the Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt in 2011, the total Sargassum amount in the Atlantic Ocean has increased substantially, more than doubling every five years,” Hu said. He added that the exact mechanism is still being investigated, but it’s possibly related to ocean warming, multiple nutrient sources, and the fact that large Sargassum mats attract other organisms—such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria—that can supply additional nutrients to sustain further growth.
Alongside data from MODIS and VIIRS, OCI data from PACE now feeds into the Sargassum Watch System’s near-real-time daily and weekly composite maps. A recent study of the central-west Atlantic led by Qi, spanning May through August 2024, found that OCI offers several advantages over its predecessors, observing more of the ocean and detecting Sargassum with greater sensitivity.
Hu noted that the added pixels from OCI can improve near-real-time monitoring and analyses of short-term fluctuations. And its higher sensitivity, he said, will also lead to improved maps during winter months, “thus helping understand Sargassum changes over time.”
Additionally, the study’s authors found that OCI’s hyperspectral capability makes it the only sensor able to spectrally discriminate Sargassum pixels across the Atlantic Ocean “without ambiguity,” adding confidence to the interpretation of detected image features—especially in parts of the Atlantic where another type of floating algae, Trichodesmium, has been reported.
“I think I can speak for all project members, past and present, in sharing how rewarding it is to see the promise of PACE’s advancements come to life,” said Jeremy Werdell, PACE project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center. “OCI has started a true renaissance in aquatic ecosystem monitoring from space.”
NASA Earth Observatory maps and chart by Lauren Dauphin, using PACE and MODIS data courtesy of Lin Qi (NOAA), and Brian Barnes and Chuanmin Hu (University of South Florida, Optical Oceanography Laboratory). Story by Kathryn Hansen.
Today, humans speak or use signs in approximately 7,500 different languages. However, this figure, impressive as it may seem, represents only a snapshot of a constantly changing history, and questions about the evolution of linguistic diversity have remained among the most elusive for science for decades. How many languages existed before the appearance of written […]
MacBook Air Flexgate is an unofficial name increasingly used for screen problems that appear when the laptop lid reaches a particular angle. The display may flicker, lose its backlight, show colored lines or turn completely black even though the computer continues running.
The term can be misleading. The original Flexgate controversy involved certain 13-inch MacBook Pro models from 2016, not MacBook Air. Apple later created a display backlight service program for eligible MacBook Pro units after determining that a small percentage could develop uneven lighting or lose the backlight entirely.
No equivalent MacBook Air repair program currently appears among Apple active service programs. Individual Air models can still experience failures involving display cables, connectors, backlight components or the LCD panel, but that does not establish one confirmed defect affecting every generation.
Owners therefore need to identify the symptom before assuming the screen has the same problem associated with the earlier MacBook Pro.
MacBook Air Flexgate Is Not the Original Flexgate
MacBook Air Flexgate usually refers to damage or wear affecting the thin cables carrying display information and power between the computer body and the screen.
These cables must flex every time the lid opens or closes. When a cable, connector or bonded section begins failing, the problem may initially appear only at certain screen angles. Moving the lid can restore the image temporarily, followed by another blackout when the display opens farther.
The original MacBook Pro issue became associated with a short backlight cable integrated into the display assembly. Repeated movement could place stress on the cable, producing a stage-light effect along the bottom of the screen before the backlight eventually stopped working.
MacBook Air designs also use compact display connections routed through the hinge area, but the internal construction differs across generations. A cable-related Air failure should not automatically be treated as evidence that Apple reused the exact defective MacBook Pro component.
The distinction matters during repair. A technician may use “Flexgate” as convenient shorthand, while the written diagnosis may identify a damaged display cable, backlight circuit, panel connection or complete display assembly.
Customers should ask which component has failed and how the conclusion was reached rather than accepting the nickname as the diagnosis.
Image Source: Google
Which MacBook Air Models Are Mentioned Most
Reports of angle-dependent MacBook Air display failures most commonly involve Retina models introduced from 2018 onward.
