It’s that time of year again when we’re not always sure whether to leave the house dressed for summer or winter. And while this transitional phase can be a nightmare for wardrobe choices, it means that summer is right around the corner, so it’s time to start thinking about how you’ll stay cool at home and beat the heat.
And let’s not forget that this is an El Niño year, so spring and summer will be drier than usual and potentially hotter, with a higher probability of bushfires. So, along with the heat, we’ll also need to contend with the smoke and ash in the air, which could cause respiratory disorders.
Long story short, it’s time to invest in a good purifying fan to see us through the coming months here in Australia.
Fortunately, Amazon understands this and has slashed up to AU$300 on some of Dyson’s powerful, bladeless fans to help keep you and the family cool when the temperature rises. I’ve highlighted three of my favourites below, all of which will not just purify the air you breathe at home and keep you cool, but will keep you toasty in the colder months. That’s good value for a gadget you can use year-round. If Dyson doesn’t tickle your fancy, I’ve also listed some highly recommended alternatives from the likes of Vornado and Shark.
Pure Hot+Cool HP00 Purifier: was $499 now $399.20 The HP00 is a three-in-one model, covering cooling, purifying and heating, making it a truly versatile unit and a good price — well, for a Dyson. Its 360º HEPA filtration system captures 99.95% of particles as small as 0.1 microns, while 70º oscillation helps circulate purified air around your room.View Deal
The Pure Hot+Cool Link offers the same three-in-one functionality as the HP00, but has the added benefit of smartphone connectivity, letting you monitor air quality and control the machine remotely from your phone. View Deal
Purifier Hot+Cool HP2 De-NOx: was $1199 now $899 You also get three-in-one functionality with this Dyson fan, but it combines HEPA H13 filtration with advanced gas removal, including the continuous destruction of formaldehyde that can be released by nearly everything we own in our homes today, including new furniture. It can be controlled via the MyDyson app and offers 350º oscillation. View Deal
Want more suggestions?
It’s not just Dyson that makes powerful and effective fans for cooling your home. I’ve picked out some other models below that many of the TechRadar team and I use ourselves.
As global temperature increase shoots past 1.5 degrees Celsius, the vulnerable countries that fought for that Paris Agreement target face a brutal new reality.
Scientists in Brazil have demonstrated that a combination of three non-destructive imaging techniques, visible-spectrum (RGB) photography, X-ray radiography, and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can detect and characterize hidden damage in soybean seeds that conventional quality tests frequently miss. The study, published in Smart Agricultural Technology, comes at a critical moment: Brazil is the world’s largest soybean producer and exporter, with an estimated harvest of 166 million tons for the 2024/2025 growing season, and seed quality is increasingly under threat from the very climate extremes that help drive the country’s agricultural productivity.
The research, led by Rafael Mateus Alves and colleagues at institutions including the Seed Technology Center of Embrapa Soybean and the University of São Paulo, was funded by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP). Its central premise is deceptively simple: because seed quality is largely determined in the field, before harvest even begins, researchers and seed companies need tools that can look inside a seed without killing it. Destructive assays such as the tetrazolium viability test, which stains metabolically active tissue red, are the industry standard, but they end the life of the sample. That is a particular problem for breeding programs, where each seed represents a unique genetic combination that must survive analysis if it is to be planted.
The seed itself is a small miracle of engineering. A protective coat, derived from the ovule integuments and marked by a scar called the hilum, regulates water uptake and shields the embryo within. The embryo contains the plumule, which gives rise to the plant’s first true leaves; the apical meristem, precursor of the aerial plant; and the hypocotyl–radicle axis, which breaks through the soil and forms the primary root. Flanking this axis are the cotyledons, storage organs packed with macromolecules that are metabolized and shipped to the growing axis during germination. Damage to any of these structures, from insects, fungi, drought, heat, or rough handling during harvest, can silently reduce a seed lot’s vigor, the capacity for rapid, uniform germination that underpins successful crop establishment.
To interrogate this architecture non-invasively, the team assembled ten representative seeds from production fields, commercial lots, and storage samples, each embodying a distinct damage category: stink bug injury, purple seed stain caused by fungi, green seeds from incomplete maturation, wrinkled seeds from heat and drought stress, weathering-related coat ruptures, severe structural failure, mechanical harvest damage, and internal galleries bored by the cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne) during storage. Every seed was imaged sequentially with each of the three modalities and then subjected to the tetrazolium test as a qualitative reference standard.
The technical pipeline was meticulously standardized. For visible-light imaging, seeds were mounted on acetate sheets and photographed with a Leica DMLB microscope equipped with a DFC 310FX digital camera, oriented in four standardized positions with the hilum consistently to the right. X-ray radiographs were acquired on a Faxitron MX-20 DC-12 system operating at 34 kilovolts, with a nine-second exposure and an object-to-source distance of 11.4 centimeters; uniform contrast settings were applied to all images to make damaged tissues directly comparable. The MRI work used a horizontal 2 Tesla superconducting magnet coupled to a Bruker Avance III spectrometer operating at 85.24 megahertz for proton nuclei. Before scanning, seeds were conditioned to raise their moisture content from roughly 8–10 percent (wet basis) by incubation on moistened germination paper for three hours at 25 °C, a step that ensured sufficient hydrogen signal for imaging. A three-dimensional FLASH pulse sequence, with a 3-millisecond echo time and 75-millisecond repetition time, collected data on a 128×128×128 matrix over a 12.8-millimeter field of view, yielding isotropic voxels of 100 micrometers per side. Datasets were zero-padded to 256³ before Fourier transformation and rendered in three dimensions using ImageJ with the 3Dscript plugin.
