In addition to model development, the Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) conducts cutting-edge scientific research on the past and present atmosphere and climate of Mars.
The Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) conducts atmospheric and climate science research using the NASA Ames Mars Global Climate Models (MGCMs), advancing our understanding of Mars’ climate today, in its ancient past, and as a target for future exploration.
Mars’ climate is governed by three interacting cycles — dust, water, and carbon dioxide (CO₂) — that vary across seasons and from year to year. MCMC scientists use the MGCMs to study these cycles and the processes that drive them, including:
Dust storms and dust transport – Investigating the mechanisms that lift, transport, and remove dust in the Martian atmosphere, including the onset and evolution of regional and global-scale dust storms.
Water and CO₂ cycles – Studying the seasonal exchange of water and CO₂ between the atmosphere, polar caps, and surface, and the clouds that form as a result.
Atmospheric dynamics – Examining circulation patterns, wave-mean flow interactions, and the extension of the MGCM into the middle atmosphere to better connect the lower and upper atmosphere.
Ancient Mars and habitability – Reconstructing past climate states, including the role of asteroid and comet impacts, to assess when and where conditions may have supported liquid water and habitability.
Mission support – Applying model results to landing site selection and characterization, atmospheric entry planning, and interpretation of data from current and past Mars missions.
This research is carried out by a team of civil servant and contractor scientists, postdoctoral researchers, and students, often in collaboration with universities and other NASA centers. You can read more about individual MCMC team members and their science on the Group Members page. A full list of MCMC research papers, conference presentations, and technical reports is available on the Publications page.
The Last Person on Earth will bring a different kind of dating experiment to Apple TV, pairing people who appear fundamentally incompatible before sending them to some of the world most romantic and isolated destinations.
Apple announced the eight-episode documentary series with Esther Perel, the bestselling author, psychotherapist and relationship expert known for examining desire, intimacy, infidelity and the tensions inside modern partnerships.
Perel will work with a team of matchmakers and therapists to create pairings that challenge the usual assumptions surrounding compatibility. Rather than finding contestants who share the same interests, routines and preferences, the series will deliberately bring together people who may initially see each other as the last person they would ever choose.
The central question is whether attraction can develop when familiar dating checklists are removed. Apple describes the series as an exploration of whether an unexpected partner can become the person someone ultimately cannot imagine living without.
No premiere date, contestant list or filming locations have been announced.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
The Last Person on Earth Challenges Compatibility
The Last Person on Earth enters a crowded dating television market with a premise that rejects one of the most common promises made by matchmaking services: that compatibility can be predicted through similarity.
Dating apps routinely organize potential relationships through age, location, interests, lifestyle preferences, political beliefs and other personal filters. The process can help users avoid obvious conflicts, but it can also create increasingly narrow definitions of who deserves consideration.
Perel has frequently argued that desire does not always emerge from familiarity. Attraction can depend on difference, curiosity and the discovery of qualities that were not included on a checklist.
The Apple TV series turns that idea into a structured experiment. Participants will meet someone who appears to contradict their expectations before traveling together to a remote setting where ordinary distractions and familiar support systems may be limited.
That environment creates immediate dramatic possibilities. A beautiful destination can make a first connection feel unusually intense, but isolation can also expose differences that would remain hidden during short dates in familiar surroundings.
The presence of therapists and matchmakers suggests that the series will examine those reactions rather than presenting every disagreement as entertainment. Perel can help participants distinguish between genuine incompatibility, defensive habits and discomfort created by encountering someone outside their usual pattern.
The experiment does not promise that every opposite pairing will succeed. Difference can produce curiosity, but it can also reveal conflicts involving values, communication, life goals or emotional availability.
The more revealing outcome may be whether participants leave with a broader understanding of attraction, even when the relationship itself does not continue.
Esther Perel Brings a Different Voice to Dating TV
Perel gives the series a more analytical foundation than the competition-driven structure used by many dating programs.
Her books Mating in Captivity and The State of Affairs examine the contradictions surrounding commitment, desire and personal freedom. She also hosts the podcasts Where Should We Begin? and How Work, presenting conversations that explore relationships without reducing complicated behavior to simple villains and heroes.