The 2018 and 2019 Intel MacBook Air share a thin Retina design with display connections running through the hinge area. The early 2020 Intel version and late 2020 M1 MacBook Air use closely related chassis designs, making symptoms across these machines look similar even when the failed component is not identical.
Owners describe displays that work when opened slightly but flicker, develop lines or turn black when moved toward a normal viewing position. Some units recover after the lid is partly closed, strongly suggesting a physical connection affected by movement.
The M1 MacBook Air receives particular attention because it sold in large numbers and remained available for several years. A greater number of public complaints does not necessarily mean it has a higher failure rate, but many of these computers are now old enough for wear, accidental pressure and repeated hinge movement to become relevant.
The redesigned M2 MacBook Air introduced in 2022 uses a different enclosure and display assembly. M3 and later versions continue that flatter design. Individual screen and cable failures can occur, but there is no established evidence of a single Flexgate defect covering those generations.
Older wedge-shaped MacBook Air models released before the 2018 Retina redesign can also develop display cable problems. They are not normally included in the Flexgate discussion because their screen architecture predates the MacBook Pro controversy and their failures follow different repair patterns.
The exact model can be checked through:
Apple menu > About This Mac
The model year and screen size are more useful than the date the Mac was purchased. Retailers may sell an earlier generation long after its original release.
How to Recognize a Display Cable Failure
A strong Flexgate-style symptom is a display that changes immediately when the lid moves.
The screen may operate normally below a particular angle, then flicker or disappear as it opens farther. Returning the lid to the previous position restores the picture without restarting the Mac.
Uneven illumination along the bottom edge can point toward a backlight connection. Several bright or dark patches resembling stage lights are especially associated with cable or backlight distribution problems.
A completely dark screen may still contain a faint image. Shining a flashlight toward the display in a dark room can sometimes reveal the desktop beneath the failed backlight. This test should be performed gently without pressing against the panel.
Colored vertical lines, black bands or duplicated images can involve the display data connection, but they may also indicate panel damage. Lines that remain unchanged at every lid angle are less characteristic of a flex-related failure.
Cracks do not always appear on the outer glass. Pressure from a webcam cover, keyboard protector, plug, pen or other object left between the keyboard and display can damage the internal LCD while leaving the surface relatively smooth.
Liquid exposure may create lines, discoloration or intermittent operation around the hinge and display connectors. In those cases, repeatedly opening the lid can spread contamination or worsen damaged connections.
An external monitor provides one of the most useful tests. When the external image remains normal while the built-in screen fails, the graphics processor is probably still generating the picture correctly. Attention then moves toward the internal display assembly, cable or connector.
A screenshot can provide another distinction. Capture the screen while the fault is visible, then inspect the file on another device or external monitor. When the screenshot looks normal, the problem is likely occurring after macOS generates the image.
What Owners Should Do Before Paying for Repair
Back up the Mac as soon as an intermittent display problem begins. A screen that works at one angle today may become completely unusable after another cable movement.
Avoid repeatedly opening and closing the lid to demonstrate the fault. Each movement can place further stress on an already damaged connection.
Record a short video showing the display at different angles. Intermittent failures can disappear when a Mac reaches a repair counter, and clear documentation helps the technician reproduce the condition.
Apple Diagnostics may identify some hardware problems, although a clean result does not rule out a damaged display cable. Testing in macOS Recovery or during startup can help exclude an ordinary application problem.
Apple and authorized providers commonly replace the complete display assembly when the cable is integrated with the screen. That approach can make an out-of-warranty repair expensive even when the visible fault involves a small cable.
Independent repair specialists may offer component-level cable work for certain models. The quality and durability of those repairs vary considerably, and newer Air displays can require specialized equipment, adhesives and calibration.
Before authorizing work, request a written estimate identifying the model, suspected component, warranty on the repair and whether the replacement display is new, used, refurbished or genuine.
AppleCare+ may reduce the cost when coverage remains active, particularly if the screen shows accidental damage. Standard warranty coverage depends on the diagnosis and whether Apple determines that impact, liquid or external pressure caused the failure.