The resulting image galleries are striking. On seeds punctured by stink bugs, the dominant pest of Brazilian soybean fields, RGB images revealed darkened patches on the cotyledons and near the plumule, the visible legacy of insect feeding that lacerates tissue and injects yeasts that degrade it from within. X-ray images flagged zones of reduced radiation absorption in the same darkened regions, while MRI cross-sections exposed the depth of tissue destruction with unusual clarity, precisely because degraded tissue no longer absorbs water and therefore produces no magnetic resonance signal. The tetrazolium test confirmed that these zones lacked respiratory activity, meaning they were metabolically dead.
Not every symptom tells the same story, however, and the multimodal approach proved especially powerful at distinguishing superficial from structural damage. Seeds with purple seed stain, caused by Cercospora fungi that secrete the toxin cercosporin, showed internal structures that appeared entirely normal in both X-ray and MRI. Yet the tetrazolium test produced an unusually intense red coloration at the stained coat, indicating that fungal activity had compromised the seed coat’s ability to regulate water uptake, allowing the staining solution to penetrate more deeply into the embryo. Similarly, green seeds, which retain chlorophyll because heat and drought interrupted maturation, showed no structural anomalies under X-ray or MRI, but their membranes proved unusually permeable to the tetrazolium solution, hinting at the physiological deterioration typical of immature tissue.
Where MRI truly distinguished itself was in detecting damage invisible to every other method. One seed that appeared flawless in visible light and radiographically normal in X-ray images revealed, in its three-dimensional MRI reconstruction, internal ruptures running through the central cotyledons, the likely consequence of rapid, uneven drying that forces differential cellular expansion and eventual tissue collapse. In mechanically damaged seeds, the X-ray images showed a crack in the hypocotyl–radicle axis that the camera could not see, but MRI went further, revealing the full extent of the fissure and the displacement of the axis relative to the cotyledons. The team also documented a dramatic structural failure nicknamed the “popcorn effect,” in which alternating wetting and rapid drying cycles tear the seed coat and force the cotyledons apart, a phenomenon increasingly reported in Brazilian seed lots as late-season weather grows more erratic.
To move beyond qualitative observation, the researchers extracted grayscale histograms from each X-ray image, normalizing pixel frequencies across the full 0–255 intensity range. Two statistical descriptors, mean gray level and Shannon entropy, were then compared across damage categories using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s honest significance test. The analysis yielded clear separation: undamaged seeds showed the narrowest distributions with peaks at high grayscale values, while beetle-infested seeds and wrinkled seeds displayed the broadest distributions with heavy weight in the lower gray ranges, reflecting hollowed-out tissues and sparse, deformed structures. Mean gray level differed significantly across categories, peaking in undamaged seeds and bottoming out in wrinkled ones, while Shannon entropy, a measure of histogram complexity, was highest in beetle-damaged seeds and lowest in healthy ones. Because each damage category produced a characteristic radiographic fingerprint, the authors suggest these histogram metrics could support automated, quantitative screening in commercial seed laboratories.
Each modality, the authors stress, occupies a distinct niche. RGB imaging is fast, cheap, and ideal for surface screening but blind to anything beneath the coat. X-ray radiography, already a mainstay of seed testing labs, reveals internal voids, malformations, and cavities rapidly and non-destructively, though it cannot report on metabolic viability and demands careful standardization. MRI, with its superb soft-tissue contrast and genuine three-dimensional resolution, excels at detecting subtle physiological and structural alterations, latent mechanical injury, hydration-induced ruptures, and moisture redistribution, but its cost and acquisition time currently confine it to research settings. The tetrazolium test remains valuable as a reference but is destructive and subject to interpreter bias.
The authors argue the techniques should be viewed as complementary rather than competing, and they sketch a future in which RGB and X-ray screening handle high-throughput commercial quality control while MRI resolves ambiguous or high-stakes cases, such as breeding lines and seed physiology studies. Advances in imaging hardware, automation, and artificial intelligence-based analysis, they note, could eventually fuse these modalities into scalable phenotyping workflows. For now, the message is clear: in an era when a single season of heat, drought, and hungry insects can undermine an entire seed lot, the ability to see damage in all three dimensions, without sacrificing the seed itself, may prove as transformative for agriculture as it has been for medicine.
Subject of Research: Non-destructive multimodal imaging (RGB, X-ray, and MRI) for detecting abiotic- and biotic-stress-induced damage in soybean seeds
Article Title: When damage goes deep: a multi-technique approach including 3D for soybean seed damage assessment
Article References: Alves, R. M., Teixeira, J. M., Marassi, A. G., Henning, F. A., Umburanas, R. C., Gomes-Junior, F. G., & Tannús, A. (2026). When damage goes deep: a multi-technique approach including 3D for soybean seed damage assessment. Smart Agricultural Technology, 15, Article 102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2026.102523
New iPhone colors could give Wednesday’s launch an immediate visual refresh, with Dark Cherry and lighter blue finishes among the shades rumored for the iPhone 18 Pro generation. But replacing Cosmic Orange in the promotional photographs would leave an uncomfortable question behind: what happens to customers whose orange iPhone 17 Pro has reportedly turned pink?
Owners have posted accounts of discoloration on Reddit and Apple’s own community forum. Some describe receiving replacement devices; others say their requests were rejected as cosmetic issues. The reports establish a reason for scrutiny, although they do not establish how frequently the problem occurs or whether every affected phone shares the same cause.
Apple does not appear to have published a dedicated technical explanation or a general service program addressing these complaints. With another generation approaching, the company has an opportunity to explain what owners should expect from the finish on an expensive phone—and from support when that finish changes.
The iPhone Colors Expected This Week
The most consistent iPhone 18 Pro rumors center on Dark Cherry, sometimes described as burgundy or deep red, and Sky Blue, also called Light Blue. The neutral option remains disputed.
