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Windows 11: A guide to the updates

✇Computerworld

A Windows launch isn’t the end a process — it’s really just the beginning. Microsoft continually works on improving Windows 11 by fixing bugs, releasing security patches, and occasionally adding new features.

In this story we summarize what you need to know about each update released to the public for the most recent version of Windows 11 — currently version 25H2 — over the past year. For each build, we’ve included the date of its release and a link to Microsoft’s announcement about it. The most recent updates appear first.

The easiest way to install updates is via Windows Update. Not sure how? See “How to handle Windows 10 and 11 updates” for full instructions. Note that Windows 11 version 25H2 is being released as a phased rollout and may not be available to you in Windows Update yet.

If you’re still using Windows 10, see “Windows 10: A guide to the updates.” And if you’re looking for information about Insider Program previews for upcoming feature releases of Windows 11, see “Windows 11 Insider Previews: What’s in the latest build?”

Updates for Windows 11 25H2 and 24H2

KB5089573 (OS Builds 26200.8524 and 26100.8524) Preview

Release date: May 26, 2026

With this update, Windows quality updates include additional high-confidence device targeting data, making more devices eligible to receive new Secure Boot certificates. The old certificates expire at the end of June: see Computerworld’s FAQ for details. The build also adds Group Policy and MDM settings that IT admins can enable to limit the Secure Boot service data sent to Microsoft. (See Microsoft documentation.)

This update also includes a wide variety of new features being rolled out gradually, including Shared Audio, which enables two Bluetooth audio devices to connect to a single Windows 11 PC at the same time; Multi-App Camera, which allows multiple applications to access the camera stream simultaneously; improved visibility into NPU usage in Task Manager; and several performance and behavior improvements for Windows Hello.

There is one known issue in the update, in which after you install update KB5089549, some devices might fail to complete installation with error code 0x800f0922. This issue occurs on devices that have limited free space on the EFI System Partition (ESP), especially if it has 10MB or less available.

(Get more info about KB5089573 Preview, including workarounds for the issue described above.)

KB5089549 (OS Builds 26200.8457 and 26100.8457)

Release date: May 12, 2026

This build enables dynamic status reporting for Secure Boot states in the Windows Security app. It also fixes a bug in which the Remote Desktop Connection security warning dialog sometimes rendered incorrectly in multi-monitor configurations with different display scaling settings.

It also includes a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and May 2026 Security Updates.

The build has one known issue: devices with an unrecommended BitLocker Group Policy configuration might be required to enter their BitLocker recovery key.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5089549.)

KB5083631 (OS Builds 26200.8328 and 26100.8328) Preview

Release date: April 30, 2026

This update includes a large number of new features being rolled out gradually, including File Explorer’s ability to handle new archive formats including uu, cpio, xar, and NuGet Packages (nupkg). Windows also gets a new way to monitor agents from the taskbar. It supports agents across first- and third-party apps, with Researcher in the Microsoft 365 Copilot app as the first adopter. 

Also being rolled out gradually is a security improvement that changes how the Windows kernel trusts third‑party drivers. Default trust for cross‑signed drivers is removed, while drivers from the Windows Hardware Compatibility Program (WHCP) and an allow list of trusted legacy drivers remain allowed. 

The update also includes several changes available immediately, including one that increases coverage of devices eligible to automatically receive new Secure Boot certificates. Devices receive the new certificates only after demonstrating sufficient successful update signals, maintaining a controlled and phased rollout. For more information, see Windows Secure Boot certificate expiration and CA updates.

A bug in the Remote Desktop Connection security warning dialog is being fixed immediately. Previously, the dialog could have rendered incorrectly in a multi-monitor scenario when the monitors had different scaling settings.

(Get more info about KB5083631 Preview.)

KB5083769 (OS Builds 26200.8246 and 26100.8246)

Release date: April 14, 2026

This update fixes several bugs, including one that caused device reset to fail when using the “Keep my files” or “Remove everything” options. It also improves protection against phishing attacks that use Remote Desktop (.rdp) files. For more information, see Understanding security warnings when opening Remote Desktop (RDP) files.

It also enables dynamic status reporting for Secure Boot states in Settings > Update & Security > Windows Security, with a green, yellow, or red badge indicating your current Secure Boot status. See Secure Boot certificate update status in the Windows Security app for more information.

The build also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and April 2026 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

Update, April 15: Microsoft has confirmed an issue with this release: “Devices with an unrecommended BitLocker Group Policy configuration might be required to enter their BitLocker recovery key.” See Microsoft’s KB5083769 information page for details and workarounds.

(Get more info about KB5083769.)

KB5086672 (OS Builds 26200.8117 and 26100.8117) Out-of-band

Release date: March 31, 2026

This update fixes a bug in which some devices running Windows 11 version 25H2 or 24H2 encountered the following error while installing the Windows preview update KB5079391 (listed below): “Some update files are missing or have problems. We’ll try to download the update again later. Error code: (0x80073712).”

(Get more info about Windows 11 KB5086672 Out-of-band.)

KB5079391 (OS Builds 26200.8116 and 26100.8116) Preview

Release date: March 26, 2026

This update includes a variety of new features being rolled out gradually, including one that allows you to turn Smart App Control (SAC) on or off without needing a clean install. To make changes, go to Settings > Windows Security > App & Browser Control > Smart App Control settings. When turned on, SAC helps block untrusted or potentially harmful apps. To learn more, see App & Browser Control in the Windows Security App.

The build also includes several improvements and bug fixes, including one that improves Application ID tagging in Application Control for Business policies. With this update, the system identifies which apps should receive tags more accurately and behaves more reliably, Microsoft says.

(Get more info about Windows 11 KB5079391 Preview.)

KB5085516 (OS Builds 26200.8039 and 26100.8039) Out-of-band

Release date: March 21, 2026

This update fixes a bug some users experienced when signing in to apps with a Microsoft account. Even when the device had a working internet connection, a “no Internet” error appeared during sign-in and prevented access to Microsoft services and apps such as Microsoft Teams Free and OneDrive.