The current Apple service-program list should also be checked before paying. A MacBook Air display program could be introduced or changed later, while consumer-protection laws may provide additional rights in some countries even after the limited warranty ends.
Owners using the Mac with an external monitor can often continue working while evaluating repair options. FileVault credentials, backups and any essential recovery codes should be confirmed before service because a technician may need to erase, reset or retain the computer during inspection.
Pre-Covid, the movie landscape was dramatically different: YouTubers weren’t dominating the box office, video game spin-offs rarely made an impact and Winnie-the-Pooh wasn’t yet the star of a slasher movie. Why such a flurry of innovation – and what will be next?
Cinema has always been a medium of research and development. At any given point, the industry is searching for yet another breakthrough that can drive it into the future. Synchronised sound in the 1920s. Technicolor in the 1930s. The invention of the modern blockbuster in the 1970s.
Conversely, the consensus is that, if the 2020s has a defining trend, then it is one of decline. The theatrical experience is under attack from all angles: streaming, YouTube, a once-in-a-century health crisis that shut cinemas down entirely. And yet, if you look closer, this has actually been one of the most innovative decades that cinema has ever seen. Whether down to technology or desperation, the film industry has spent these last few years figuring out new ways to make films that simply could not have existed even at the turn of the decade.
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If you’ve ever swum in the ocean and been touched by seaweed, there’s a good chance it was Sargassum! This free-floating seaweed can have population explosions in coastal waters, degrading water quality, ecosystems, fisheries, and tourism. However, despite its drawbacks, scientists think that Sargassum could be useful for extracting valuable metals, known as rare earth elements (REEs).
REEs are classified by their average masses and atomic weights. Light REEs include cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium, middle REEs include gadolinium, terbium, and dysprosium, and heavy REEs include erbium, thulium, and ytterbium. These metals are used in magnets, electronic motors, wind turbines, spacecraft, and more. Our current methods of extracting REEs, open-pit mining and chemical processing, are invasive, causing habitat loss and producing toxic waste. Additionally, REEs are difficult to import due to restricted access worldwide. But what if these metals could be extracted using natural methods?
Scientists from Woods Hole and UCLA recently tested whether Sargassum could accumulate REEs, creating a sustainable solution to these problems. They harvested Sargassum at Waterfront Park in Woods Hole, rinsed the wet samples, and stored them in sterilized, filtered seawater, which they aerated with 12-hour cycles of light and dark to keep the Sargassum alive. They dried another set of samples in the sun under controlled outdoor conditions, stored them in sealed containers, and later rehydrated them in seawater for 3 hours before the experiments.
For each experiment, they added 5 grams (about 0.2 ounces) of Sargassum to solutions containing a mixture of 9 REEs – cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, erbium, thulium, and ytterbium – in concentrations totalling 0.1 micromolar (μM) REEs, 11μM REEs, 100 to 110μM REEs, and 575 to 600μM REEs. They performed each experiment 4 times: twice with fresh seaweed and twice with rehydrated seaweed.
The researchers removed 1 gram (about 0.04 ounces) of seaweed from each solution after 1, 3, and 7 days, and dissolved it in acid to release the REEs it had absorbed. They analyzed the concentrations of REEs in each seaweed sample and the leftover solutions using 2 different plasma-based methods. They used these REE concentrations to calculate the ratio of REEs in the Sargassum versus in the solution, known as the bioconcentration factor, to determine how effectively the seaweed absorbed REEs.
They found that after 7 days at lower REE concentrations (0.1μM), the fresh seaweed had bioconcentration factors of over 1,000. At higher REE concentrations (11μM), their bioconcentration factors ranged from about 400 to 700. However, these levels of REEs were eventually toxic to the fresh Sargassum, so they died after 2 weeks. In addition, the higher REE concentrations of 100 to 600μM were immediately toxic to the fresh Sargassum, which died within 1 day in solution.