That background may help The Last Person on Earth avoid familiar reality television shortcuts. Dating shows often depend on rapid attraction, artificial scarcity and public rejection. Contestants compete for one person, choose partners through brief impressions or make long-term commitments before they have experienced ordinary life together.
The new series begins with a different source of tension. Participants are not being told that a seemingly perfect match has been selected. They are being asked to question why someone who appears wrong may deserve a closer look.
Perel describes the project as an invitation to move beyond what feels familiar or safe. Her involvement also raises expectations that the series will explore how participants construct their preferences.
A person may insist on dating only someone with a certain career, personality or social style without understanding where that requirement originated. Some preferences protect legitimate needs. Others may repeat an old relationship pattern or prevent vulnerability by eliminating anyone capable of creating uncertainty.
The matchmakers and therapists can examine those distinctions before, during and after the trip. Their role could become particularly valuable when participants confuse immediate comfort with long-term suitability or mistake tension for romantic chemistry.
Apple has not explained how long each pairing will remain together, whether several couples will appear in each episode or how the experiment will determine its final outcomes.
Image Source: Google
Remote Destinations Change the Dating Environment
Sending couples to romantic and remote destinations adds more than scenery.
Modern dating frequently develops through phones, messaging, social media profiles and quick meetings fitted around work schedules. Participants may arrive with established habits for checking other options, retreating into digital distractions or ending contact before uncertainty has time to become meaningful.
A remote journey removes part of that structure. Two people must spend sustained time together, make decisions and respond to unfamiliar situations without immediately returning to separate routines.
Travel can accelerate intimacy because it creates shared memories and reveals behavior under pressure. Delays, unfamiliar environments, fatigue and practical disagreements may show more than a polished restaurant conversation.
The destinations may also create a misleading sense of closeness. A relationship formed in an exceptional setting still needs to survive ordinary responsibilities, geography, work and family expectations after the trip ends.
The documentary format gives Apple an opportunity to follow that transition rather than ending with a dramatic choice at the destination. Whether the series continues documenting the couples after they return home has not been disclosed.
The title adds another layer to the concept. The “last person” can mean the least expected match, but it also reflects the anxiety surrounding modern dating. A growing number of people describe exhaustion with apps, repeated disappointment and the feeling that suitable partners are disappearing.
Apple links the experiment to rising social isolation and polarization. People increasingly sort themselves into cultural, political and lifestyle groups, while digital systems learn to reinforce existing preferences.
A relationship series built around difference can test whether those divisions remain as rigid when two people encounter each other as individuals rather than profiles representing opposing categories.
Unscripted Relationships
The eight-episode order gives the production enough space to develop several pairings without extending the experiment indefinitely. Its success will depend on whether the participants receive room to behave naturally or are pushed toward the exaggerated conflict expected from conventional dating television.
Perel provides the series with a promising tension: lasting relationships require genuine compatibility, yet attraction can disappear when every element feels predictable. The challenge is not proving that opposites always belong together. It is discovering which differences create possibility and which ones should remain deal-breakers.
The Mars Climate Modeling Center (MCMC) presents the webserver, a website for interactive plotting and downloading Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM) output.
The model visualization tool offers the most accessible introduction to Mars Global Climate Model (MGCM) data. It is an online dashboard that allows users to interactively plot, explore, and download model output stored on the NAS Data Portal (see the MGCM Output tab for more information).
GCM analysis tools
MGCM Webserver
You can explore, plot, and download the MGCM output through our user-friendly web interface.
On July 3, one of NASA’s two Mars-destined ESCAPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers) spacecraft captured photos of Earth and the Moon in visible and thermal infrared light. At the time, the spacecraft was 363,250 miles (584,600 kilometers) from Earth and 115,600 miles (186,100 kilometers) from the Moon, making the Moon appear relatively large.