(Get more info about KB5085516 Out-of-band.)

KB5079473 (OS Builds 26200.8037 and 26100.8037)

Release date: March 10, 2026

This build improves how Windows Defender Application Control (WDAC) handles COM objects allowlisting policies. COM objects were blocked when the endpoint security policy was set higher than the allowlisting policy. With this update, COM objects are allowed as expected.​ The build also introduces additional high confidence device targeting data to Windows quality updates, increasing coverage of devices eligible to automatically receive new Secure Boot certificates.

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and March 2026 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5079473.)

KB5077241 (OS Builds 26200.7922 and 26100.7922) Preview

Release date: February 24, 2026

This update includes a variety of new features being rolled out gradually, including one in which Quick Machine Recovery (QMR) turns on automatically for Windows Professional devices that are not domain‑joined and not enrolled in enterprise endpoint management. For domain‑joined or enterprise managed devices, QMR stays off unless it is enabled by the organization.

It also includes several features available immediately, including one in which Windows quality updates include additional high-confidence device-targeting data, increasing coverage of devices eligible to automatically receive new Secure Boot certificates. Devices receive the new certificates only after demonstrating sufficient successful update signals, maintaining a controlled and phased rollout.

(Get more info about KB5077241 Preview.)

KB5077181 (OS Builds 26200.7840 and 26100.7840)

Release date: February 10, 2025

This Patch Tuesday build fixes several bugs, including one that prevented some devices from connecting to certain WPA3‑Personal Wi‑Fi networks. It also includes a broad set of targeting data that identifies devices and their ability to receive new Secure Boot certificates. Devices will receive the new certificates only after they show sufficient successful update signals, which helps ensure a safe and phased rollout.

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and February 2026 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5077181.)

KB5074105 (OS Builds 26200.7705 and 26100.7705) Preview

Release date: January 29, 2025

In this build, several new features are immediately available, including one for Data Protection Application Programming Interface (DPAPI) domain backup key management. Administrators can now set how often keys rotate automatically. This strengthens cryptographic security and reduces reliance on older encryption algorithms.

One new feature is being gradually rolled out: The Settings Agent now supports more languages, with expanded support for German, Portuguese, Spanish, Korean, Japanese, Hindi, Italian, and Chinese (Simplified).

A variety of bugs have been fixed, including one that caused some systems to stop responding during startup when Windows Boot Manager debugging was enabled.

Get more info about KB5074105 Preview.)

KB5078127 (OS Builds 26200.7628 and 26100.7628) Out-of-band

Release date: January 24, 2026

This update fixes a bug in which some applications were unresponsive or encountered unexpected errors when opening files from or saving files to cloud-based storage, such as OneDrive or Dropbox. In certain Outlook configurations that store PST files on OneDrive, Outlook sometimes hung and failed to reopen unless the process was terminated or the system was restarted. Users may have also experienced missing sent items or previously downloaded emails.

(Get more info about KB5078127 Out-of-band.)

KB5077744 (OS Builds 26200.7627 and 26100.7627) Out-of-band

Release date: January 17, 2026

This update fixes a bug in which some users experienced sign-in failures during Remote Desktop connections. This issue affected authentication steps for different Remote Desktop applications on Windows such as the Windows App.

There is one known issue in this build, in which the password icon might be missing or invisible in the lock screen sign-in options.

Get more info about KB5077744 Out-of-band.)

KB5074109 (OS Builds 26200.7623 and 26100.7623)

Release date: January 13, 2026

This build fixes several bugs, including one in which you might experience RemoteApp ​​​​​​​connection failures in Azure Virtual Desktop (AVD) environments. This might occur after installing KB5070311. It also updates the Windows core component, WinSqlite3.dll. Previously, some security software might have detected this component as vulnerable. 

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and January 2026 Security Updates.

It has one known issue, in which you might notice that the password icon is not visible in the sign-in options on the lock screen. If you hover over the space where the icon should appear, you’ll see that the password button is still available. Select this placeholder to open the password text box and enter your password. After entering your password, you can sign in normally. People using Windows Home or Pro editions on personal devices are very unlikely to experience this issue. This issue primarily affects enterprise or managed IT environments.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5074109.)

KB5072033 (OS Builds 26200.7462 and 26100.7462)

Release date: December 9, 2025

This build fixes several bugs, including one in which File Explorer briefly flashed white when you navigated between pages.

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and December 2025 Security Updates.

It has one known issue, in which the password icon might not be visible in the sign-in options on the lock screen. If you hover over the space where the icon should appear, you’ll see that the password button is still available. Select this placeholder to open the password text box and enter your password. After entering your password, you can sign in normally. People using Windows Home or Pro editions on personal devices are very unlikely to experience this issue — it primarily affects enterprise or managed IT environments.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5072033.)

KB5070311 (OS Builds 26200.7309 and 26100.7309) Preview

Release date: December 1, 2025

A variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including several for Copilot+ PCs. The Click to Do context menu in Copilot+ PCs now has a streamlined design that makes it easier to access frequently used actions such as Copy, Save, Share, and Open. In Copilot+ PCs you can now also use Windows Studio Effects, which provide AI-powered camera enhancements, on an additional camera such as a USB webcam or your laptop’s built-in rear camera.

New features being rolled out gradually to all Windows 11 PCs include a simplified File Explorer context menu for easier navigation. Common actions like Share, Copy, and Move now appear in a single organized menu.

A variety of bugs have been fixed for all PCs, including one in which the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS) could become unstable due to an access violation.

There are two known issues in this build, one in which when opening File Explorer in dark mode, the window might briefly display a blank white screen before loading files and folders. In addition, the password icon is missing or invisible in the lockscreen sign-in options on some PCs. (Here’s a workaround for the latter bug.)