The researchers determined that once the seaweed died, it could no longer actively take up REEs into its tissues but could only accumulate them on its surface or adsorb them. Adsorption can be thought of as a powdered donut – when the surface is covered with powdered sugar, no more powder fits on the donut. Similarly, there was a limit to how many REEs could stick to the Sargassum. Due to this limit, the fresh seaweed samples had bioconcentration factors below 250 in the highest REE concentrations. In contrast, the rehydrated Sargassum consumed less REEs at lower concentrations, but didn’t experience toxicity and continued to accumulate REEs at higher concentrations.
Finally, the team compared Sargassum to a common industrial method of accumulating REEs, known as activated carbon. REEs bond easily to activated carbon because of its abundant surface area and high porosity. Both materials accumulated a similar amount of REEs in solutions of 0.1μM REEs. However, at 575 to 600μM REEs, Sargassum accumulated about twice as many REEs as activated carbon, especially the heavier REEs.
The researchers concluded that Sargassum is a natural hyper-accumulator, meaning it successfully concentrates REEs. However, they recommended that future researchers test whether Sargassum performs the same in the natural environment as it does in the lab. If so, Sargassum could be used to accumulate REEs from wastewater, like mine drainage, or other water sources with higher concentrations of REEs. Regardless, they suggested that using Sargassum to obtain REEs could simultaneously expand global access to these metals and mitigate toxic blooms.
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NASA recently captured a summertime spectacle in orbital imagery of the Black Sea, as eerie-looking swirls of turquoise could be seen swarming in its waters.
The curious curling features were observed by astronauts aboard the International Space Station in May, and more recently by the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) on NASA’s Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) satellite on June 22, 2026, as it passed over the body of water that marks the boundary between Europe and Asia.
The vibrant oceanic display is believed to be the result of summertime blooms of coccolithophores, which begin surging in ocean waters near the shoreline in warmer weather months.
These phytoplankton are armored in plates composed of calcium carbonate, which can often cause discoloration in ocean waters as the blooms occur, which are driven by nutrients entering ocean waters that are often carried from inland sources.
The Black Sea, as seen from NASA’s PACE satellite on June 22, shows swirls of turquoise-green as large swarms of coccolithophores bloom in its warm waters (Image Credit: NASA/Earth Observatory/Mikala Garrison)
Earlier this year, a similar turquoise spectacle occurred in Atlantic waters along the eastern United States, as coccolithophores surged in numbers as temperatures rose, and meltwater in mountainous regions made its way downstream, carrying vital nutrients which were deposited in coastal waters after they made their way downstream.
Unlike coccolithophores, which generally brighten the color of ocean water in the spring and early summer, later in the year another kind of microscopic organism, known as diatoms, can darken the water due to the silica shells that encase their microscopic bodies.
Similar orbital color shows were observed in recent weeks within the narrow waters of the Bosporus Strait, which separates Turkey as it parts Asia Minor and Thrace. In the recent photos obtained from the ISS, the entire Bosporus can be seen illuminated in turquoise as its waters have been flooded with coccolithophores.
In the image above, large turquoise blooms of coccolithophores can be seen in the middle of the image and along the shoreline of the Black Sea. The Bosporus Strait can also be seen on the narrow strip of land between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara, as captured in this image taken by a member of the Expedition 74 crew from the ISS on May 27, 2026 (Image Credit: NASA).
Apart from the odd but beautiful swirling patterns they produce as these phytoplankton are carried by ocean currents, these colorful creatures also provide a more practical benefit, since they can be leveraged by remote sensing technologies to help study the dynamics of these blooms when they occur.
Additionally, these microscopic creatures can also make significant contributions to oceanic carbon cycles, since the creatures sink to the seafloor at the end of their life cycles, carrying carbon they’ve absorbed with them. Once deposited on the ocean floor, this carbon can be maintained at such depths for long periods.
Additional information about the recent coccolithophore blooms in the Black Sea, along with other imagery of our planet as seen from space, can be found at NASA’s Earth Observatory page.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached atmicah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
La retirada estadounidense de la Organización Mundial de la Salud se hace efectiva tras un año de preaviso, dejando una deuda millonaria, un vacío presupuestario difícil de cubrir y un debate abierto sobre si un país puede abandonar una agencia clave de la ONU sin cumplir todas sus obligaciones.