According to the latest color-leak roundup, Sonny Dickson shared an image of alleged SIM trays suggesting Silver, Dark Cherry, and Sky Blue. A separate claim from Fixed Focus Digital points to Black taking Silver’s place.
That leaves a plausible three-color lineup without agreement on all three finishes. The names also remain unofficial; a supplier’s description does not necessarily become the name displayed in the Apple Store.
The same reporting favors black and white for the foldable iPhone Ultra. A purported reddish version lost credibility after Mark Gurman identified the images associated with it as Xiaomi renders, and the post sharing them was subsequently deleted.
Cosmic Orange is absent from these leading launch rumors. Its possible departure would fit the annual rotation of signature shades, but there is no evidence that Apple is changing colors because of the discoloration complaints.
For buyers, the distinction is straightforward: a new shade may make the next phone look different. Its name cannot establish that its finish will age better.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Cosmic Orange Owners Have Described Different Outcomes
One detailed Reddit replacement account describes an iPhone 17 Pro camera plateau turning pink approximately two weeks after purchase. The owner said the rest of the phone was protected by a case and denied using bleach, peroxide, or other treatments to produce the change.
According to that account, Apple Support escalated the case and supplied a warranty replacement without initially identifying the cause. The owner posted comparison images and later said an engineer contacted them after receiving the original phone, asking questions about usage and environmental conditions.
That reported follow-up complicates any claim that Apple has ignored every customer. At least some owners describe service and further investigation.
A separate Reddit complaint about a salmon-pink camera plateau describes a less satisfactory experience. The owner said the change became noticeable after several months and continued to develop. They reported being directed toward cleaning guidance and told that assistance would be outside warranty coverage, despite saying they had used only a microfiber cloth.
These accounts are owner testimony, not independently inspected service records. Different histories or inspection findings could explain different decisions. Even so, they expose the uncertainty customers face when trying to understand whether a changing finish is considered wear, external damage, or a possible manufacturing problem.
Someone seeking help should not have to reconstruct an unofficial support policy from strangers’ experiences.
Apple Community is a customer discussion forum hosted by Apple. A complaint appearing there is evidence that an owner raised the issue publicly; replies from community participants do not amount to an official engineering finding or company statement.
The posts also cannot tell us the failure rate. A forum collects people who have a reason to speak, and the same incident can circulate through multiple websites. Counting photographs, comments, or reposts would not produce a reliable estimate of affected devices.
But the absence of a reliable denominator should not make individual complaints disappear. A customer does not need to demonstrate that thousands of other phones have changed color before their own device deserves an inspection and a reasoned response.
The unresolved issue is how Apple distinguishes those cases and communicates the result.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Cleaning Guidance Is Not a Diagnosis
Apple’s official iPhone cleaning instructions advise against products containing bleach or hydrogen peroxide. They recommend appropriate gentle cleaning methods and warn against abrasives and several categories of household cleaner.
That guidance is useful for protecting a device. It does not establish that prohibited cleaning products caused every Cosmic Orange complaint.
Some owners expressly deny using those substances. Their statements cannot rule out every possible exposure, but a general warning cannot substitute for examining what happened to a particular phone.
Suggestions involving sunlight, chemical reactions, or variations in the finish’s protective treatment continue to circulate. None should be presented as the universal explanation without testing that connects the proposed cause to the reported changes.
A credible public response could explain whether Apple has identified a recurring mechanism, whether certain production periods require attention, and what service teams should examine. If the company concludes that several unrelated causes are involved, that would also be useful information.
The current uncertainty leaves customers debating material science when they should be able to ask a much simpler question: why does this phone no longer look like the one they bought?
A Premium Finish Is Part of the Product
Color is something Apple asks customers to choose deliberately. It receives prominent space in launch presentations, retail displays, advertising, and the ordering process. Buyers coordinate cases and accessories around it, and some wait for a particular finish to become available.
It is reasonable to expect that choice to survive ordinary use.
Normal wear exists, and no finish should be described as indestructible. Scratches, impacts, and chemical exposure can alter a device. A reported change from orange to pink, however, warrants an explanation rather than an assumption that every visible change belongs in the same category.
The financial stakes are also difficult to quantify responsibly. There is no verified public count of affected Cosmic Orange devices, no established failure rate, and no disclosed average remediation cost. Those gaps prevent a credible estimate of billion-dollar exposure.
The purchase value of potentially affected phones would not equal Apple’s repair liability in any event. A repair, replacement, refund, and lost future sale are different costs.
The more immediate commercial concern is confidence. A customer who receives a satisfactory explanation may accept a service decision even when it is disappointing. A customer who feels dismissed may carry that experience into their next purchase—and into conversations with other buyers.
New Colors Need Evidence That Lasts Beyond Launch Day
Dark Cherry could become the finish most associated with the iPhone 18 Pro. The Ultra’s rumored neutral palette could place greater attention on the foldable design itself. Neither possibility tells us how those surfaces will look after months in pockets, cases, cars, and everyday handling.
Early product photographs will help buyers judge appearance. Longer ownership will reveal whether the finish retains it.
For existing Cosmic Orange owners noticing a change, documenting the phone under consistent lighting is a useful first step. Images taken on different days can help distinguish a developing alteration from reflections or camera white balance. Photographs of the complete device can also show whether the change is limited to exposed areas.
Keeping the purchase receipt, support case number, and written inspection outcome makes subsequent conversations easier. If service is declined, the useful question is what finding led to that decision and whether the device was assessed for a possible materials or workmanship issue.
A new color announcement will not supply those answers to someone still holding the previous generation.
In addition to cutting dozens of Vision Pro employees who worked on features like immersive video and gaming, Apple is laying off people who worked on Siri and AI, reports Bloomberg.