Get more info about KB5070311 Preview.)

KB5068861 (OS Builds 26200.7171 and 26100.7171)

Release date: November 11, 2025

This Patch Tuesday build fixes several bugs, including one in which closing Task Manager with the Close button didn’t fully end the process, leaving background instances that could slow performance over time.

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and November 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5068861.)

KB5067036 (OS Builds 26200.7019 and 26100.7019) Preview

Release date: October 28, 2025

A variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including several for Click to Do on Copilot+ PCs — notably a streamlined interaction between Click to Do and Copilot. You can now type a custom prompt directly into the text box, which sends your prompt and selected on-screen content to Copilot. Suggested prompts appear below the text box and are available for text selections in English, Spanish, and French. 

New features are being gradually rolled out for all Windows 11 PCs as well, including a redesigned Start menu, which includes scrollable “All” section and category and grid views. The menu now adapts to your screen size.

A variety of bugs have been fixed, including one in which text sometimes didn’t render correctly when editing content within a multiline text box in certain apps.

Get more info about KB5067036 Preview.)

KB5070773 (OS Builds 26200.6901 and 26100.6901) Out-of-band

Release date: October 20, 2025

This build fixes one bug, in which USB devices, such as keyboards and mice, did not function in the Windows Recovery Environment (WinRE). This issue prevented navigation of any of the recovery options within WinRE.

This build has one known issue: some digital TV and Blu-ray/DVD apps might not play protected content as expected after installing the August 29, 2025, Windows non-security preview update (KB5064081) or later updates. Apps that use Enhanced Video Renderer with HDCP enforcement or Digital Rights Management (DRM) for digital audio might show copyright protection errors, frequent playback interruptions, unexpected stops, or black screens. Streaming services are not affected. 

(Get more info about KB5070773 Out-of-band.)

KB5066791 (OS Builds 19044.6456 and 19045.6456)

Release date: October 14, 2025

This build fixes several bugs, including one that caused the print preview screen to stop responding in Chromium-based browsers.

It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and October 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5066791.)

KB5065789 (OS Builds 26200.6725 and 26100.6725) Preview

Release date: September 29, 2025

This build gradually rolls out a wide variety of new features, including one in which you can use AI actions in File Explorer to edit images or summarize documents. To do it, right-click (or press Shift + F10 on the keyboard) on the file and select AI actions. 

Several bugs have also been fixed, including one in which you might not have been able to connect to shared files and folders if you were using the Server Message Block (SMB) v1 protocol on NetBIOS over TCP/IP NetBIOS (NetBT).

(Get more info about KB5065789 Preview.)

Windows 11 25H2

At the end of September, Microsoft upgraded Windows 11 from version 24H2 to 25H2, in a slow rollout that could take months to complete. Typically in the past, Microsoft would introduce new features in a once-a-year update like this. That’s not the case with 25H2, though.

Microsoft has been introducing new features in smaller updates all year round, so 25H2 doesn’t include any major new features. Rather, it includes all the new features that have accumulated in all those smaller updates.

As the company explains, “While this update doesn’t introduce major new features, it activates enhancements that have been gradually rolled out over the past year ensuring your device is up to date with the latest refinements.”

Here are some of the most important features in 25H2 that have been introduced for end users and IT pros since 24H2 was released last fall:

New features for users:

  • File Explorer has several useful new features, notably AI actions, which can edit images or summarize documents. AI options such as Blur background, Erase objects, and Remove background are all now displayed in the context menu.
  • Task Manager gets a number of minor tweaks, including performance improvements when changing the sort order of processes.
  • You can now display the apps that have recently used on-device generative AI models provided by Windows. You can also choose which apps are permitted to use the generative AI technologies. To do that and more, go to Settings > Privacy & security > Text and Image Generation.

New features for IT:

  • IT admins can use policy-based tools to easily remove preinstalled Microsoft Store apps from Enterprise and Education editions of Windows 11, version 25H2 and later. This can streamline device provisioning and prevent removed apps such as Microsoft Clipchamp, Media Player, and Microsoft Teams from being reinstalled. For more information, see Policy-based removal of preinstalled Microsoft Store apps and RemoveDefaultMicrosoftStorePackages in the ApplicationManagement Policy CSP.
  • Enterprise access points now support Wi-Fi 7, which enables increased speeds, greater throughput, improved reliability, and enhanced security. For details, see https://aka.ms/WiFi7forEnterprise.
  • Windows Backup for Organizations is now generally available.
  • A new feature called Quick Machine Recovery can recover Windows devices when they encounter critical errors that prevent them from booting. Quick machine recovery searches for remediations in the cloud and recovers from widespread boot failures, reducing the burden on IT admins on cases when multiple devices are affected. For more information, see Computerworld’s Quick Machine Recovery explainer.

Updates for Windows 11 24H2

KB5068221 (OS Build 26100.6588) Out-of-band

Release date: September 22, 2025

This update fixes a bug that affected Microsoft Office applications running in Microsoft Application Virtualization (App-V) environments. The failure occurred due to a double handle closure in the AppVEntSubsystems32 or AppVEntSubsystems64 system component.

There is one issue in this build: you might fail to connect to shared files and folders using the Server Message Block (SMB) v1 protocol on NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT). This issue can occur if either the SMB client or the SMB server has the September 2025 security update installed.

(Get more info about KB5068221 (OS Build 26100.6588) Out-of-band).

KB5065426 (OS Build 26100.6584)

Release date: September 9, 2025

This build fixes several bugs, including one that caused non-admin users to receive unexpected User Account Control (UAC) prompts when MSI installers performed certain custom actions, such as configuration or repair operations in the foreground or background during the initial installation of an application.

The build also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and September 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5065426.)

KB5064081 (OS Build 26100.5074) Preview

Release date: August 29, 2025

A wide variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including a new personalized homepage in Windows Recall that displays your recent activity and top-used apps and websites (available only in Copilot+ PCs). Among the changes rolling out to all users is a new grid view for Search from the Windows taskbar that helps you more quickly and accurately identify the desired image within your search.