Taken with the Sun only partly illuminating Earth and the Moon, the visible light image shows the two bodies as crescents, with only around 8% of each face sunlit. Yet in the thermal infrared image, the shadowed hemisphere of Earth is illuminated by its own heat from both the atmosphere and surface, glowing at minus 10 to minus 44 degrees Fahrenheit (250 to 280 kelvins). Without the insulating blankets of oceans and atmospheres, the Moon’s far side remains at a much cooler minus 280 degrees Fahrenheit (100 kelvins).
visible light
thermal infrared light
Caption: In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon.
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
Caption: In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon.
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
visible light
thermal infrared light
ESCAPADE Photos of Earth and Moon
July 3, 2026
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
The ESCAPADE mission used its Visible and Infrared Observation System cameras, provided by Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, to capture the images, which are more than just road trip photo album snaps.
“We are thrilled that ESCAPADE was able to accommodate these excellent space-qualified cameras which will search for visible Martian aurora and investigate thermal properties of the Martian surface and atmosphere,” said Rob Lillis, the mission’s principal investigator at the University of California, Berkeley. “Since Earth and the Moon are well-known targets, imaging them provides an important calibration check for ESCAPADE’s cameras.”
The ESCAPADE spacecraft, which were built by Rocket Lab, are currently in a “loiter” orbit around Lagrange point 2, a location in space about a million miles from Earth. In November 2026, the spacecraft will fly by Earth to use the planet’s gravity to slingshot their way to Mars. When the spacecraft arrive in September 2027, they will study how a million-mile-per-hour stream of material flowing from the Sun, known as solar wind, interacts with the Martian environment and how that drives atmospheric loss at the Red Planet.
The ESCAPADE mission is funded by NASA’s Heliophysics Division and is part of the NASA Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration program. The UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory leads the mission with key partners Rocket Lab; NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Advanced Space; and Blue Origin.
By Mara Johnson-Groh NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
On July 3, one of NASA’s two Mars-destined ESCAPADE (Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers) spacecraft captured photos of Earth and the Moon in visible and thermal infrared light. At the time, the spacecraft was 363,250 miles (584,600 kilometers) from Earth and 115,600 miles (186,100 kilometers) from the Moon, making the Moon appear relatively large.
Taken with the Sun only partly illuminating Earth and the Moon, the visible light image shows the two bodies as crescents, with only around 8% of each face sunlit. Yet in the thermal infrared image, the shadowed hemisphere of Earth is illuminated by its own heat from both the atmosphere and surface, glowing at minus 10 to minus 44 degrees Fahrenheit (250 to 280 kelvins). Without the insulating blankets of oceans and atmospheres, the Moon’s far side remains at a much cooler minus 280 degrees Fahrenheit (100 kelvins).
visible light
thermal infrared light
Caption: In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon.
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
Caption: In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon.
NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
visible light
thermal infrared light
ESCAPADE Photos of Earth and Moon
July 3, 2026
In these images from NASA’s ESCAPADE mission, Earth (left) and Moon (right) can be seen. The image to the left of the slider shows visible light reflected by the Sun while the infrared image to the right shows the bodies’ emitted energy. White rings have been added in the thermal image to show the actual size of Earth and the Moon. Credit: NASA/UCB-SSL/NAU-Radiant/Lucint
The ESCAPADE mission used its Visible and Infrared Observation System cameras, provided by Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, to capture the images, which are more than just road trip photo album snaps.
“We are thrilled that ESCAPADE was able to accommodate these excellent space-qualified cameras which will search for visible Martian aurora and investigate thermal properties of the Martian surface and atmosphere,” said Rob Lillis, the mission’s principal investigator at the University of California, Berkeley. “Since Earth and the Moon are well-known targets, imaging them provides an important calibration check for ESCAPADE’s cameras.”
The ESCAPADE spacecraft, which were built by Rocket Lab, are currently in a “loiter” orbit around Lagrange point 2, a location in space about a million miles from Earth. In November 2026, the spacecraft will fly by Earth to use the planet’s gravity to slingshot their way to Mars. When the spacecraft arrive in September 2027, they will study how a million-mile-per-hour stream of material flowing from the Sun, known as solar wind, interacts with the Martian environment and how that drives atmospheric loss at the Red Planet.