Apple is “largely shutting down” the Vision Pro team focused on gaming, and it is paring down the team that makes immersive video content. Approximately 100 employees who were part of the Vision Products Group have been laid off, with Apple also cutting 100 people from its Siri and software groups.
[…]
Despite the cuts to the Vision Products Group, employees were told that the Vision Pro and visionOS operating system are not being eliminated.
Apple told Bloomberg that it was realigning some teams in order to “evolve” the business to provide the best experience for users. “While we will create new roles as part of this change, it will also impact a limited number of existing roles,” Apple said.
The job cuts are tiny in relation to the overall company, which had 166,000 full time employees in September 2025 (the last time Apple disclosed its headcount). But as John Ternus prepares to take the CEO job just over one week from now, the timing seems designed to get some unpleasant work out of the way and let the new boss come in with clean hands.
It’s hard to find good people, Apple has plenty of work that needs doing, and it just reported a record quarter. Maybe they don’t need more immersive video content, but it’s not clear to me why the other employees couldn’t be reassigned. And I’m really wondering what’s going on with the general software group, where they’re getting rid of legends like Keith Stattenfield:
So, I posted yesterday on an another place that I had been just laid off at Apple after 37 years. ( Surprise! I got laid off. It was unexpected. I am still coming to terms with it. Yes, I will be ok. ) And I mentioned some of the things I’d done, and mused that I’d thought I’d finish out my career in a few years having passed along the knowledge to younger engineers. Alas, that’s going to get left unfinished.
I felt much the same way, because I’d also hoped to slowly ease into retirement instead of being given options that led me to retire a few years early.
Laying off anyone working on anything related to Apple Vision Pro is a gross strategic blunder, because it signals a lack of confidence in the product. Put them to work fixing bug backlogs if you don’t want them working on what they were doing, but don’t lay them off and let that show up in the press, that’s fucking amateur hour shit.
[…]
And the same goes for the Software Engineering layoffs, which don’t seem to be reported much upon because the layoffs have been described as “Apple Vision Pro, Siri, and software” where perhaps people don’t get that the latter is how Apple refers to the Software Engineering (SWE) org. There are so many bugs that should be fixed, that users encounter in their everyday lives, just reassign people to work on them. It’s stupid to lay people off when they could do that.
Plus, maybe retaining that institutional knowledge would help forestall future bugs.
Laying off employees who were working on a product that largely “failed” in the market is extremely hurtful to those employees, because the product’s failure is not their fault. They were directed to do that work. Apple should find new places for every single one of the employees who worked on Vision Pro. They owe it to the people who they directed to work toward the goal of making and maintaining Vision Pro. They can afford to do that.
Apple didn’t even work that hard to take care of the iPod employees who were once half the company’s revenue. In the end they basically gave Nest a free engineering team.
Recent layoffs of Apple employees working on the Vision Pro were broader than previously thought, Bloomberg’s Mark Gurman reports.
[…]
Gurman reports that people inside the Vision Pro group have spent months lobbying new CEO John Ternus to stay the course on the platform even as sales continue to underwhelm. Colleagues who have discussed the headset with Ternus say he was skeptical of it from the start, seeing it as too bulky and too costly to reach a mass audience.
Interestingly, since visionOS apparently runs on Apple’s upcoming smart glasses, the wider layoffs impact software shared across both product lines rather than the headset alone.
I was recently informed that I am being laid off from my position at Apple. It was unexpected, especially coming right after WWDC, where several of the projects I led and features I contributed to were announced.
Charlotte Henry and Chuck Joiner examine Apple TV’s strategy through the expansion of Monarch: Legacy of Monsters, the theatrical release of Tenzing, and Eddie Cue’s Cannes Lions recognition. They compare Apple’s stated quality-over-quantity approach with Netflix’s engagement-first model, then consider F1 sequel plans and speculate on what smart glasses could mean for the streaming service from […]
I'm paying more council tax than No 10 Downing Street – and have 540 asylum seekers camped next door, making homes unsellable. Is this your idea of levelling up, Andy? asks Madeleine Gillies.
Educators & Teens Get Hands-On With TEMPO Data to Help Investigate Local Air Quality
An educator explores NASA’s TEMPO mission data using the CosmicDS TEMPO-Lab viewer during a hands-on immersion session at the BEST AQI Leadership Institute.
Credit: Devika Elakara
The NASA Science Activation Program’s Cosmic Storytelling with NASA Data (CosmicDS) project, led by Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, works to bring authentic NASA data into the hands of educators and learners. From July 27–29, 2026, the CosmicDS team partnered with the Smithsonian Institution’s BEST AQI (Breathing Easier: Supporting Teen Air Quality Investigations) project to host a Leadership Institute at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) in Cambridge, MA. The Institute brought together 13 formal and informal educators who serve as advisors to BEST AQI, an initiative that guides teens through their own air quality research to support actions that improve air quality in their communities.
On Day 1 of the Institute, the CosmicDS Science Principal Investigator Pat Udomprasert led a hands-on immersion session introducing educators to TEMPO-Lab, a free online tool built with NASA Science Activation Program funding. TEMPO-Lab lets learners explore and analyze near-real-time air quality measurements collected by NASA’s TEMPO (Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution) mission, which measures pollution across North America hourly during daylight hours. During Days 2 and 3 of the Institute, as educators worked together to co-develop BEST AQI curriculum and resources, they used TEMPO-Lab to build case studies covering a variety of real-world air quality scenarios, including wildfire smoke and emissions from rush-hour traffic, power plants, and agriculture. These case studies will give the teens in their programs a strong foundation for investigating air quality where they live and deciding what actions they might take in their own communities.
