Wave coarsening in active elastic media is a phenomenon in which vibrations spontaneously increase in wavelength, period and amplitude before forming a globally synchronized time crystal.
App Tracking Transparency is at the center of a new UK lawsuit seeking approximately $2.7 billion (£2 billion), putting one of the most recognizable iPhone privacy features under fresh legal pressure. The claim follows earlier challenges to the tracking system in France, but this action seeks compensation for developers who say Apple imposed unfair restrictions on their businesses while favoring its own advertising services.
Filed on September 3 at London’s Competition Appeal Tribunal, the case represents another dispute over the rules behind the familiar permission prompt. Apple rejects the allegations and maintains that it follows the same App Tracking Transparency requirements as other developers.
The amount being sought is not a fine or an awarded payment. It is the claimants’ estimate of losses, which Apple disputes.
What the App Tracking Transparency Lawsuit Alleges
The action was brought by ATT Collective Action Limited, whose director, Ann Pope, previously led antitrust enforcement at the UK Competition and Markets Authority. Law firm Hausfeld is representing the proposed class.
According to Hausfeld’s announcement of the claim, developers argue that Apple introduced the framework unfairly, without adequate consultation, and applied more burdensome requirements to outside businesses than to its own services.
The complaint focuses partly on consent. It alleges that third-party developers must obtain permission under data-protection law and then secure an additional approval through the iOS tracking prompt. Apple’s advertising services, the claimants argue, operate under a less demanding process.
Developers also contend that the introduction left them insufficient time to adapt business models dependent on advertising.
These are allegations about how the system was designed and introduced—not established findings in this UK case. The claimants’ stated position is that privacy protections should remain compatible with fair treatment of businesses.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
What the Tracking Prompt Actually Protects
For someone using an iPhone, App Tracking Transparency offers a direct choice about a practice that previously could be difficult to see.
An app may want to connect information about your activity with information gathered through other companies’ apps or websites. That connection can help advertisers build a profile, target advertisements, or measure whether an advertising campaign led to a purchase.
Under Apple’s explanation of the tracking rules, apps must request permission before carrying out the tracking covered by the framework. Choosing “Ask App Not to Track” blocks access to the system advertising identifier and prohibits using other identifying information to perform that tracking instead.
The feature arrived with iOS 14.5 in 2021. It does not remove advertisements, make an app anonymous, or serve as a universal switch for every kind of data collection.
That boundary matters. A retailer remembering purchases made within its own service is not automatically doing the same thing as an advertising company linking activity across unrelated businesses.
The disagreement concerns whether those distinctions, and the consent processes built around them, give Apple an unfair commercial advantage.
Apple Says the Same Rules Apply to Everyone
Apple has responded directly to the lawsuit, defending the feature as a way to give people control over tracking across other companies’ services.
In a statement reported by AFP, a spokesperson said: “Apple is bound by the exact same requirements as all developers under ATT.”
The company also pointed to support for the feature from customers and privacy advocates.
That response challenges the foundation of the developers’ case. Apple presents App Tracking Transparency as a rule based on the type of data activity involved. The claimants argue that its practical operation places competing advertising businesses at a disadvantage.
Resolving that disagreement requires more than comparing the appearance of two permission screens. The underlying data uses, consent requirements, and commercial effects all matter.
Why Free Apps Are Part of the Dispute
Advertising can support both sides of an app business. A developer may sell advertising space inside a free app while also buying advertisements elsewhere to attract new users.
A change to tracking can therefore affect how much an app earns and how confidently its developer can measure spending on promotion.
Consider a small game studio. It needs to know whether an advertising campaign brings in players who keep using the game. If measurement becomes less precise, deciding where to spend the next marketing dollar becomes harder. Separately, advertisers may value the game’s available ad space differently when less information is available for targeting.
That explains the commercial concern without proving the legal claim. Losing revenue after a privacy change does not, by itself, establish that the change was unlawful.
There is also a consumer interest that cannot be reduced to advertising performance. Someone choosing not to be tracked is expressing a preference about personal information, not making a promise to preserve a developer’s previous income.
The difficult question is whether that preference can be protected through a system that treats competing businesses fairly.
France Has Already Examined the Consent Process
The UK action arrives after a separate French competition investigation found problems with the implementation of App Tracking Transparency.
In its March 2025 decision, France’s Autorité de la concurrence distinguished between the legitimate objective of protecting privacy and the way Apple pursued it.
The authority criticized multiple consent requests and differences in treatment between Apple and outside publishers. It also highlighted the position of smaller businesses that lack the extensive first-party data available to large platforms.
Importantly, the French authority did not argue that people should lose the ability to refuse tracking. It said adjustments to the framework could address competition concerns while retaining privacy protections.
That distinction leaves room for changes to wording, consent flows, or implementation without automatically requiring the removal of the feature. The French decision, however, does not determine liability or compensation in the separate UK proceedings.
The Claim Is for Developers, Not iPhone Owners
The official claim website describes a proposed action for UK-based app developers affected since April 2021. It estimates losses across the group rather than offering a fixed payment to everyone who owns an iPhone.
The proposed scope includes developers earning advertising revenue from third-party iOS apps and developers spending money to attract users to those apps. Whether compensation becomes available depends on the proceedings and their outcome.
For U.S. readers, the filing does not announce a change to domestic iPhone settings or create a consumer refund program. There is no reason to grant an app tracking permission simply because its developer objects to the framework.