The ESCAPADE mission is funded by NASA’s Heliophysics Division and is part of the NASA Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration program. The UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory leads the mission with key partners Rocket Lab; NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland; Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Advanced Space; and Blue Origin.
By Mara Johnson-Groh NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
The Morning Show Season 5 will officially conclude one of the longest-running and most recognizable dramas on Apple TV when it premieres in 2027.
Apple confirmed that the fifth season will be the last, allowing Jennifer Aniston, Reese Witherspoon and the creative team to complete the stories of Alex Levy, Bradley Jackson and the troubled journalists surrounding their fictional television network.
Aniston and Witherspoon will return as stars and executive producers. Both indicated that the ending was planned while the season was being developed, giving the writers an opportunity to create a deliberate conclusion rather than leaving the characters suspended after an unexpected cancellation.
Apple has not announced a specific premiere date or episode schedule. The company has released first-look images featuring Aniston and Witherspoon together, confirming that production on the final chapter is moving forward for a 2027 arrival.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
The Morning Show Season 5 Brings a Planned Ending
The Morning Show Season 5 was originally announced in September 2025, shortly before the fourth season premiered. At the time, Apple presented the renewal as another chapter for an established global hit without indicating that it would end the series.
The decision to identify it as the final season changes the expectations surrounding every storyline. Rather than creating another crisis that could lead into a sixth season, the writers can determine where the central characters belong after years of professional upheaval, corporate conflict and personal compromise.
Showrunner Charlotte Stoudt suggested that the final episodes will examine what the journalists ultimately choose for themselves. That direction fits a series in which success has rarely provided its characters with stability or satisfaction.
Alex and Bradley began the drama from sharply different positions. Alex was an established television personality attempting to protect her career during a public scandal, while Bradley entered the network as an unpredictable outsider. Their relationship developed through rivalry, loyalty, separation and repeated confrontations with the institutions employing them.
The final season can now treat those ambitions as completed journeys rather than temporary stages. Alex must decide what remains worth defending after years of negotiating with executives, billionaires and political interests. Bradley must determine whether pursuing the story at any personal cost remains sustainable.
Season four moved the drama into a media environment shaped by deepfakes, conspiracy theories, corporate influence and uncertainty over what audiences can trust. Its story continued examining how journalism operates when the network reporting the news is also affected by commercial priorities and internal power struggles.
Apple has not disclosed the central subject of Season 5. The first-look images concentrate on Aniston and Witherspoon, placing their complicated partnership back at the center after a fourth season that separated the characters through an international crisis.
A Flagship Series That Grew With Apple TV
The Morning Show debuted on November 1, 2019, the same day Apple launched its streaming service.
Its position in the original lineup made the series more than another drama acquisition. Apple needed recognizable performers and an ambitious production capable of signaling that the new platform intended to compete for major television audiences and awards.
Aniston and Witherspoon provided immediate visibility, while the newsroom setting allowed the series to respond to current debates involving workplace misconduct, corporate accountability, political polarization and the influence of television journalism.
The first season began after allegations against morning-show anchor Mitch Kessler, played by Steve Carell, forced the network to restructure its leading program. Alex attempted to retain control while Bradley was selected as an unconventional replacement capable of changing the tone of the broadcast.
Later seasons expanded far beyond the original scandal. The drama incorporated the COVID-19 pandemic, a technology billionaire attempting to acquire the network, the merger of UBA and NBN, artificial intelligence, misinformation and international political pressure.
The willingness to move quickly into recognizable real-world subjects became part of the identity of The Morning Show. Its fictional network frequently operated only a short distance from controversies affecting actual media companies, public figures and technology platforms.
The approach sometimes pushed the series toward heightened melodrama, but that excess also distinguished it from a conventional workplace production. Executive decisions, personal betrayals and breaking-news events could carry the intensity of a political thriller.
Billy Crudup became one of its most acclaimed performers as Cory Ellison, the charismatic executive whose enthusiasm for disruption regularly concealed more complicated motives. Crudup won two Emmy Awards for the role and will return for the final season.