Several bugs have also been fixed, including one in which some system recovery features did not work properly due to a temporary file sharing conflict. This affected certain device management tools and disrupted key functions on some devices.

(Get more info about KB5064081 Preview.)

KB5063878 (OS Build 26100.4946)

Release date: August 12, 2025

This build fixes a bug that caused delays during sign-in on new devices. The delay was due to certain preinstalled packages. It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and August 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5063878.)

KB5062660 (OS Build 26100.4770) Preview

Release date: July 22, 2025

A wide variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including a new agent in Copilot+ PCs that is designed to help you find and change settings on your PC. You can describe what you need help with, such as “how to control my PC by voice” or “my mouse pointer is too small,” and the agent will suggest steps to resolve the issue. The agent uses AI on your PC to understand your request and, with your permission, can automate and complete tasks for you. It is rolling out to Snapdragon-powered Copilot+ PCs now, with support for AMD and Intel PCs coming soon. 

Several bugs have also been fixed, including one in which If you have an app pinned to your desktop and it updates, the app icon might not display correctly and instead show a white page.

(Get more info about KB5062660 Preview.)

KB5064489 (OS Build 26100.4656) Out-of-band

Release date: July 13, 2025

This update fixes a bug that prevented some virtual machines (VMs) from starting when Virtualization-Based Security (VBS) was enabled. It affected VMs using version 8.0 (a non-default version) where VBS was offered by the host. In Azure, this applies to standard (non–Trusted Launch) General Enterprise (GE) VMs running on older VM SKUs. The problem was caused by a secure kernel initialization issue.

(Get more info about KB5064489 Out-of-band.)

KB5062553 (OS Build 26100.4652)

Release date: July 8, 2025

The build fixes several bugs, including one in which notification sounds didn’t play. Affected sounds included those for on-screen alerts, volume adjustments, and sign-in. It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and July 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5062553.)

KB5060829 (OS Build 26100.4484) Preview

Release date: June 26, 2025

A wide variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including a new Settings home page that includes enterprise-specific device info cards for commercial customers on PCs managed by an IT administrator. The taskbar also now resizes icons to fit more apps when space runs low.

Users in the European Economic Area will see several small changes related to default browsers, such as mapping additional file and link types to the default browser and pinning it to the taskbar and Start menu.

A variety of bugs have also been fixed, including one that prevented the automatic renewal of expiring certificates in Windows Hello for Business.

There is one known issue in this build, in which blurry or unclear CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) text appears when displayed at 96 DPI (100% scaling) in Chromium-based browsers such as Microsoft Edge and Google Chrome. 

(Get more info about KB5060829 Preview.)

KB5063060 (OS Build 26100.4351) Out-of-band

Release date: June 11, 2025

This out-of-band update replaces the KB5060842 Patch Tuesday release, fixing a bug in which Windows sometimes restarted unexpectedly when users opened games that use the Easy Anti-Cheat service. Easy Anti-Cheat automatically installs with certain games to enhance security and prevent cheating in multiplayer online PC games. 

Note: In this build there are reports of blurry or unclear CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) text when displayed at 96 DPI (100% scaling) in Chromium-based browsers such as Microsoft Edge and Google Chrome. The issue is due to limited pixel density at 96 DPI, which can reduce the clarity and alignment of CJK characters. Increasing the display scaling improves clarity by enhancing text rendering.

(Get more info about KB5063060 Out-of-band.)

KB5060842 (OS Build 26100.4349)

Release date: June 10, 2025

After installing this update, Windows will retain system restore points for 60 days only. Restore points older than 60 days are not available. This 60-day limit will also apply to future versions of Windows 11, version 24H2.

The build fixes a bug that prevented users from signing in with self-signed certificates when using Windows Hello for Business with the Key Trust model.​​​​​​​ It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and June 2025 Security Updates.

Note: In this build there are reports of blurry or unclear CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) text when displayed at 96 DPI (100% scaling) in Chromium-based browsers such as Microsoft Edge and Google Chrome. The issue is due to limited pixel density at 96 DPI, which can reduce the clarity and alignment of CJK characters. Increasing the display scaling improves clarity by enhancing text rendering.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5060842.)

KB5058499 (OS Build 26100.4202) Preview

Release date: May 27, 2025

A wide variety of new features are being gradually rolled out in this build, including one in which Click to Do gets the new Ask Copilot action. When you highlight text or an image, Click to Do offers the Ask Copilot option. Selecting it opens Microsoft Copilot with your content in the prompt box. You can send the selected text or image directly to the Copilot app to complete your prompt.

A variety of bugs have also been fixed, including one in which devices with BitLocker on removable drives could encounter a blue screen error after resuming from sleep or hybrid-booting.

(Get more info about KB5058499 Preview.)

KB5061977 (OS Build 26100.4066) 

Release date: May 27, 2025

This out-of-band update fixes a bug in the direct send path for a guest physical address (GPA). This issue caused confidential virtual machines running on Hyper-V with Windows Server 2022 to intermittently stop responding or restart unexpectedly. As a result, service availability was affected, and manual intervention was required. This problem primarily impacted Azure confidential VMs.

(Get more info about KB5061977.)

KB5058411 (OS Build 26100.4061)

Release date: May 13, 2025

This update fixes two bugs, one in which your microphone might have muted unexpectedly, and the other in which the eye controller app didn’t launch. It also has a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and May 2025 Security Updates.

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

(Get more info about KB5058411.)

KB5055627 (OS Build 26100.3915) Preview

Release date: April 25, 2025

This build gradually rolls out several new features for Copilot+ PCs, including a preview of Windows Recall. When you opt in, Recall takes snapshots of your activity so you can quickly find and go back to what you have seen before on your PC. With it, you can use a timeline to find the content you remember seeing.