Está semana se cumplió el plazo que convierte en oficial la salida de Estados Unidos de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La decisión, anunciada hace un año por el entonces presidente Donald Trump, no solo supone un golpe financiero directo para la agencia sanitaria de Naciones Unidas, sino que también plantea una pregunta de fondo que va más allá del dinero: ¿puede un Estado abandonar la OMS de forma unilateral y sin saldar sus cuentas pendientes?
La respuesta no es sencilla. La OMS pierde de golpe a su mayor contribuyente, responsable de cerca del 20 % de su presupuesto total, mientras expertos en derecho internacional discuten si la retirada estadounidense es plenamente válida desde el punto de vista jurídico. Al mismo tiempo, la organización intenta ganar tiempo y dejar la puerta abierta a un eventual regreso, consciente de que las consecuencias se sentirán en programas de salud en todo el mundo.
Un adiós anunciado con un año de antelación
La decisión de abandonar la OMS fue comunicada por Trump el 22 de enero de 2025, en línea con una visión crítica hacia los organismos multilaterales que marcó gran parte de su política exterior. Sin embargo, el proceso no podía hacerse efectivo de inmediato. El acuerdo firmado por Estados Unidos al incorporarse a la OMS establece un preaviso de un año antes de que la retirada sea válida, un plazo que se cumple ahora.
Durante estos doce meses, la incertidumbre ha sido constante. Por un lado, la OMS se preparaba para un escenario sin financiación estadounidense; por otro, la Casa Blanca dejaba claro que no tenía intención de dar marcha atrás ni de cumplir plenamente con las obligaciones financieras pendientes. Según informó NPR, el medio público estadounidense, Estados Unidos mantiene una deuda de 278 millones de dólares correspondientes a las contribuciones de 2024 y 2025, una cantidad que la administración Trump no piensa pagar antes de la retirada.
El Departamento de Estado fue explícito en una declaración recogida por la emisora pública: “Los Estados Unidos no realizarán pagos a la OMS antes de su retirada”. El argumento oficial es que el coste para el contribuyente estadounidense, derivado de lo que consideran fallos graves de la organización durante la pandemia de covid-19, ya ha sido demasiado alto.
La deuda pendiente y el choque legal
El impago de las cuotas no es un detalle menor. Para numerosos expertos en derecho internacional, la retirada sin saldar la deuda plantea serias dudas sobre su legalidad. Lawrence Gostin, profesor de derecho sanitario global en la Universidad de Georgetown y director de un centro colaborador de la OMS, describió la situación con una metáfora contundente en declaraciones a NPR. “Es un divorcio muy público y muy desordenado”, afirmó. “Él dice: no voy a pagar y ya no estamos casados. Y ella responde: no puedes estar divorciado mientras no me pagues”.
Gostin sostiene que abandonar la OMS sin cumplir las obligaciones financieras es “ilegal”, aunque reconoce que, en la práctica, existen pocos mecanismos para impedirlo. No hay una demanda en curso ni una iniciativa clara en el Congreso estadounidense para frenar la decisión presidencial. En ese vacío político y jurídico se mueve ahora el proceso.
Desde la OMS, el enfoque es más prudente. Steven Solomon, el principal responsable legal de la organización, explicó también a NPR que la cuestión de si la retirada es efectiva, y en qué condiciones, corresponde en última instancia a los Estados miembros. Es decir, no es solo una decisión bilateral entre Washington y Ginebra, sino un asunto que deberá ser debatido colectivamente en los órganos de gobierno de la OMS.
Una organización sin cláusula de salida
El caso estadounidense es excepcional por otra razón: la Constitución de la OMS no contempla la posibilidad de que un país abandone la organización. Sus 194 Estados miembros, en teoría, no pueden retirarse. Esta ausencia de una cláusula de salida no es un olvido, sino una elección deliberada.