One moment made the workshop especially memorable. During a science briefing, TEMPO scientist Heesung Chong shared that a new beta-version ground-level ozone data product had recently become available. TEMPO-Lab’s flexible design made it possible for CosmicDS software developer and educator John Lewis to integrate the new data product into the tool overnight, letting workshop participants explore cutting-edge ozone data themselves the very next morning. It was a striking example of how CosmicDS’s data tools can match the pace of active NASA science, giving educators and their learners access to data almost as soon as scientists themselves do.
“The BEST AQI Leadership Institute reinforced the value of the TEMPO-Lab as a tool for empowering youth to investigate local air quality issues using authentic NASA data. Educators were excited not only by the scientific capabilities of the platform, but by its potential to help young people use evidence to make informed decisions and contribute to positive change in their communities.”
— Erika Wright, Education Specialist, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO), and BEST AQI Principal Investigator
Equipping educators with both the technical skills and the curriculum to bring NASA air quality data into their classrooms matters because it builds data literacy skills that teens can carry into any career, while also giving them the tools to investigate issues that affect their health and their own communities. Air quality is a subject teens can see, smell, and feel the effects of — and BEST AQI is designed to help them turn that lived experience into evidence-based understanding and, ultimately, action.
The CosmicDS team will continue supporting these efforts in the year ahead. The 13 educators who attended this Leadership Institute plan to share the BEST AQI toolkit and TEMPO-Lab with approximately 100 additional educators across their partner sites in South Dakota, Maryland, and New York, potentially extending this work to thousands of teen air quality researchers.
Cosmic DS is supported by NASA cooperative agreement award number 80NSSC21M0002 and is part of the NASA Science Activation Program portfolio, which connects learners with authentic NASA science experiences through partnerships with educators and community organizations.
This idea is so powerful—and so longed for—that it’s escaped containment among the Apple crowd. I’ve seen everything from Linux distro to phone updates referred to as Snow Leopard releases, when their vendors cite stability and bug fixes over new features. Likewise, people plead with their vendors for a Snow Leopard release when they feel quality has slipped.
People conflate a bunch of different ideas when talking about Snow Leopard:
Were there really zero no features? No, but there were fewer user-facing ones.
Was the initial release especially low in bugs? No, but it was better than Leopard’s.
Did it feel faster? Yes.
Was the final release especially low in bugs? Yes, it was fantastic.
Was it just because of the longer release cycle before Lion? No, they really did focus on quality for the initial release. And they didn’t add as much stuff mid-cycle as they did with Tiger and Leopard.
Snow Leopard’s stated goal internally was reducing bugs and increasing quality. That is a fact, not marketing. I am not sure why people on the internet don’t believe that, but I was there. If you wanted to ship a feature you had to get explicit approval from leadership and the bar was high. In normal feature releases it operated bottom up “here is what we are planning to ship” and in Snow Leopard it was top down “can we ship this?”.
AFAIK Snow Leopard was the first release of this kind (the first release I worked on was Jaguar or Puma), and was a direct response to taking 8 software updates to stabilize 10.5 and the severity of the bugs found during that cycle and the resulting bad press. Leopard was a HUGE feature release and with it came tons of (bad) bugs.
[…]
Testing was basically engineers, internal QA, some strategic partners like Adobe and MS, and the Apple Seed program (which was tiny). There was very little automated testing. Apple employees are not representative of the population and QA coverage is never very complete. And we sometimes held back features from seed releases when we were worried about leaks, so it wasn’t even the complete OS that was being tested.
Software updates are always needed, though the issues they fix became less severe over time due to larger seeds (aka betas), recovery partitions, and better / more modern development practices. But I can tell you FOR A FACT that Snow Leopard had fewer major bugs over its lifetime, coalesced very quickly, and was extremely solid when Lion was released.
I agree with you that Snow Leopard was billed as no USER VISIBLE features. But people did NOT just fix niggling bugs, it was an architecturally huge release. E.g., it introduced GCD. And unless I’m confusing the year, it rewrote the Mail backend to use it and mail hasn’t had reliable search since.
My memory is that quality was so low that we pushed back the release. With the extra time we did manage to fix enough bugs that it was well received. But internally it was more destabilizing than most releases due to the amount of architectural churn.
Yeah as someone else that worked on Snow Leopard I found this article and ones like it a bit silly. They’re a lot like the old “debug code” posts on Mac forums back in the day trying to explain why Puma was slow (no, you’ve got a G3 and an unaccelerated video card).
Tiger and Leopard were sprawling releases. Tiger covered 32-bit and 64-bit PowerPC, then 32-bit x86, then 64-bit x86 Macs. Tiger was also what I guess I’d say is the first “modern” OSX release, with subsystems like launchd and a more mature OpenDirectory replacing older NeXT subsystems.
Leopard in my experience was a train wreck. It shipped a lot of new features, both user facing and back end frameworks, but the development was seriously impacted from teams losing engineers to iOS. Leopard had features planned assuming 100% availability of SWE’s resources but ended up with 40-50% of SWE’s resources (made up numbers based on my feels at the time). Many new frameworks in Leopard did not land or get stable until very late in the development cycle which meant everything downstream had to scramble right before GM. It was 100% the case that Leopard was not really stable until 10.5.8 and still sucked IMHO.
There was a lot of clean-up needed in MacOS and that was Snow Leopard. It was not a perfect release but 10.6.3 (the second disc pressing IIRC) and onward were very stable. Dropping PowerPC support really helped focus QA since they didn’t need the massive array of test hardware Tiger and Leopard required. You also didn’t need to wrangle builds for four architectures, including multiple compilers as a few libraries (if not whole frameworks) were compiled with ICC on x86 for performance reasons.
The “Snow Leopard wasn’t that great” meme is weird. I’m sure it had its problems like every OSX release did. Unfortunately most OSX releases broke someone’s workflow. Snow Leopard ware no different. But it was always billed internally as a “no new features” release and those features that it did ship faced a very high bar to get in the release. I definitely look back on Snow Leopard as a high water mark for macOS quality in terms of a release.
