Excavations carried out as part of the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (PNRR) have brought to light an architectural complex of incalculable value in the heart of Villa Celimontana. Under the supervision of the Special Superintendency of Rome of the Ministry of Culture, the work has uncovered eight rooms belonging to an Imperial-era building whose […]

In the summer of 15 BC, Emperor Augustus’ two stepsons, Tiberius and Drusus, brought the Central Alps and the Swiss Plateau under Roman control. That campaign concluded decades of efforts to link the Gallic provinces with Illyricum and secure the routes between northern Italy and the Danube. However, while the western and eastern routes of […]

Jérôme Dupras is a member of one of Quebec’s most popular folk rock bands. Now, as the province’s chief scientist, he will help shape its environmental destiny.

Cancer-associated cachexia, the wasting syndrome that erodes muscle, fat and physical resilience in many people with advanced cancer, has long resisted treatment. Now, researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) report a preclinical strategy that targets the disorder from an unexpected location: the brainstem. In tumor-bearing mice, an RNA-based therapy designed to silence a neural receptor preserved body weight, muscle mass, fat stores and physical function, while dramatically improving survival even after cachexia had already developed.

The study was conducted by a joint team led by Minho Shong and Jinkuk Kim of KAIST’s Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, in collaboration with the KAIST faculty startup THOR Therapeutics. Their approach focuses on the biological circuit formed by growth differentiation factor 15, or GDF15, and its receptor, GFRAL. GDF15 is a signaling protein released in elevated amounts during several disease states, including cancer. When it reaches the hindbrain and binds to GFRAL, it activates neural pathways associated with nausea, appetite suppression and profound metabolic changes.

Cachexia is more complex than ordinary weight loss. Patients can continue losing muscle and body fat even when food intake is adequate, because cancer and the host response to cancer disrupt the systems that regulate energy use, inflammation and tissue maintenance. The resulting decline can weaken immunity, reduce mobility and make chemotherapy more difficult to tolerate. Although the syndrome affects an estimated 50 to 80 percent of people with cancer, available treatments have generally focused on stimulating appetite or providing nutritional support. Such measures may increase food intake temporarily, but they do not necessarily halt the breakdown of muscle or correct the underlying metabolic disturbance.

The KAIST researchers reasoned that the GDF15–GFRAL pathway could act as a central command system for this wasting response. GDF15 produced in the body circulates to the brainstem, where GFRAL is concentrated in a specialized region known as the area postrema and its surrounding neural circuitry. Once activated, this receptor can influence brain networks that control feeding behavior and autonomic metabolism. Rather than attempting to neutralize GDF15 throughout the body, the team chose to disable the receptor itself in the brainstem, preventing the signal from being received.

To accomplish this, the researchers developed antisense oligonucleotides, or ASOs, directed against Gfral messenger RNA. ASOs are short, chemically modified strands of nucleic acid engineered to bind a specific RNA sequence. When an ASO binds its target messenger RNA, cellular enzymes can promote its degradation or interfere with its processing, reducing production of the corresponding protein. In this case, the treatment lowered the supply of GFRAL receptors in the brainstem. The strategy therefore acts at the RNA stage, before the receptor is assembled and displayed on the surface of neural cells.

The experiments were performed in mice carrying tumors and showing established signs of cancer cachexia. This timing is important because many experimental interventions appear effective only when administered before severe wasting begins. According to the researchers, GFRAL silencing after cachexia had progressed substantially reduced the loss of muscle and fat. Treated animals also showed restoration of metabolic functions that had deteriorated during tumor growth, suggesting that the intervention did more than increase appetite. It helped interrupt the physiological program driving the breakdown of energy reserves.

The most striking result involved survival. At approximately day 50, the endpoint used in the study, about 90 percent of the mice receiving the GFRAL-targeting ASO remained alive, compared with roughly 20 percent of untreated tumor-bearing animals. The treated mice retained greater body weight and muscle mass and performed better in measures of muscle function. These findings indicate that cachexia itself can be a major determinant of outcome in cancer-bearing organisms and that blocking its central signaling pathway may provide benefits beyond nutritional improvement.

The work does not yet establish whether the same treatment will be safe or effective in people. GFRAL signaling is involved in the body’s response to circulating stress signals, and manipulating a receptor in the brainstem requires careful assessment of neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and metabolic effects. Human cancers also vary widely in their production of GDF15, tumor location and inflammatory biology. Nevertheless, the results offer a mechanistically precise alternative to therapies that merely encourage patients to eat. By targeting the receptor rather than broadly suppressing the signaling protein, the ASO approach may eventually be combined with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or other cancer treatments.