Apple executives have described the production as a defining part of the streaming service. Ending it after five seasons closes a direct connection to the original Apple TV launch lineup while allowing the platform to preserve the series as a completed story.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
The Final Cast Adds More High-Profile Names
The final season will bring back Aniston, Witherspoon, Crudup, Mark Duplass, Nicole Beharie, Nestor Carbonell, Karen Pittman and Jon Hamm.
Hamm joined the series as Paul Marks, a technology billionaire whose business ambitions and relationship with Alex reshaped the third season. His continued presence indicates that the consequences of his involvement with the network have not been fully resolved.
Several new performers will enter the drama for its last run. Apple has assembled additions including Jeff Daniels, Reneé Rapp, Jesse Williams, Sean Hayes and Lizzy Caplan, although complete character details remain limited.
Daniels brings a particularly appropriate history to the production after starring as news anchor Will McAvoy in The Newsroom. His presence creates an immediate association with another television drama concerned with journalism, newsroom ethics and the conflict between ratings and public responsibility.
Rapp returns to a major television role after building her music career and appearing in projects including The Sex Lives of College Girls and Mean Girls. Williams previously spent more than a decade on Grey’s Anatomy, while Hayes is best known for Will & Grace and has expanded into dramatic work.
Caplan has moved between comedy, drama and thrillers through projects including Masters of Sex, Fleishman Is in Trouble and Fatal Attraction. The scale of the additions suggests that the final season will introduce another major institutional or professional conflict rather than concentrating exclusively on farewell scenes.
Stoudt remains showrunner and executive producer. Mimi Leder continues as director and executive producer, while Media Res, Echo Films and Hello Sunshine remain behind the production.
Aniston described the opportunity to finish the story knowingly as a way to honor the characters with intention. Witherspoon emphasized that the series was never only about the personalities appearing on television, but also about the role of journalism and the people responsible for protecting the press.
That theme gives the final season a defined destination. The Morning Show began by asking whether a television institution could survive the misconduct it had protected. Its last episodes can decide whether the journalists inside that institution changed it, escaped it or became part of the machinery they once believed they could challenge.
This NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image features the spiral galaxy NGC 4654, located 72 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo (the Maiden).
NASA, ESA/Hubble, D. Thilker, J. Lee, and the PHANGS-HST Team
The subject of this NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image is a spiral galaxy struggling against titanic forces that appear on galactic scales in space. This is NGC 4654, an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Virgo (the Maiden). It is classified as an “intermediate” because its overall shape lies between spiral galaxies that have a bar across their centers and those that don’t. NGC 4654 has a weak bar structure at its center and is located 72 million light-years from Earth in the Virgo Cluster, a particularly massive and populous galaxy cluster.
NGC 4654 is particularly asymmetric, with a rounded and clearly-defined edge on one side and a long tail of gas stretching out from the opposite side — outside the field of view captured in this image. This gaseous tail is the result of ram pressure stripping, a force that galaxies can experience as they plow through space. NGC 4654 moves with such high velocity that it sweeps up and rams through the hot, rarefied gas filling the space between the Virgo Cluster’s galaxies. This intracluster medium in turn exerts a “ram pressure” on the galaxy, compressing the galaxy’s leading edge and dragging its gas behind the galaxy, creating the elongated tail.
It’s not just the galaxy’s gas that is unevenly distributed: its stars are too, and this is more unusual for a spiral galaxy. While the spiral arm on its leading edge is rich with stars and gas, the opposite arm noticeably lacks stars, influencing the galaxy’s lopsided spiral shape. Astronomers think that ram pressure alone is unlikely to cause this effect. Rather, NGC 4654 was also subjected to the gravitational force of fellow Virgo Cluster galaxy NGC 4639. While the two galaxies are far apart now, it’s thought that a fly-by interaction between them around 500 million years ago ripped away NGC 4654’s gas along one side, limiting star formation there and creating the asymmetry in its shape.
Many galaxies that undergo ram pressure stripping suffer reduced star formation rates as the cold gas that collapses to form their stars is pulled away and lost. NGC 4654, however, is still forming nearly two Suns’ worth of stars every year, a rate comparable to other galaxies of similar size. The active star formation is visible in the latest Hubble data included in this image. The data picks up on a wavelength of red light emitted by the clouds of energized gas where newborn stars lurk. The bright pink bubbles that appear across NGC 4654 — from its forward spiral arm, to around its weak bar, and out to the edge of its disk — are areas where these newborn stars shine.