Copilot+ PCs also get a new natural-language Windows search in which you can search for anything on your PC without having to remember specific file names, exact words in file content, or settings names. Just describe what you’re looking for. On Copilot+ PCs, you can also more easily find photos stored and saved in the cloud by typing your own words (like “summer picnics”) in the search box at the upper-right corner of File Explorer. 

All PCs get a number of new features, including speech recap, in which you can keep track of what Narrator has spoken and access it for quick reference. With speech recap, you can quickly access spoken content, follow along with live transcription, and copy what Narrator last said using keyboard shortcuts.

A variety of bugs are being fixed, including one in which some devices experienced intermittent internet connections when resuming from sleep mode. Several AI components have also been updated.

There are two known issues in this build, including one in which players on Arm devices are unable to download and play Roblox from the Microsoft Store on Windows.

(Get more info about KB5055627 Preview.)

KB5055523 (OS Build 26100.3775)

Release date: April 8, 2025

This update includes a wide variety of security updates. For details, see Microsoft’s Security Update Guide and April 2025 Security Updates. 

What IT needs to know: Because this is a security update, it should be applied relatively soon. Over the next few weeks, check for reports about problematic issues, and if all seems well, apply the update.

There are two known issues in this build, including one in which players on Arm devices are unable to download and play Roblox via the Microsoft Store on Windows. 

(Get more info about KB5055523.)

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Plants changed the chemistry of magmas

✇Sciworthy
By: Cate Shaffer

About 400 million years ago, the population of plants with vein systems for transferring water and nutrients, called vascular land plants, exploded. Soon thereafter, rocks from some continental magmas showed notable shifts in their chemical compositions. Geologists have suggested that these magma changes happened worldwide, but some argue that the data might be biased because some geographic regions have more samples to analyze than others. A new research team recently tested whether these magmatic changes occurred on a global scale, versus in isolated mountain belts or volcanic islands. 

Geologists use the chemistry of rocks formed from magma to understand a magma’s history. In particular, a mineral called zircon that forms from cooling magma preserves chemical clues about where the magma came from and what it interacted with. To test whether magma changes were global or local, the authors needed data ranging from the equator to the poles. Continents have shifted over the past 400 million years, so scientists use the latitude a rock had when it formed, called its paleolatitude, to compare samples from different parts of ancient Earth. To understand magma histories worldwide, the team used publicly available chemical data from zircons in magmatic rocks that formed across a wide spread of paleolatitudes.

Chemical elements with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes with different masses. To discern how plants influenced magma, the researchers analyzed 2 different isotope signals preserved in the zircons. The first isotope signal comes from the ratio of the heavy to light oxygen isotopes, which increases when sediment mixes into magma. Scientists refer to this value as δ18O, pronounced “delta 18-O.” 

The second isotope signal comes from the element hafnium, denoted Hf. Geologists use hafnium to estimate how long ago magmas melted and separated from the mantle. Zircon contains 2 Hf isotopes, one of which is stable and one of which is produced by radioactive decay. Because this decay happens over billions of years, the ratio between the 2 Hf isotopes over time shifts only slightly. Geologists express these tiny differences using a shorthand called εHf, pronounced “epsilon hafnium,” which shows how much a magma’s Hf signature has changed from Earth’s original mantle. Lower εHf values indicate magmas that incorporated older crustal rock, while higher εHf values reflect mantle sources.

The researchers found that δ18O values increased as εHf values decreased in these zircons. They concluded that this trend indicates increasing amounts of land-derived sediment in magmas, corresponding with the evolution of land plants. They suggested that land plants altered the ancient landscape, changing how sediments weathered and moved over land. 

To explore this pattern in detail, the team focused on the Andes Mountains, a region that preserves a long history of magmatic activity across a long span of space and time. Using a database, they accessed isotope data from zircon samples collected in the Andes Mountains by dozens of other research groups. These samples covered 32 degrees of modern latitude and 520 million years of Earth’s history, offering a broad window into how magma chemistry changed during that time.

They found that zircons older than 450 million years had no relationship between their εHf and δ18O values. However, in zircons younger than 450 million years, δ18O increased as εHf decreased. The researchers saw this pattern in magmas that formed along the edge of the continent, where one tectonic plate sinks below the other, called a subduction zone. They also saw this pattern in magmas that formed inland, away from the subduction zone, around 200 million years ago during the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea.

 They found similar results in published zircon isotope data from igneous rocks in China, the Caribbean, Antarctica, Madagascar, and Tasmania. Zircons from each region showed the same relationship as zircons in the Andes. Since paleolatitude can also reflect ancient climate, the researchers compared the ratio of εHf and δ18O, written as εHf/δ18O, with paleolatitude to test whether ancient climate zones influenced magma chemistry. They found no link between paleolatitude and εHf/δ18O. 

With these results in mind, the researchers concluded that the relationship between εHf and δ18O shifted worldwide after vascular land plants evolved. They argued that as plants spread across the continents, their roots accelerated the breakdown of rocks. This accelerated weathering produced large amounts of sediment that washed into ocean basins and was eventually subducted into the mantle, forever changing the chemistry of magma formed there. They suggested that this chain of events illustrates how life on Earth’s surface can drive changes deep within the planet. 

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How did land plants change rivers?

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By: Rose Garrett

The evolution of land plants about 450 million years ago altered many of Earth’s geologic processes, like weathering and erosion. Due to the lack of evidence for meandering rivers before then, past scientists hypothesized that plants could have caused straight rivers to meander. However, in recent decades, researchers have challenged this idea. They’ve suggested that plants could have changed rivers without causing them to meander.

To understand how vegetation changed rivers in the past, researchers recently studied 49 modern meandering rivers. They sorted these rivers into 3 categories – vegetated, unvegetated, and semi-vegetated – by analyzing color images taken of them from the air. They identified 18 vegetated rivers located in South America, 24 unvegetated rivers in the western United States, and 7 semi-vegetated rivers in China and the Eastern United States. 