The findings, published in Cell Reports Medicine, represent an early step toward translating a brain-directed RNA therapy for cachexia. The researchers plan further preclinical studies, along with development of manufacturing and quality-control systems, with the stated goal of beginning clinical development in cancer patients by 2030. If the biology can be reproduced safely in humans, silencing GFRAL could become an adjunct treatment intended to preserve physical function, extend treatment tolerance and improve survival. For now, however, the evidence remains limited to tumor-bearing mice, and the central challenge will be determining whether a signal that can be switched off experimentally can be controlled with equal precision in patients.

Subject of Research:
An antisense oligonucleotide therapy targeting brainstem GFRAL to treat cancer-associated cachexia in tumor-bearing mice.

Article Title:
Therapeutic Gfral silencing via antisense oligonucleotides ameliorates cancer-associated cachexia and extends survival in tumor-bearing mice

Web References:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102939

References:
Cell Reports Medicine, published 27 July 2026. DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2026.102939

Image Credits:
KAIST

Keywords:
Cancer cachexia, GFRAL, GDF15, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA therapy, brainstem, muscle wasting, cancer metabolism, preclinical research, KAIST

Laser scans revealed a Roman stronghold overlooking the battlefield where an Alpine people lost their freedom.

Nigeria, a coastal country in western Africa, was landlocked in the Sahara, among other errors. The department said it had been “hastily altered.”

Sayan Sen (Hacker News):

For a while now the transition away from Manifest V2 (MV2) to MV3 has been on-going and it looks like it is entering its final phase of deprecation, at least, in the case of Google Chrome. A recent discussion thread in the w3c WebExtensions Community Group GitHub repo has highlighted how the latest and upcoming versions of the most popular browser are expected to be its final releases with support for MV2 extensions.

[…]

Here is a rundown of the changes coming in the final such releases of Chromium releases:

• Chromium 150 lost ExtensionManifestV2Disabled option
• Chromium 151 will loose ExtensionManifestV2Unsupported option
• Chromium 151 will loose ExtensionManifestV2Availability option
• Chromium 151 will likely loose AllowLegacyMV2Extensions option

Other Chromium-based browsers like Opera and Microsoft Edge could soon follow suit too. Although it is not specified, Edge began disabling uBlock Origin back in February, and Opera could also stop the functioning of MV2 add-ons, even though it had committed to support MV2 for longer in October 2024.

Google:

Aug 31st 2026: All remaining Manifest V2 extensions removed from the Chrome Web Store

Previously:

• Chrome Warning About Manifest V2 Extensions
• Chrome’s Manifest V3 and uBlock Origin

Update (2026-09-02): Web Iterate (Hacker News):

Google today reached the final milestone in a browser-extension transition that has been years in the making, all remaining Manifest V2 extensions were removed from the Chrome Web Store.

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A remarkable collection of ancient inscriptions within a cave in eastern Spain is providing archaeologists with deep new insights into the early religious practices it once housed.

Among the new findings, researchers say the inscriptions are shedding new light on the prominent role women played in a subterranean cult, which centered on a previously unknown ancient goddess.

The discoveries were made at Cova Dones in Millares, Valencia, a cave that presents evidence of human activity going back tens of thousands of years.

There, researchers recently documented at least 120 Latin inscriptions dating to the first and second centuries A.D.—a significant increase in the number of writings from this era known to exist at Cova Dones.

Previously, only around 15 of these inscriptions had been identified. The new findings elevate Cova Dones to what may be the Roman Empire’s largest known cave sanctuary containing Latin inscriptions.

The Ritual Space of an Ancient Goddess is Revealed

Research at the cave was led by researchers from the University of Alicante and the University of Zaragoza, which revealed not only the inscriptions, but also a well-preserved ritual space located at a depth of close to 200 meters within the cave.

Among the discoveries researchers have made are a small collection of votive inscriptions, which are dedicated to what appears to be a goddess referred to simply as “Domina,” which means “The Lady.”

Three of those inscriptions also feature an unrecognized epithet—MALACI—which the researchers believe may describe some aspect of this mysterious goddess, possibly related in some way to the water that flows through the underground ritual space within the cave.

“Thanks to a set of five votive inscriptions, we know for certain that in Roman times a goddess, reverentially called Domina, ‘the Lady,’ was venerated in the cave,” says Silvia Alfayé, a professor of Ancient History at the University of Zaragoza.

Alfayé also says that the inscriptions further indicate the active role women played in the deity’s worship during this period.

Anatomy of an Ancient Roman Subterranean Cult

Within the newly-identified ritual space at Cova Dones, several individual female names were identified among the newly discovered inscriptions. This, according to Alfayé and her colleagues, reinforces the notion that the sanctuary had been a regular destination for women, rather than merely serving as an occasional site of pilgrimage.