The data used in this image came from two observing programs (#15654, #17502) that aim to link the gas in galaxies with star formation. By observing many prominent galaxies in the vicinity of our own, researchers hope to better understand how gas moves in galaxies, where and when it collapses to form stars and star clusters, and what effect those new stars have on the gas around them.
This illustration depicts charged particles from a solar storm stripping away charged particles of Mars’ atmosphere, one of the processes of Martian atmosphere loss studied by NASA’s MAVEN mission.
NASA/GSFC
NASA MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) mission scientists have uncovered a key puzzle piece in understanding certain types of auroras on Mars, finding that they form in a similar way to Earth-based auroras.
Results published Thursday in Nature Communications show the same mechanism that circulates and catapults charged particles into Earth’s atmosphere is happening at Mars on much smaller scales because of differences in the two planets’ magnetic fields.
The MAVEN spacecraft, in orbit around Mars, experienced a loss of signal with ground stations on Earth on Dec. 6, 2025. On June 3, NASA declared the mission had concluded after finding the spacecraft to be unrecoverable. However, data from the mission is still being used to inform NASA science and future missions to Mars.
When the Sun’s magnetic field lines get close to Earth’s magnetosphere, the large magnetic bubble protecting the planet, they can reconnect and inject energy and mass throughout Earth’s magnetosphere and magnetotail, ultimately firing electrons back into the atmosphere to generate Earth’s auroras. This process, called the Dungey cycle, drives electrical currents, accelerates charged particles that create auroras, and controls the circulation of plasma in Earth’s magnetosphere and ionosphere.
This new study shows that a miniature version of the Dungey cycle is happening over Mars’ strong crustal magnetic fields, which gives scientists a better look into the physics of Martian auroras.
“We knew that magnetic reconnection was happening at Mars but did not expect it to be like the Dungey cycle,” said Shaosui Xu, lead author of the study and associate research physicist at the Space Sciences Laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.
Mars does not have a global magnetic field like Earth. Earth’s magnetic field is created by our planet’s churning core, while Mars has numerous miniature magnetospheres that arise from intensely magnetized crust scattered around the planet. These regions were formed around 4 billion years ago when lava cooled in the presence of Mars’ ancient global magnetic field, which has since disappeared due to intense solar wind stripping the planet’s atmosphere.
The MAVEN mission has observed highly localized auroras over these crustal fields, similar to Earth’s auroras at the poles, but it wasn’t until now that scientists could fully understand the physics of how they form. The study used several instruments aboard the MAVEN spacecraft to build up a picture of the Dungey-like behavior: the Magnetometer and Solar Wind Electron Analyzer instruments, which were used to determine the magnetic configuration and derive electrical currents, and the STATIC (Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition) instrument, which was used to measure plasma flows in the ionosphere.
“We really pushed the limit of STATIC to get the data we needed,” said Xu. “It was the final piece to the puzzle in understanding these localized auroras.”
The realization that a Dungey-like cycle was happening within these crustal magnetic fields answered the question of how the electrons were being energized to create the auroras. It also shows that a Dungey-like mechanism can happen on both large and small scales, giving more insight into where in the solar system this process could be taking place.
“This is a remarkable result that changes how we think of Martian auroras and is another important step toward understanding why Mars and Earth have evolved so differently despite being governed by the same underlying physics.” said Shannon Curry, MAVEN’s principal investigator and a research scientist at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder. “I am incredibly proud of our team’s work on this discovery and excited to uncover new insights into the Red Planet and its evolution.”
By finding out more about this process, scientists also are gaining a better understanding of how the solar environment interacts with the Red Planet as a whole, which is essential for future robotic and crewed missions.
“I remember in graduate school discussing with my advisor how the cycling of crustal magnetic fields could work at Mars,” said Xu. “It’s incredible to be part of the team that found the answer to that question.”