Según explicó Solomon, los redactores del texto fundacional entendieron que la lucha contra la propagación internacional de enfermedades requería una organización verdaderamente universal. En su visión, permitir la retirada de los países podía debilitar la respuesta global ante amenazas sanitarias compartidas. Por eso no incluyeron ningún mecanismo de salida.
Estados Unidos, sin embargo, cuenta con una singularidad histórica. Cuando se incorporó a la OMS en 1948, negoció una condición especial que le permite retirarse si así lo decide, siempre que cumpla con ciertos requisitos, entre ellos el pago de todas las contribuciones pendientes. Es precisamente este último punto el que ahora genera el conflicto.
La existencia de esa excepción refuerza la posición de Washington en cuanto al derecho a marcharse, pero al mismo tiempo refuerza el argumento de quienes sostienen que la retirada no puede completarse sin saldar la deuda. De ahí que la OMS insista en que el proceso aún no está completamente cerrado.
Decisiones pendientes en los órganos de la OMS
El debate no se resolverá hoy. Está previsto que la cuestión de la retirada estadounidense figure en la agenda del Consejo Ejecutivo de la OMS, que se reúne a finales de febrero, y que vuelva a tratarse en mayo durante la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud, el máximo órgano de decisión de la organización.
Hasta entonces, la OMS se mueve entre dos estrategias. Por un lado, asume que debe adaptarse a un escenario con menos recursos; por otro, mantiene un discurso diplomático que deja abierta la posibilidad de un reencuentro. “Espero que los Estados Unidos reconsideren su decisión y vuelvan a unirse”, dijo recientemente el director general de la OMS, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, en una rueda de prensa. “No se trata de dinero. El dinero se puede ajustar. Se trata de cooperación”.
La afirmación subraya la dimensión política del conflicto. Más allá de los presupuestos, la salida de Estados Unidos debilita la idea de una gobernanza sanitaria global coordinada, especialmente en un contexto marcado por el recuerdo reciente de la pandemia.
Un impacto financiero inmediato y profundo
Pese a los intentos de minimizar el papel del dinero en el discurso oficial, el golpe económico es innegable. Estados Unidos ha sido, durante décadas, el mayor donante de la OMS. En el último decenio, su aportación anual osciló entre unos 160 millones y 815 millones de dólares, dentro de un presupuesto total que ronda los 2000 a 3000 millones de dólares al año.
La retirada de un contribuyente de ese tamaño obliga a ajustes drásticos. Ya en noviembre del año pasado, la OMS anunció que tendría que recortar aproximadamente una cuarta parte de su plantilla debido a la salida estadounidense. Eso supone la eliminación de unos 2400 puestos de trabajo en todo el mundo, una reducción sin precedentes para la organización.
Además de los despidos, varios programas e iniciativas de salud pública se verán afectados o directamente cancelados. La OMS desempeña un papel central en la coordinación de respuestas frente a brotes de enfermedades como el ébola, la polio o el mpox, así como en el apoyo técnico a países con sistemas sanitarios frágiles. Menos recursos significan menos capacidad de intervención, especialmente en regiones donde otros actores internacionales tienen una presencia limitada.
Qué es y qué hace la Organización Mundial de la Salud
La OMS es una agencia especializada de Naciones Unidas encargada de la salud pública internacional. Se financia mediante una combinación de contribuciones obligatorias y aportaciones voluntarias de sus 194 Estados miembros, además de donaciones de otros actores. Las cuotas obligatorias se calculan en función de la riqueza y la población de cada país y se revisan periódicamente.
Su mandato incluye coordinar la respuesta mundial a emergencias sanitarias, ofrecer asistencia técnica, facilitar la distribución de vacunas y tratamientos, y elaborar directrices sobre cientos de enfermedades y condiciones de salud, tanto físicas como mentales. Aunque no tiene poder para imponer políticas a los Estados, sus recomendaciones suelen marcar la pauta en situaciones de crisis.