If you weren’t there then you don’t know why I considered getting a “10.6.8” tattoo at one point. Boot Camp was no longer siloed, zero-drama Exchange support was baked in, Quicktime X hauled ass, and It was the definitive answer to the smoldering wreckage of Vista.
Snow Leopard has always remained the best Apple OS in my memory. For me Mail search was perfect all the time, once spotlight finished indexing it was incredible, iTunes, finder, everything just worked. The consistency was felt everywhere…
Explorer for Artemis Geology, Lunar, and Earth — a NASA satellite program to study surface biology and geology on Earth, with technologies that could support future missions to the Moon and Mars.
Future Mission
NASA’s EAGLE program — Explorer for Artemis Geology, Lunar, and Earth — will be a series of satellite missions studying surface properties using technologies for Earth observation that will also benefit future missions to the Moon and Mars, where they could identify critical resources and safe landing sites.
The satellites making up the first two EAGLE missions will study biology and geology on Earth’s surface to support agriculture, disaster response, and other needs. Each mission will carry a different instrument with capabilities that complement each other. The first mission (EAGLE-VSWIR) is scheduled to take flight in 2028.
Mission Type
Orbiter
Target
Earth, Moon, Mars
Launch
No earlier than 2028
Objective
Study surface composition and changes
EAGLE-VSWIR
EAGLE-VSWIR (Visible to Shortwave Infrared) will observe the Earth’s surface every 16 days with a high-resolution imaging spectrometer, which measures light reflected from the planet’s surface, separating wavelengths across the visual and into the infrared spectrum. The patterns created by light being reflected or absorbed across this spectral range act like fingerprints, letting scientists identify the composition of the surface.
A similar instrument, NASA’s EMIT (Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation), has been monitoring Earth from the International Space Station since July 2022, characterizing the surface mineral composition of Earth’s arid lands, monitoring ecosystem status, and tracking health and safety hazards — such as methane leaks and acid mine drainage — among other applications.
EAGLE-VSWIR will have 25 times more capability than EMIT has today. This technological leap will allow scientists to map surface deposits of critical and rare-earth minerals, strengthen food security, and aid wildfire prevention and recovery. It can also highlight environmental hazards such as oil spills or landslide risks, and monitor water quality and availability.
The front of this image cube shows a region in Nevada observed by NASA’s EMIT imaging spectrometer; the cube’s sides show the spectral fingerprint for every point in the image and can be used to discover mineral resources. EAGLE-VSWIR will have 25 times greater performance beyond NASA’s current state-of-the-art EMIT.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
EAGLE-TIR
The EAGLE-TIR mission will provide Thermal InfraRed (TIR) imagery when it launches two to three years after EAGLE-VSWIR, measuring energy emitted from the surface and producing data that scientists can use to map temperature, composition, and critical mineral deposits. On Earth that would let researchers monitor wildfires and volcanic activity, track drought and water use by crops, study urban heat islands, observe the rates that snow or ice accumulates or melts, and better understand Earth’s resilient ecosystems.
EAGLE-TIR follows on from ECOSTRESS (ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station), which has been observing Earth from the International Space Station since 2018. ECOSTRESS was designed to study how different ecosystems respond to drought and water stress, and the data has provided a vital understanding of how plants’ water use changes throughout the day. Since ECOSTRESS also measures emitted energy in the thermal infrared, its surface-temperature products have also been used for urban planning and wildfire monitoring.
Further innovation and lessons learned from ECOSTRESS has led to EAGLE-TIR, which will carry a multi-band thermal radiometer. EAGLE-TIR’s great strength compared to existing missions is that it provides detailed imagery of the entire globe every two days, day and night, at multiple wavelengths not available from other instruments.
This image shows the minerals contained in Namibian dunes using ECOSTRESS data. EAGLE-TIR will have more spectral channels to enable even better mineral discrimination.
NASA/JPL-Caltech
EAGLE Program
By advancing vital techniques for measuring our planet’s surface composition, resources, and hazards, the EAGLE program addresses critical needs in Earth observation, with technologies that can also transfer to planetary exploration, where they’ll serve as pathfinders for future missions to the Moon and Mars.
As the Artemis II crew came close to passing behind the Moon and experiencing a planned loss of signal, they captured this image of a crescent Earth setting on the Moon’s limb on April 6, 2026.
NASA
Featured Video
EAGLE
NASA unveiled the EAGLE program as one part of its “Ignition” event on March 24, 2026, when it announced a wide-ranging series of transformative agencywide initiatives. With EAGLE (the Explorer for Artemis Geology, Lunar, and Earth missions), NASA will deploy breakthrough hyperspectral images across Earth with later missions anticipated for the Moon and Mars in rapid succession. On Earth they’ll identify critical minerals for national security, enable precision agriculture, and support disaster response. On Earth and at Mars they will locate critical minerals and resources such as ice for propellants, rare-earth elements for technology, and construction materials for habitats.
EMIT
EMIT (Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation) measures the mineral composition of Earth’s dust source regions, to help scientists understand how they heat or cool our planet.
Join us for continuing coverage as our leaders discuss the agency's implementation of the National Space Policy and our plans to advance science and discover...
[… Apple] decides to do a big feature. The circus comes to town, they build the feature, they launch it, they leave town, and that feature sits there.
And the problem is, there’s bugs, things are broken, and in Year Two, you’re like, “You’re going to fix all the things that were broken in the thing you shipped last year, right?” And in the last decade, I would say, a lot of times what happens is they just don’t. And if you’re lucky, they’ll fix it Year Three or Year Four, […] give it a polish.