Specifically, the presence of the inscriptions all within a single chamber, which the research team has dubbed the “Roman Sanctuary,” places them alongside natural pools fed by underground water, which may have added to the allure of the subterranean ritual landscape the cave offered.

Strengthening that interpretation, the archaeologists also discovered spindle whorls, a variety of small tools used for spinning thread that were closely linked with women’s domestic and symbolic roles in the ancient Roman world, and beyond. Their presence near the inscriptions, the researchers believe, could imply links to ceremonies performed in the cave long ago, which may have incorporated textile-related offerings.

Ongoing Discoveries at Cova Dones

The recent findings at Cova Dones are only the latest offerings from the ancient site, which is already renowned for the ancient human presence it has preserved.

In 2023, The Debrief reported on discoveries within the cave that are now recognized as the largest known collection of surviving Paleolithic cave art in eastern Iberia. Such discoveries include more than 100 paintings and engravings dating back over 24,000 years.

The discovery of the Roman sanctuary occurred the following year, with the detection of Latin inscriptions and a coin featuring the Roman emperor Claudius, which archaeologists believe may have been left as a votive offering.

Then in 2025, archaeologists discovered more than 100 intentionally modified stalagmite formations, a unique category of archaeological evidence known as speleofacts. Altogether, such discoveries have helped cement Cova Dones as one of the most important sites in Europe to preserve evidence of prehistoric human modifications to an underground space.

Unraveling the Mysteries of a Subterranean World

Adding to the recent Roman inscription discoveries, Alfayé and her colleagues have also discovered artifacts that include bronze rings, a bracelet, ceramic vessels, faunal remains, and additional ritual objects—all of which provide additional clues that may help to reconstruct centuries of religious activity that once occurred deep within the cave.

Presently, many of the inscriptions await deciphering, and some large sections of the cave remain that have not yet been explored. With the promise of additional discoveries, archaeologists are confident that Cova Dones has only just begun to reveal its secrets.

In the coming years, new chapters in the story of this ancient subterranean landscape await discovery, exploration, and interpretation.

Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

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A longstanding archaeological riddle involves the phenomenon of coin hoarding in the ancient Roman Empire—why were massive stashes of wealth often buried, and seemingly never retrieved?

Now scholars may finally be closer to knowing the answer, according to new findings published in the Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology. The research presents evidence drawn from several case studies that help to build the argument that many ancient Roman coin hoards were buried during periods of political upheaval, war, or other catastrophic periods of change, revealing that the recovery of these caches may not have always been practical, or even possible.

The Enigma of Roman Coin Hoards

For many centuries, treasure hunters, archaeologists, and others have made remarkable discoveries of buried hoards of Roman coins across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Although the reasons why coin hoards were buried are sometimes fairly obvious, the real mystery for scholars throughout time has to do with why these troves—often representing significant amounts of wealth—remained unrecovered.

To answer this question, Babeş-Bolyai University researchers Adrian-Daniel Stan and Cristian Gǎzda leveraged one of the world’s largest databases on Roman coin hoards, and based on the data the pair reviewed, they suggest that these “forgotten fortunes” entombed within the earth can be viewed as the fingerprints left behind by some of the darkest periods in the Roman Empire.

 A Deeper Look at Roman Coin Hoards

Managed by the Ashmolean Museum and the University of Oxford, the Coin Hoards of the Roman Empire (CHRE) project is an extensive database comprised of more than 18,000 documented hoards.

With data on more than 7.5 million coins, the project’s database provided Gǎzda and Stan precisely the kind of information they needed to contrast discoveries of large troves of wealth buried throughout the ancient Roman world.

However, rather than focusing their study on why Romans hid their valuables in the first place, which has long remained the focus in past archaeological research, the team decided to try to better understand what prevented their reclamation.

Coin hoards were buried for a variety of reasons. Sometimes merchants would hide their wealth to conceal it from thieves or tax collectors. In other instances, treasure caches might have been buried for religious reasons, such as offerings or as part of rituals.

In at least some instances, circumstantial clues help to illustrate that the hoards had been buried in what were intended as temporary hiding places, sometimes contained within ceramic vessels, bags or pouches made from leather, or within other kinds of containers.

Such discoveries have often been located below the flooring in houses or hearths—locations where it was likely expected that they would have been retrieved by their owners. When these hoards remained buried, it likely means something went wrong.

Aligning with this “catastrophic” interpretation, Gǎzda and Stan relied on spatial and chronological analyses of the CHRE database, which revealed clusters of unrecovered hoard discoveries that frequently coincided with major upheavals that included wars, invasions, and natural disasters known in the historic record.