A lo largo de más de siete décadas, la OMS ha sido clave en logros históricos como la erradicación de la viruela y la drástica reducción de la polio a nivel mundial. También opera en contextos de conflicto o en zonas de difícil acceso, donde pocas organizaciones internacionales pueden trabajar de forma continuada.
Las razones de Trump para romper con la OMS
El distanciamiento entre Trump y la OMS no es nuevo. Ya durante su primer mandato, el presidente criticó duramente a la organización por su gestión de la pandemia de covid-19 y por lo que consideraba una excesiva influencia de China en sus decisiones. En un decreto presidencial emitido el año pasado, Trump detalló los motivos de su rechazo.
Una parte central del documento se centraba en el reparto de la carga financiera. Según el texto, la OMS “sigue exigiendo pagos injustamente elevados a los Estados Unidos, que no guardan proporción con las contribuciones de otros países”. El decreto también señalaba que China, con una población aproximadamente tres veces mayor que la estadounidense, aporta cerca de un 90 % menos en contribuciones obligatorias.
Más allá del dinero, el decreto acusaba a la OMS de no haber implementado “reformas urgentemente necesarias” y de haber demostrado una falta de independencia frente a la influencia política de algunos Estados miembros durante crisis sanitarias recientes. Estas críticas reflejan una visión más amplia de la política exterior de Trump, escéptica del multilateralismo y partidaria de priorizar la soberanía nacional.
Consecuencias globales de una retirada histórica
La salida de Estados Unidos de la OMS no es solo un episodio administrativo. Marca un precedente que podría animar a otros países a replantearse su compromiso con las instituciones multilaterales, especialmente en un contexto de tensiones geopolíticas crecientes.
Para la OMS, el desafío inmediato es mantener su capacidad operativa con menos recursos y demostrar que puede seguir siendo relevante sin el respaldo financiero y político de Washington. Para la comunidad internacional, la preocupación es que la fragmentación debilite la respuesta colectiva frente a futuras pandemias.
Aunque la puerta a un regreso estadounidense no está completamente cerrada, el daño ya es tangible. Programas reducidos, personal despedido y una organización obligada a redefinir sus prioridades son parte del nuevo paisaje. En un mundo interconectado, donde los virus no reconocen fronteras, la pregunta que queda en el aire es si la salud global puede permitirse un divorcio tan ruidoso y costoso.
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In a groundbreaking controlled longitudinal study published this year, researcher T.A. Hooven has provided critical new insights into the often elusive and controversial phenomenon known as pediatric long COVID. This study, featured in Pediatric Research, offers a comprehensive and methodically rigorous examination of how SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts children over extended timeframes, revealing the nuanced and multifaceted nature of long COVID symptoms in this vulnerable demographic.
Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), has been largely characterized in adult populations, but pediatric cases have remained less well understood due to heterogeneous symptomatology and diagnostic challenges. Hooven’s study bridges this knowledge gap by employing a controlled design that meticulously tracks the clinical trajectory of infected children from the acute phase through many months of follow-up. This approach helps to clarify previously conflicting reports by delineating symptom patterns, persistence, and resolution with unprecedented clarity.
The longitudinal design of the study is foundational to extracting causative insights rather than relying on cross-sectional or anecdotal evidence. By enrolling a large pediatric cohort confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection alongside matched controls uninfected by the virus, the research controls for confounding variables such as preexisting health conditions, socio-demographic factors, and environmental influences. This design allows for robust comparisons and a more accurate attribution of observed clinical outcomes directly to COVID-19.
One of the study’s most compelling findings is the identification of specific symptom clusters that characterize pediatric long COVID. These include persistent fatigue, cognitive dysfunction often referred to as “brain fog,” intermittent fever, respiratory difficulties, and gastrointestinal disturbances lasting well beyond the acute illness phase. The persistence of these symptoms in a subset of children underscores the potential for COVID-19 to induce chronic systemic effects, perhaps mediated by ongoing immune dysregulation or viral persistence.