The MAVEN mission is part of NASA’s Mars Exploration Program portfolio. The mission’s principal investigator is based at the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado Boulder, which also is responsible for managing science operations and public outreach and communications. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the MAVEN mission. Lockheed Martin Space built the spacecraft and is responsible for mission operations. NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California provides navigation and Deep Space Network support.
For more information on NASA’s MAVEN mission, visit:
The NASA Earth Action Water Resources program area advances the use of Earth science data to support sustainable and adaptable water resources management. Through collaboration with partners, the program area works to enhance water use efficiency, advance water quality monitoring and modeling, and strengthen water resilience. These efforts empower informed decision-making and address critical challenges in water resources.
The NASA Earth Action Health and Air Quality program area encourages the use of Earth observations in air quality management and public health, including environmental health and infectious diseases. The program area helps public health and air quality managers, policymakers, and the public manage health-related decisions and minimize disease risk.
The Energy and Infrastructure program area provides solar, meteorological, and other types of Earth information to aid decision-making related to energy production and management, power systems planning, building energy efficiency and sustainability, and resilient infrastructure. Two major projects are: Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER), which curates satellite and modeling data in free web platforms, and Risk Analysis and Solutions Innovators (RASI), which tailors meteorological and other Earth information to support infrastructure resilience for U.S. communities, especially those surrounding NASA Centers.
The Spanish-language broadcaster has won over millions of US viewers with its energetic commentary during games
Soccer fans looking to watch the 2026 World Cup on US television have been presented with two very different options this tournament.
The first is Fox Sports, a cousin of Fox News owned by the same parent company and the sole network airing matches in English in the US. Audiences tuning in to Fox, which acquired the exclusive English broadcast rights in 2015, are met with coverage that reflects the network’s “America first” aesthetic, with promos for pro-Donald Trump talkshows, advertising breaks during games and the frequent, grating presence of host Alexi Lalas.
Acapulco Imagen Awards recognition has given Apple TV’s bilingual comedy one more victory after its fourth and final season. The series leads the 41st Annual Imagen Awards with 13 nominations, placing its cast, directors, music team and production among the year’s most celebrated examples of Latino creative work.
The Imagen Foundation announced the nominations Thursday as part of its annual program recognizing Latino talent and representation across film, television, music, documentaries and digital media. Acapulco received more nominations than any other series, including recognition for Best Comedy Series and multiple acting and directing performances.
The awards organization also announced that actor, filmmaker, producer and musician Andy Garcia will receive its Lifetime Achievement Award. Garcia is separately nominated for his supporting performance in Landman, giving the ceremony another connection between a career-spanning honor and current screen work.
For Apple TV, the nominations extend the life of a series that completed its run in September 2025. Acapulco may have checked out of Las Colinas, but the Imagen Awards are giving the resort one more crowded week.
Acapulco Imagen Awards Reach Across the Production
The 13 nominations show how widely the Imagen Foundation recognized the series rather than concentrating only on its lead actors.
Acapulco is nominated for Best Comedy Series, while Oscar Almengor and Santiago Limón both received Best Director nominations. Javier Nuño and Joe Rodríguez were recognized for Best Music Supervision for Film or Television.
Enrique Arrizon and Camila Perez are both nominated in the Best Actor — Comedy category. Although the category name uses “Actor,” the Imagen Foundation placed performers of different genders together in the 2026 comedy field.
The supporting categories gave Acapulco an especially strong presence. Eugenio Derbez, Fernando Carsa, Carlos Corona and Cristo Fernández received Best Supporting Actor — Comedy nominations. Vanessa Bauche and Keyla Monterroso Mejia are nominated for Best Supporting Actress — Comedy.
That distribution reflects the ensemble structure that allowed Acapulco to run for four seasons. The series used Máximo Gallardo’s memories as its entry point, but Las Colinas worked because the hotel was filled with characters whose ambitions, friendships and disasters could carry stories of their own.