To examine the impact of plants on these rivers, the researchers quantified how much each river channel curves, known as its sinuosity. They used opposite banks of each river bend to find its center point, then, using digital maps, drew a line along the river’s trajectory at an equal distance between the bend center points. They used this line to calculate the angle between the river’s curve and the center point. This angle, called the migration angle, shows how a river bend relates to the river’s downstream direction. By measuring it, researchers can tell whether a river is developing more vertically or horizontally, and how sharp its bends are, either of which could be influenced by plants. 

The researchers compared migration angles across each river system to determine how river bends varied between vegetated and unvegetated rivers. They found that vegetated rivers tend to deposit sediments in the river bend, leading to curvier bends that develop horizontally and widen over time. In contrast, unvegetated rivers deposit sediment downstream, which means the rivers bend less and have greater variability in bend width.

The question remained whether plants were the primary cause of these differences or whether other factors were at play. To resolve this, the researchers investigated 3 additional factors. The first was the natural fluctuations in water flow across a river system, called its flow variability. They found that during storms, flow variability caused river bends to move downstream in unvegetated rivers, but not in vegetated rivers. This result suggested that flow variability alone didn’t drive downstream migration, although it can directly impact vegetation. 

The second variable the researchers analyzed was the amount of sediment a river can carry, or its sediment flux. They found that rivers carrying more sediment can erode more banks, also shifting river bends. However, rivers with more sediment but the same level of plant coverage had statistically similar bend angles. Thus, the researchers concluded that sediment flux alone can’t drive bend development, and that the changes were instead dependent on vegetation cover. 

The third variable they analyzed was riverbank strength. The researchers observed rivers with strong banks, made of rock or compacted sediment, and weak banks, made of loose sediment. They observed no difference in river bends with the same vegetation cover but different bank strengths. The researchers concluded that bank strength is also not the primary driver of bend migration in vegetated or unvegetated rivers. 

Of the 4 variables the researchers examined – flow variability, sediment flux, bank strength, and vegetation cover – vegetation cover consistently had the greatest impact on the appearance of meandering rivers. They concluded that meandering rivers could have existed before plants, but would have looked different. Like modern unvegetated rivers, ancient meandering rivers likely had lower-angle bends. As plants evolved and grew on river banks, the bends would have developed differently, becoming curvier like modern vegetated rivers. They suggested that understanding this process provides insight into life on Earth before plants evolved 450 million years ago. 

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Does the Arctic Ocean regulate or amplify global warming?

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By: Landon Vaughan

Greenhouse gases trap heat within the atmosphere. One such gas that exists beneath the ocean floor is methane. Ice-like substances on the seafloor that contain methane, known as methane hydrates, can break apart or melt, releasing methane gas into the ocean, risking further global warming. Melting permafrost, active tectonics, daily tidal patterns, and changing sea levels can similarly trigger methane’s escape from sediments. However, scientists don’t understand how these triggers will respond to future climate change.

A team of researchers hypothesized that future global warming could actually accelerate methane’s escape into the ocean. To investigate this hypothesis, they focused on an ancient global warming event approximately 56 million years ago, called the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum or PETM. Arctic Ocean temperatures at times exceeded 20°C (68°F) during this event. These elevated temperatures serve as an analog for today’s rapidly warming conditions. 

Once methane enters seawater, its fate is largely determined by 2 sets of biological processes. Today, 90% of methane released into the ocean from the seafloor is consumed by tiny organisms called microbes via a process known as anaerobic methane oxidation. During this process, microbes consume methane alongside sulfate, producing a solid iron-sulfur mineral, pyrite. Anaerobic methane oxidation prevents methane from escaping into the atmosphere by trapping it in minerals. In this case, the ocean becomes a reservoir, or sink, for methane. 

Despite this, too much methane could overwhelm the sulfate-dependent cycle. If that occurs, a different set of microbes consumes methane alongside oxygen in a process known as aerobic methane oxidation. Aerobic methane oxidation produces carbon dioxide, a potent heat-trapping greenhouse gas that escapes from the ocean. Aerobic oxidation accounts for 10% of methane consumption in oceans today, though this could have been different in the past. 

To determine how much anaerobic versus aerobic methane oxidation occurred during the PETM, the team extracted data from sediments retrieved from the Arctic Ocean floor. As sediment piles up on the seafloor, it compacts. Scientists can drill deep into the seafloor to extract a cylindrical sample, or core, of this compacted sediment. 

The age of sediments in a core increases with depth. Therefore, younger sediments exist at the top of the core, and older sediments exist at the bottom. For this project, the team used a previously extracted core from the Arctic Ocean that contained sediments dating back 100 million years. They found 56-million-year-old sediments from the PETM at a depth of 386 meters, or 1,266 feet, in this core. 

The researchers explained that microbes leave behind unique carbon-based molecules called organic biomarkers when they decompose. These organic biomarkers accumulate in seafloor sediments. The 2 different types of methane-consuming microbes leave behind 2 different biomarkers, one for anaerobic methane oxidation and one for aerobic methane oxidation. This team measured the amount of each biomarker in the sediment core to determine which microbes were dominant during the PETM. 

The biomarker left behind from microbes performing aerobic methane oxidation is called hop(17)21-ene. The researchers noticed that the amount of hop(17)21-ene increased by a factor of 4 during the PETM. At the same time, the biomarker left behind from microbes performing anaerobic methane oxidation, called glycerol dialkyl tetraether, decreased to half. They interpreted these trends to reflect the rise of aerobic methane cycling and the shutdown of anaerobic methane cycling, respectively. They attributed this transition to the release of enough methane to overwhelm the sulfate-dependent methane cycle under warming conditions.