The neurology of pediatric long COVID emerges as a particularly striking aspect in Hooven’s research. Detailed neurocognitive testing and neuroimaging studies conducted at several time points revealed subtle yet significant impairments in memory, attention, and executive function among children diagnosed with long COVID compared to controls. These findings illuminate the brain as a critical organ affected by the post-viral syndrome and suggest mechanisms involving neuroinflammation or microvascular injury caused by the virus or the host immune response.
Immunologically, the study delves into the complex interplay between innate and adaptive immune responses in children during and after SARS-CoV-2 infection. The longitudinal immune profiling demonstrated prolonged elevations in inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which correlated with symptom severity. This immune signature supports theories that long COVID may be driven by sustained immune activation rather than simply persistent viral replication.
Importantly, Hooven’s controlled study also dissects the impact of viral variants and vaccination status on pediatric long COVID outcomes. Although vaccinated children showed reduced rates of long COVID symptoms, the study acknowledges breakthrough infections still pose a risk, albeit at significantly lower levels. Variants with altered spike proteins appeared to modulate symptomatology and severity, emphasizing the dynamic nature of the viral threat and the corresponding clinical repercussions.
Clinically, these findings have profound implications for diagnosis and management. The study advocates for the development of standardized diagnostic criteria tailored specifically for pediatric long COVID, incorporating objective biomarkers and functional assessments rather than solely symptom reporting. Moreover, Hooven highlights the necessity of multidisciplinary care models involving pediatricians, neurologists, immunologists, and rehabilitation specialists to address the complex needs of affected children comprehensively.
Another impactful element of the research concerns the psychosocial burden of long COVID on children and their families. Prolonged symptoms disrupt schooling, social interactions, and mental health, contributing to stress and anxiety. The study stresses early psychosocial interventions alongside medical treatment to mitigate these secondary effects and improve quality of life.
Methodologically, the study stands out by employing advanced bioinformatics techniques to analyze longitudinal data. Machine learning algorithms were utilized to predict long COVID risk based on early clinical and immunological markers, offering a potential pathway toward personalized prognostics and preemptive interventions. This computational approach represents a forward leap in epidemiological research, integrating big data with clinical medicine.
Hooven’s investigation also explores potential pathogenic mechanisms beyond immune dysregulation, including endothelial dysfunction, microclot formation, and autonomic nervous system imbalance. These mechanisms align with emerging hypotheses in adult long COVID research and highlight systemic vascular and neurological contributions to the syndrome in children.
The durability of symptoms observed raises critical questions about long-term consequences for pediatric patients as they transition into adolescence and adulthood. The authors call for continued longitudinal surveillance beyond the current study timeframe to assess potential chronic disability, organ damage, and cumulative developmental impacts. This emphasizes that pediatric long COVID is not merely an acute crisis but a possible chronic public health concern.
Public health policy implications stem directly from the study’s conclusions. Hooven underscores the urgent need for increased funding and resources dedicated to pediatric COVID research and long COVID clinics. Additionally, public health messaging must adapt to incorporate awareness of pediatric long COVID, promoting vaccination, early detection, and supportive care to mitigate its effects.
In sum, T.A. Hooven’s controlled longitudinal study marks a major advance in understanding pediatric long COVID. It combines clinical rigor, immunological insight, neurocognitive evaluation, and advanced analytics to paint a detailed picture of this multifaceted syndrome. The findings compel the medical and scientific communities to refine diagnostic frameworks, enhance therapeutic approaches, and prioritize multidisciplinary research to address this growing pediatric health challenge.
As the COVID-19 pandemic evolves, the knowledge gained from such studies will prove invaluable for safeguarding the health of children worldwide. Hooven’s methodical elucidation of pediatric long COVID contours thus represents a pivotal step toward unraveling the complexities of post-viral conditions, guiding both clinical practice and policy in the years ahead.
Subject of Research: Pediatric Long COVID
Article Title: A controlled longitudinal study clarifies the contours of pediatric long COVID
Article References:
Hooven, T.A. A controlled longitudinal study clarifies the contours of pediatric long COVID. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05224-9
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