The thing that troubles me most about Apple software quality in general is the feeling like they don’t have the people to own the thing that they launch. They build the thing that they launch, and then those people go off and do something else, and nobody is maintaining and improving the thing that’s there.
I think this is spot on, and said really well. Are you honest with yourself about resourcing and focus for right after the launch and then later on? Have you really thought about worst case and best case scenarios vis-à-vis bug reports, latency, user feedback, and craft/quality however you define it? Have you actually started to make room for those outcomes ahead of time?
For me, an ongoing tension with Apple is Finder, so central to my (and I imagine many people’s?) use of a Mac, but rewritten at some point eons ago in a new framework that caused all sorts of problems, and then pretty much abandoned like a proverbial American city’s downtown.
Revealing files in the Finder and Mail’s table view sort indicators have been broken for me since Big Sur. Disk Utility still doesn’t work as well as before its El Capitan rewrite. But these aren’t even big new features.
The issue really, that Jason pins down, is that it’s so easy to use incremental development, agile development, sprints, whatever, as a method to do the wrong thing. If you have a year-long schedule, it is easier to say “I will take care of the Finder”, and within the scope of that is a number of features that need be built, but there’s also room for ongoing maintenance. Within the confines of sprint planning, within a culture that sheepishly focuses on the wrong thing, or is obsessed by following the wrong number, or worries about the internal politics of appearing to not have it together, all of a sudden the same work, scheduled into 3 week long sprints, looks like poison.
I know of plenty of organizations that make this work. That have the maturity and discipline and culture to see bugs and defects for what they are, to allocate plenty of time to them and to focus extra time on them with regular intervals.
Apple at WWDC 2026 today said it has made several responsiveness improvements across its software ecosystem, speeding up system animations, app launching, and much more.
Although there’s no obvious connection between the Tahoe and Golden Gate names to indicate a “tock” release, Apple devoted the first chunk of the WWDC keynote to how OS 27 will address user and developer complaints about OS 26.
[…]
Apple also made a big deal about performance improvements, smoothing system animations, launching iPhone and iPad apps up to 30% faster, displaying new photos in the Photo Library up to 70% faster, transferring files via AirDrop up to 80% faster, and moving files from an iPad to an external drive is up to 5x faster, so it compares with macOS transfer speeds. A new CPU Scheduler promises to improve iPhone performance even on older models back to the iPhone 11, which may encourage more people with older iPhones to upgrade.
I’m way more interested in bug fixes, but optimizations and refinements are great, too. Simply limiting the number of new features creates space to improve the software quality, though, it’s not clear to me whether there are really fewer new features or if it’s just that they mostly fall under the single heading of AI.
Something I’ve noticed about performance work is that people really want there to be A Cause for improvements. A new technology, something old no longer holding things back, “removing the debug logging”, etc…
The truth of the matter is that 97% of the time the enabling thing for performance work is engineers having time in the schedule to sit down with the tools (usually a sampling profiler) and grind out small wins over and over.
There’s no magic bullet that replaces good engineering.
It sounds like the magic bullet is a reasonable release schedule. You’ve always had the power, my dear Craig. You just had to learn it for yourself.
The moment the keynote used the phrases “sweating the details” and “attention to detail,” it was clear that beyond AI and Siri features, this year is about small fixes and improvements. In more private settings, Apple folks specifically referenced Snow Leopard and iOS 12, two updates that saw Apple take a pause from huge feature roll-outs and prioritize speed and bug fixes a bit more.
But to be clear, referencing Snow Leopard does not mean “no new features.” Like Apple’s 27 releases, Snow Leopard was full of dozens, if not hundreds, of new features—they were just scattered small improvements throughout the system.
The older I get and the longer I do this development work I realize time is short and we may not get to all the things we want to do in life. So when we are forced to wait yet another year for some fixes to a framework we’ve been trying to use for several yearly cycles already it can be disappointing to say the least.
[…]
Unlike past years there is no clear Apple mandated work. Thank god. I can focus on what I want to build without having to adopt my code to an ill conceived UI update that will be semi-discarded the following year.
New NASA Earth Missions Gear Up to Start Science Flights
Satellite imagery captured wildfires burning hot enough to generate pyrocumulonimbus clouds north of Lake Superior in July 2026. NASA aircraft will help scientists study the powerful storms as they develop.
Credits: CSU/CIRA & NOAA
Landslides in Alaska. Air quality in Atlanta. Fire clouds out West. From the Arctic fringes to farm country, NASA’s newest class of suborbital Earth Venture missions is gearing up to deliver science that will benefit communities in the United States and beyond.
The six projects will mobilize hundreds of scientists and pilots from NASA, the U.S. Navy, universities, and other institutions over the next several years. While the investigations range across topics, a defining feature of suborbital missions is the use of sensors mounted on aircraft.
Airborne remote sensing serves as a bridge between ground-based instruments and satellites. Data collected via planes, helicopters, drones, and balloons can fill in gaps in computer models used by weather forecasters, city planners, and others.
When wildfires create their own weather
The first project to take wing this summer is Injected Smoke and PYRocumulonimbus Experiment (INSPYRE), led by the Naval Research Laboratory. From mission headquarters in Colorado, the team will chase one of the least understood forms of severe weather on Earth: towering “fire clouds” generated when extreme wildfires burn hot enough to brew their own thunderstorms.
Pyrocumulonimbus clouds crackle with lighting in imagery captured over Utah and Colorado by the GOES-18 satellite in early July 2026.
CSU/CIRA & NOAA
Smoky and crackling with lightning, these unique storms can create blind spots for aviators above and spark new blazes below. Measuring and mapping the dangerous storms as they develop in real-time will help scientists forecast them in the future. Several aircraft, including NASA’s high-altitude ER-2, flying out of Montana, will carry a large suite of instruments over wildfire-generated storm systems. Among them will be two state-of-the-art infrared wildfire trackers, which were developed at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California and will be flying as part of the agency’s FireSense program.