To estimate the amount of carbon dioxide produced by aerobic methane oxidation during the PETM, the researchers located another biomarker in the sediment core, called phytane. Phytane is produced by organisms that consume carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, and its structure preserves clues to the amount of carbon dioxide available at the time. The researchers found that during and well after the PETM, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Arctic Ocean was 4 times greater than modern levels. They concluded that the Arctic Ocean became a prolonged source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, even after the PETM.

The team suggested that the uptick in aerobic methane oxidation during the PETM serves as an analog for the modern Arctic Ocean, which continues to warm rapidly in the face of modern climate change. Their results highlight how the transformation of methane into carbon dioxide poses a threat. More carbon dioxide in the atmosphere warms the air, which heats the oceans, causing more methane to escape from the seafloor and eventually be converted into additional carbon dioxide. When triggered, this feedback would continue to amplify and could become difficult to recover from.  

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Upcycling polystyrene with sunlight and sulfur

✇Sciworthy
By: Erin Faye Dizon

Over 20 million tons of polystyrene plastic are produced annually, yet only a small fraction is recycled worldwide. Current recycling methods consume large amounts of energy and often rely on harsh and toxic chemicals to break the strong molecular chains that make up polystyrene. One possible solution is the use of sulfur, which is an inexpensive byproduct formed when refining crude oil. Its unique chemical structure allows it to break up strong chemical chains in long plastic molecules. Despite its abundance, sulfur has very limited applications, and converting it into more usable forms tends to require a lot of heat, rendering it unused for long periods of time. 

Researchers at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics hypothesized that sulfur could help break down polystyrene waste to form more valuable chemicals. To power this reaction, they converted sunlight into heat energy through a process called photothermal conversion. They used this heat to transform polystyrene and sulfur into valuable chemicals like 2,4-diphenylthiophene, or chemical D, and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, or chemical T, which are used to make semiconductors and chemical sensors. 

To test this, the team mixed ground polystyrene and sulfur at a molar ratio of 1:0.5 in a glass test tube. They sealed the tube with a balloon and secured it onto an iron stand. Then, they focused sunlight onto the bottom of the tube using a curved mirror. As the mixture heated up, the yellow-white solids gradually melted and transformed into a reddish-black liquid after 2 minutes. After heating, the researchers removed the mirror and allowed the system to cool before collecting the gaseous products from the balloon and dissolving the remaining solids for further purification and analysis. 

The researchers then adjusted the reaction conditions to understand what factors influenced their results. They tested the reaction without sulfur, varied the sulfur ratios from 0.2 to 0.8, and replaced elemental sulfur with other sulfur-containing compounds. They also explored adding known photothermal agents, specifically metal oxide additives, to the mixture. 

To compare the difference between sunlight and artificial light, the researchers repeated the experiment indoors using a 100 Watt LED bulb and monitored temperature changes with a thermal camera. They also ran a control experiment using only polystyrene to check how sulfur affected the yield under LED light. They also tested exposure times from 1 to 6 minutes in 1-minute increments to determine how long it took to achieve the highest yields under LED. The researchers used these tests to identify which conditions were necessary for the reaction to occur and how different factors influenced its outcome.

They found that without sulfur or with alternative sulfur-containing compounds, the reaction did not produce chemical D or T under sunlight. In contrast, reactions that included sulfur successfully produced these target products, with the highest yields of 34% for D and 16% for T at a sulfur ratio of 0.5. When they added metal oxides, the chemical yields decreased to 22% and 12%, respectively, suggesting that these additives interfered with the desired reactions. In addition, when the researchers switched from sunlight to LED, the reaction yields dropped to 26% for D and 13% for T. 

Next, they examined how reaction time influenced product formation. They found that yields increased gradually before reaching the maximum at 4 minutes and leveling off. They also noted that mixtures containing sulfur heated up from room temperature to 320°C (608°F), while the control setup only showed a slight temperature increase. The researchers interpreted these results as confirmation of sulfur’s dual role as a reactant and a light-to-heat converter that enables the conversion of polystyrene to useful chemicals.

Taking it a step further, the researchers tested their method on real-world polystyrene wastes, including food packaging, cup lids, and foamed plastics. They successfully produced chemicals D and T from these materials, demonstrating that their process works beyond laboratory samples.

The team concluded that their study presents a simple, fast, and solvent-free approach to converting 2 abundant waste materials into valuable chemicals using sunlight. By combining polystyrene waste and excess sulfur, the researchers offer a new pathway for sustainable polymer upcycling that uses clean energy and is broadly applicable to everyday plastics.

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Magma rapidly rises to Earth’s surface as Africa splits in two

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By: Charles Long

The continent of Africa is splitting into 2 tectonic plates in the middle of Ethiopia. In the recent past, geophysicists have improved their understanding of how tectonic plates like these separate. They’ve shown that continents begin to split apart as the crust and upper mantle, known as the lithosphere, crack and shift. Later, magma from deep within the Earth travels upward through these cracks to Earth’s surface, forming volcanoes. Therefore, scientists know that volcanoes form in areas of continental rifting, but not how quickly they form, which complicates efforts to assess volcanic hazards in rift zones.

Researchers led by Kevin Wong sought to answer this question by examining a mineral formed when magma cools, called olivine. They focused on 72 olivine crystals ranging in size from 1 to 4 millimeters (0.04 to 0.16 inches) from rocks collected at the Boku and Ziway volcanic fields in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER) zone in Africa. They explained that the lithosphere in this area is still about 35 to 40 kilometers (21 to 25 miles) thick. This thick lithosphere suggests that the MER represents an intermediate stage of continental separation and offers a rare opportunity to study how tectonic stretching transitions into magmatic rifting in the process.

Wong and his team analyzed olivine because it’s one of the first minerals to crystallize from magma, and it continues to grow as the magma rises and cools. As magma rises, its composition changes, producing sharp chemical “zones” within the growing crystals, analogous to growth rings in trees. Changing temperatures and magma compositions cause different elements, like magnesium and iron, to diffuse into and out of the crystals at various rates during the magma’s ascent. So scientists can model these chemical zones and their boundaries in olivine crystals to determine how quickly the magma ascended from the upper mantle to erupt in the rift.