The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

One example the research team focused on occurred in A.D. 9, where a trio of Roman legions was obliterated by Germanic tribes. This event, known as the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, aligned with several coin hoards found around a battlefield area at Kalkriese, as well as the nearby Roman fort of Haltern; a pattern implying that soldiers and civilians had likely buried their valuables, and never had opportunities to recover them.

Similar patterns were observed in Britain, where concentrations of hoards matched with periods of tribal warfare, as well as the beginning of the Roman conquest in A.D. 43, and other instances. Further south, another concentration appears around Mount Vesuvius just after the devastating eruption that occurred in A.D. 79, which buried Pompeii beneath a blanket of volcanic ash.

Still other examples of hoard “clusters” emerge from the data in areas that include the Danube frontier during the Dacian Wars, and amid invasions that were prevalent during the crisis period the Roman Empire underwent during the third century.

Overall, the patterns reveal that these unrecovered hoards provide a unique archaeological record of upheaval and insecurity in the ancient world that helps to complement and verify written history and other archaeological research.

A Tale of Two Phenomena

Significantly, Gǎzda and Stan observe that there are two distinctive phenomena that emerge from these failures to recover buried treasure. One involved the practical concern of protecting one’s wealth, and avoidance of taxation, while the other involved more tragic circumstances like death, displacement due to battle, invasion, natural disaster, or other dramatic periods of change.

Through this lens of understanding, the buried coin hoards become more than just intriguing discoveries of lost valuables from ancient times: they offer a unique record of some of history’s most unpredictable forces, and a deeper perspective on the ways humans coped with insecurity while trying to survive and cope with changes in the ancient world.

The team’s study, “Why Did They Not Recover the Hoards? Insecurity in the Roman Empire,” appeared in the Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology.

Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

A “cursed” ancient Roman tablet, intended to invoke divine and demonic wrath upon one’s enemies, has been deciphered by researchers at Heidelberg University in Germany.

The magical lead tablet, originally discovered by Dutch archaeologists in the Netherlands, was crafted in the second century AD. Strangely, it is written in ancient Greek, although in an Egyptian style, rather than the Latin that would be expected for what was then a Roman province of Lower Germania.

Today, the excavation site within the city of Heerlen in the southeast of the Netherlands, near the German border, is home to the country’s largest ancient Roman ruins.

Curse Tablets

The object is not entirely unique, as it belongs to a category of curse tablets called katadesmoi in Greek and defixiones in Latin. The Greeks and Romans believed that cold, heavy iron was especially useful in binding supernatural entities, making it the go-to material for crafting such objects.

As this artifact’s material was both cold and heavy, it reminded ancient people of the bleak underworld. Additionally, lead is also easy to work with in practice, as it is both inexpensive and easy to inscribe.

These small tablets were typically inscribed with curses and then buried, with the intention of bringing misfortune upon rivals in matters of sport, law, or love.

At the time the tablet was created, Heerlen was a Roman military settlement known as Coriovallum. Dutch archaeologists unearthed the 9.3-by-4.8-centimeter katadesmos from a pit beneath the former town square.

Deciphering an Ancient Curse

Researchers at the University of Heidelberg’s Institute for Papyrology used reflectance transformation imaging, a technique that combines photographs taken under different lighting conditions to enhance subtle surface details. Their analysis revealed three distinct types of characters within the inscription.

The combination of Egyptian-style invocations of deities and demons written in ancient Greek is highly unusual for a region where Latin was the dominant written language. Also notable are three symbols known as “Characteres”—magical symbols believed to facilitate communication with supernatural entities—along with two male and two female names.

Dr. Rodney Ast, Academic Director of the Institute for Papyrology, suggests that these four individuals were either the targets of the curse or those on whose behalf it was created. However, Dr. Julia Lougovaya, a research associate at the institute, notes that the male names are Latin while the female names are Greek, a distinction that may hold additional significance.

“It cannot be ruled out that one of the two women was the author of the inscription and had brought the supposed ability to communicate with divine powers through such curses with her from Roman Egypt,” said Dr. Lougovaya.

Ancient Magical Practices

Magic played an important role in Egyptian society, where rituals aimed at healing and protection formed a visible part of religious life, while malicious spells were typically practiced more discreetly.

“In the early centuries A.D., Near Eastern, Egyptian, Jewish, and sometimes even Christian traditions increasingly merged and spread throughout the entire Roman Empire of that time – a development that the discovery from Heerlen impressively underscores,” explained Prof. Joachim Quack, Director of the Institute for Egyptology at Heidelberg University.

A forthcoming scholarly publication will provide the full transcription of the inscription and details of the analysis. The tablet is also scheduled to go on display at a museum in Heerlen in the future.

Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.

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