The show’s visual identity often received attention first. Its bright colors, resort setting and polished 1980s design made it easy to recognize within seconds. The Imagen nominations reach beyond that appearance and recognize the performances, direction and music that gave the setting its emotional rhythm.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
A Final Season That Kept the Ensemble Moving
The fourth season returned to Las Colinas with two connected timelines. In the present day, Máximo worked to restore the hotel before its reopening. In 1986, his younger self tried to protect Las Colinas after a competing resort claimed the top position in Acapulco’s annual hotel rankings.
That structure allowed the series to close the distance between the ambitious young employee played by Arrizon and the successful older man played by Derbez. The final episodes had to complete character relationships, resolve the hotel’s future and explain how youthful choices shaped the life Máximo later built.
The Imagen nominations suggest the final season avoided becoming a farewell built only around nostalgia. Its actors remained competitive across several categories, and both nominated directors received recognition for guiding individual parts of the closing chapter.
Acapulco also maintained its bilingual identity throughout the run. English and Spanish were not treated as occasional flavor or a translation exercise. They reflected the characters, workplace and cultural setting. That helped the series reach an international audience without removing the Mexican identity at its center.
For Apple TV, that combination provided a comedy that could travel globally while remaining tied to a specific place and community.
Apple TV Earns Recognition Beyond One Series
Acapulco delivered Apple TV’s largest Imagen Awards presence, but it was not the service’s only nominated production.
Pluribus received a nomination for Best Drama Series, while Carlos-Manuel Vesga was nominated for Best Supporting Actor — Drama. The Morning Show earned nominations for director Miguel Arteta and supporting actor Nestor Carbonell.
Peter Dager of Stick joined Carbonell in the supporting comedy category, while Mariana Treviño received a Best Supporting Actress — Comedy nomination for the same series. Isabella Gomez was recognized for Shrinking, and Aimee Carrero received a nomination for Your Friends & Neighbors.
Apple’s animated series also appeared in the youth category, with WondLa and Wonder Pets: In the City both nominated for Best Youth Programming. Harvey Guillén received a Best Voice-Over Actor nomination for Shape Island.
The broader list reinforces Apple TV’s ability to attract Latino performers and creators across genres rather than through one designated cultural title. Drama, workplace comedy, animation and mystery all contributed to the service’s presence.
Acapulco remains the centerpiece because its 13 nominations represent recognition of an entire production, not a single breakout performance.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Andy Garcia Receives a Career Honor
Andy Garcia’s Lifetime Achievement Award gives the ceremony a different scale. His career has moved through major studio films, independent productions, television, directing, producing and music over several decades.
Garcia became widely known through films including The Untouchables, Internal Affairs, The Godfather Part III and Ocean’s Eleven. His performance as Vincent Mancini in The Godfather Part III earned him an Academy Award nomination, while later roles allowed him to move between crime drama, comedy, family stories and television.
His Imagen recognition also reflects a career shaped by Cuban American identity without limiting him to one type of role. Garcia has frequently spoken about cultural representation, creative ownership and the difficulty of bringing Latino-centered stories through the traditional Hollywood system.
The Lifetime Achievement Award arrives while Garcia remains active rather than functioning as a retirement tribute. His nomination for Landman places him directly inside the current awards field he is being asked to help represent.
That combination suits the Imagen Foundation’s mission. The honor recognizes longevity, but it also connects Garcia’s career with the actors, directors and producers building the next generation of Latino entertainment.
A Strong Farewell for Las Colinas
Acapulco ended after four seasons, which makes the scale of its Imagen recognition especially satisfying. The series did not need a fifth season announcement to extend its cultural presence. Its final production year generated enough work to lead an entire awards field.
The show also leaves Apple TV with a useful model for international programming. Acapulco was local without being narrow, bilingual without turning language into a gimmick and colorful without allowing its visual style to replace character development.
Its 13 nominations cover the exact areas that sustained that model: acting, direction, music and the series as a whole. The result is less like one last souvenir from Las Colinas and more like a full luggage cart.
Winners of the 41st Annual Imagen Awards will be announced during the ceremony in August. Acapulco will arrive with the largest number of chances, while Andy Garcia receives an honor that extends far beyond one performance or season.
The hotel may have closed its final television chapter, but the Imagen Awards have found 13 reasons to reopen the doors.
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