Testing the air over farmland, megacities
Agricultural emissions represent an important and understudied part of Earth’s land and atmosphere systems. The FarmFlux mission, which kicks off this year, will deploy more than a dozen sensors to measure ozone, methane, ammonia, particulates, and other pollutants rising from agricultural lands and animal farms stretching from the Midwest to California’s Central Valley. These emissions affect human health, global climate, and stratospheric ozone. The mission is led by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, along with Colorado State University, and Boston University.
NASA’s 777 aircraft is gearing up to start science flights. Structural modifications – like enlarged cabin windows and instrument portals – have transformed the former passenger plane into a flying laboratory. It’s seen here at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, in April 2026.
NASA/Ryan Hill
Two North American cities with air quality concerns are Atlanta and Mexico City. But the causes differ, with weather and terrain playing a role. To explore these differences, the Hemispheric Airborne Measurements of Air Quality (HAMAQ) mission will investigate areas of poor air in the two capitals and test how satellite information can help forecasting and mitigation efforts. The team will deploy two aircraft at different altitudes: NASA’s P-3B will fly close to the surface, directly measuring fine particle and gaseous pollutants, while the recently acquired 777 science jet will soar high above, mapping pollution with remote sensors. NASA’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, is leading the mission.
Fast-changing north
As the Arctic warms at least twice as fast as the rest of Earth, data collected today can help guide communities on the front lines of change.
Alaska’s glaciers are losing ice and contributing to sea level rise. NASA is tracking the changes from land, air, and space.
NASA
The Snow4Flow campaign, led by the University of Arizona, seeks to measure and model how far and fast glaciers are retreating in the far north. Traversing remote icescapes across Alaska, the Yukon, Arctic Canada, Greenland, and Svalbard, Norway, they’ll sound both the near-surface and frozen depths of hundreds of glaciers while flying over in a modernized WWII-era aircraft outfitted with a scanning laser altimeter and two custom radars. Their observations, combined with satellite data and advanced models of snowfall and glacier flow, will advance our understanding of how glaciers behave in different regions of the Arctic. The mission seeks to uncover not just what these glaciers look like beneath the surface today, but the processes that will drive changes in the future.
As permafrost thaws, rivers on the doorstep of the Arctic become conveyor belts of carbon and sediment. NASA Goddard, and the City College of New York lead a multidisciplinary team studying how rivers, lagoons, and estuaries across Alaska’s North Slope interact with the Arctic Ocean. The project, called Frontlines of Rapidly Transforming Ecosystems (FORTE) will combine optical and radar measurements from satellites, planes, high-tech research vessels, drones, and underwater autonomous systems to track microscopic marine life, water flow, and chemistry. The team will collaborate with local and tribal communities to sustain observations over time and apply NASA assets to address emerging local needs and decision-making priorities.
Landslide triggers
When a slow-moving landslide in California suddenly collapsed and buried a section of coastal highway in 2017, scientists at NASA JPL wanted to know how precipitation swings played a role. JPL studies how water infiltrates and destabilizes hillslopes all over the world. The Landslide Change Characterization Experiment (LACCE) project will combine airborne synthetic aperture radar with land-based sensors to track how slopes in California are responding to a world of intensifying droughts and downpours. The project also takes aim at emerging landslide hazards in Alaska, where rapidly retreating glaciers are accelerating slope movements that have the potential to create mega-tsunamis.
This series of images shows the collapse of the Mud Creek landslide in May 2017 along the Big Sur coast in Central California, and the subsequent repairs to Highway 1, which was damaged during the event.
Andy Ritchie/USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
NASA’s Earth Venture Suborbital program, designed to be nimble and high impact, was established following a recommendation by the National Research Council in 2007. In the decades since, teams have studied phenomena, including blizzards, coral reefs, and ocean whirlpools.
Smoke from wildland fires pours eastward over Canada and the U.S. in an image captured on the afternoon of July 14, 2026, by the VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-21 satellite.
NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin
After a slow start to Canada’s 2026 fire season, activity picked up by the end of June amid dry, warm conditions and returned closer to the 25-year average. By mid-July, almost 850 fires were actively burning across the country, according to the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre. More than 180 of those were burning in Ontario.
This NOAA-21 image, acquired on the afternoon of July 14, 2026, shows smoke billowing from the Ontario fires. Winds carried the smoke primarily southeast over much of the southern part of the province, as well as parts of Quebec and the U.S. Midwest and Northeast, tinting the sky shades of gray and yellow and the Sun orange in many areas.
The smoke’s impact on air quality varied, depending largely on altitude. In areas where smoke was high in the atmosphere, air quality impacts were negligible; where it drifted closer to the ground, conditions worsened. Air quality in Toronto, for instance, reached unhealthy levels, according to AirNow. People in the southern parts of the province were also grappling with a heat wave, compounding the health risks.
Much of the smoke came from fires in Northwestern Ontario, where eight blazes saw significant growth on July 13 and 14. The fires prompted officials to issue evacuation orders for several communities in this part of the province, according to news reports.
As of July 14, fires across Canada have burned 1.9 million hectares (4.7 million acres) since the start of the year—still well below the season totals from the extreme fire years of 2023 and 2025. How the rest of the season plays out remains to be seen. A seasonal fire outlook—compiled by wildland fire experts from the U.S., Canada, and Mexico—shows where fire conditions are more or less likely through July, August, and September.
NASA Earth Observatory image by Lauren Dauphin, using VIIRS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE , GIBS/Worldview , and the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). Story by Kathryn Hansen.
Downloads
July 14, 2026
JPEG (3.96 MB)
References & Resources
AirNow (2026, July 15) Wildfires. Accessed July 15, 2026.
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