Wong and colleagues examined the olivine crystals from the MER volcanic fields using high-magnification imaging and chemical analyses, with an instrument known as an electron microprobe. Within each crystal, the team mapped 10 to 15 points spaced approximately 5 to 15 microns apart (about 10% of the thickness of a human hair) along a transect from the inner core to the outer rim, spanning its growth zones. 

They found 2 different populations of olivine crystals. The first consisted of normal-zoned crystals with magnesium-rich inner cores, and the second consisted of reverse-zoned crystals with lower magnesium cores. They explained that recently-formed magmas in the deep Earth contain higher amounts of the element magnesium relative to iron. The magnesium-rich zone has a sharp boundary with the magnesium-poor zone, but this boundary can get blurred when elements diffuse across it. Diffusion progressively smooths these crystal boundaries over time at known rates, so researchers can use their “blurryness” to extract information on how quickly the crystals equilibrated with the surrounding magma.

The researchers used numerical models to estimate how quickly magnesium and iron would diffuse across these chemical boundaries at different temperatures and surrounding magma chemistries. They compared thousands of simulated diffusion profiles to their measured olivine diffusion profiles. They used this iterative process to estimate that the crystals diffused, on average, for 40 and 17 days in the surrounding magma while ascending from the deep Earth to erupt at Boku and Ziway, respectively. They further tested these estimates using a growth-diffusion model that better represented natural crystal behavior. That model produced ascent times of about 27 days on average and better reproduced the crystal zoning patterns they observed.

Based on these models, the researchers concluded that intermediate-stage rifting events happen on unexpectedly short timescales. Magmas travel up to 40 kilometers (25 miles) from the deep Earth to the surface within, on average, a single calendar month, which is closer to human timescales than geologic timescales. They suggested that this rapid ascent is likely due to highly developed magmatic plumbing systems in the lithosphere that form before much lithospheric thinning. However, they noted that their results still suggest a wider range in ascension timescales than optimal for disaster mitigation and prediction. 

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Why the 2023 El Niño broke records

✇Sciworthy
By: Luke Moreton

The years 2023 and 2024 were the warmest on record, coinciding with a powerful Pacific climate event known as El Niño. El Niño is the warm phase of a natural climate cycle in which surface waters in the eastern Pacific are unusually warm, bringing record-breaking heatwaves in the Amazon and heavy rainfall in the southern USA. Its counterpart, La Niña, is the cool phase that brings wetter conditions to the Northern USA. 

In a typical El Niño, warm water in the eastern Pacific weakens the winds blowing westward across the tropical Pacific, known as trade winds, allowing more warm water to flow eastward – a self-reinforcing cycle that amplifies the event. However, the 2023 El Niño differed because the ocean warmed intensely, but the trade winds remained strong. Researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, led by Qihua Peng and Shang-Ping Xie, recently investigated how and why this unusual event occurred.

First, the researchers tracked how air pressures changed across the Pacific during the event using a metric calculated by NOAA, known as the Southern Oscillation Index. When the eastern Pacific warms during an El Niño, the difference in air pressure across the Pacific typically decreases. In 2023, they found that temperatures in the eastern Pacific rose to more than 3°F (2°C) above normal, yet the drop in air pressure was only about 31% as strong as they expected. They also calculated that changes in wind speed and direction could only account for about 30% of the warming. So why was the 2023 El Niño so strong?

To answer this question, the research team then looked beyond the Pacific, analyzing sea surface temperatures from NOAA satellite data. They found that the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans also experienced record-breaking heat in 2023, with temperatures in the North Atlantic exceeding 2°F (1°C) above normal – the warmest in recent history. This suggested that El Niño events can develop in response to ocean conditions worldwide, not just those in the Pacific.

Next, the team used a computer program that simulates how the atmosphere responds to ocean temperatures, called the Community Atmosphere Model, to examine how heat from other oceans affects the Pacific. They found that heat in the North Atlantic and Indian Oceans generated large columns of hot air rising over those regions. This air cooled at high altitudes and then sank over the central Pacific, strengthening a large-scale loop of rising and sinking air that drives trade winds westward. Strengthening this circulation worked against El Niño by keeping trade winds blowing westward about 30% more strongly than Pacific warming alone would have. If the trade winds remained strong, why was the eastern Pacific so warm in 2023?  

To answer this question, the researchers studied 3 consecutive La Niña years between 2020 and 2023, analyzing ocean temperature and sea level data from NOAA’s Global Ocean Data System. During those years, strengthened trade winds transported heat into the western Pacific. As the seawater got warmer, it expanded, a process known as thermal expansion. Over those 3 years, thermal expansion and constant wind created a “pile” of warm water in the western Pacific, which reached its highest level of stored heat since 1982. When the trade winds eventually relaxed as La Niña faded, this piled-up warm water surged eastward, setting the stage for the El Niño event.

To test whether this stored heat alone could drive an El Niño, the team used a computer program that models oceanic and atmospheric interactions, called a coupled general circulation model. They input observed ocean temperatures from April 1, 2023, when La Niña ended, but removed all wind changes after that date. Their model successfully reproduced 87% of the warming observed between June and December 2023, which suggested that trade winds contributed just 13%. Stored heat was carried eastward by massive underwater waves traveling along the equator. As these waves reached the Eastern Pacific, they pushed cold water deeper, allowing surface water to warm. The researchers concluded that this oceanic process drove the 2023 El Niño to develop without the usual wind-driven feedback.

The team suggested that in a warming world, large heat reservoirs in the western Pacific will likely become more common, leading to more frequent strong El Niños. However, because their analysis focused on a single event, it remains unclear how often El Niños develop through oceanic processes alone. Ultimately, their study showed that the ocean can be more than a passive partner in El Niño – it can be the driving force.

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