Businesses following the case should also distinguish registering interest from receiving compensation. The claim website currently invites affected organizations to provide their details; it is not distributing a settlement.
The transistor was able to operate normally at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1112 F (600 C). (Image credit: Science Graphics)
Scientists in Japan have built a new transistor that can withstand temperatures of 1,110 degrees Fahrenheit (600 degrees Celsius). Components this robust could one day be used in surface probes on Venus — where the thick carbon dioxide atmosphere can reach temperatures of 860 F (460 C).
Most modern tech, including instruments used for deep-space exploration, uses transistors to control the flow of current. But the new device is a type of junction field-effect transistor (JFET), where the strength of an electrical field changes the channel’s conductivity.
JFETs are typically used in specialist applications because they are more difficult to scale down than the more common metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), which are widely used in consumer smartphones and computers. But JFETs can offer lower noise levels because their operation does not rely on an oxide layer, which can introduce interference.
The researchers outlined how the new transistor works in a study published Aug. 17 in the journal APL Electronic Devices.
Can't take the heat
Since at least the start of the century, silicon carbide (SiC) JFETs have been considered a promising option for low-power integrated circuits heading for Venus due to the material's inherent ability to withstand high temperatures.
As the scientists pointed out in the new study: "Past landers have been limited to only a few hours by silicon-based electronics." Venera 13, a Soviet-era lander, holds the world record for the longest time survived on Venus by a spacecraft, at 2 hours, 7 minutes.
"Integrated circuits (ICs) fabricated with SiC are particularly attractive for extreme environments, such as deep-space exploration, geothermal drilling, and aerospace engine control, where conventional silicon-based ICs cannot operate reliably," the researchers added.
But recently developed SiC-JFETs have all met the same two problems: low controllability and large leakage currents. The former is linked to how the SiC substrate is doped with other atoms to alter its electrical properties, defining its gate (where the electrical field is created) and channel (where the current flows) regions.
The team used dopants to create two semiconductor "wells" in the SiC around the transistor to avoid large leakage currents. (Image credit: Science Graphics)
In a material with a regular crystal structure, like SiC, some dopant atoms may penetrate deeper than expected. This doesn't matter under normal conditions, but when exposed to high temperatures, it causes variations in the field voltage required to open the channel and makes the transistor harder to control reliably. The scientists found that it can throw conventional JFET voltage thresholds off by over 2 volts.
Furthermore, at temperatures above 660 F (350 C), the SiC substrate can become less electrically resistive, allowing current to flow even when the transistor is switched off. This makes it harder for the JFET to control current properly, potentially causing incorrect signals and increased power consumption.
Even the highest-performing JFETs can only operate long-term at 930 F (500 C), but the Kyoto team had a theory as to why these challenges remained unresolved.
"We believe the lack of development is because the research community has been trying to apply silicon-era thinking to a fundamentally different material," said first author of the study Mitsuaki Kaneko, associate professor of engineering at Kyoto University, in a statement.
Turning the transistor on its head
The researchers designed their new SiC-JFET with these two challenges in mind. To improve controllability, they implemented a bottom-gate structure, where the gate is positioned underneath the SiC conducting channel.
Its gate region is heavily doped by design, so when dopant atoms in the channel penetrate deeper into the SiC, it doesn't change the overall doping profile of the channel-gate region, limiting its impact on the threshold voltage even at high temperatures.
The team also used dopants to create two semiconductor regions, or "wells", in the SiC around the JFET. The boundaries between the wells act as barriers to current flow, meaning that even when the SiC becomes more conductive at high temperatures, current cannot bypass the channel when the transistor is switched off.
A robust transistor could be used in surface probes on Venus, where the thick carbon dioxide atmosphere can reach 860 F (460 C). (Image credit: Science Graphics)
Researchers measured how well the new JFET could switch current on and off and how closely the actual threshold voltage matched the theoretical value, based on its thickness and level of doping. They recorded these metrics at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 1,110 F (600 C).
"The fabricated devices demonstrated stable, normal transistor operation at temperatures over 873 K [1,110°F], opening up possibilities for ultrahigh-temperature SiC devices," they wrote in the study. Furthermore, at about 750 F (400 C), the threshold-voltage error was found to be less than 0.1 V thanks to the bottom-gate design.
As well as surface probes on Venus, the transistor could be useful inside jet engines, the scientists said. Currently, components connected to gas turbines must be protected from extreme temperatures using thermal shielding, long wires and energy-intensive cooling systems, restricting engine design.
Before it can be launched into space or hooked up to a plane, the team still needs to test and optimise the transistor for practical use. This includes integrating it into more complex circuits, scaling it up to wafer-level and ensuring that the entire circuit package will withstand extreme temperatures and pressures.
Indeed, it may not be too lofty a goal. NASA demonstrated that integrated circuits with SiC-JFETs could withstand temperatures of 860 F (460 C) and 9.3 MPa of pressure for 60 days, and 930°F (500 C) in the air for over a year. Plus, in 2024, a team from the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan developed a MOSFET out of diamond that could operate above 570 F (300 C).
iPhone prices are drawing attention ahead of Wednesday’s launch, with U.S. estimates placing the iPhone 18 Pro around $1,250 to $1,300, the Pro Max around $1,350 to $1,400, and the foldable Ultra above $2,000. Those expectations build on reports of a new premium price tier for the foldable iPhone, but the figures circulating under Vodafone’s name need closer examination.
Vodafone Egypt has denied that the alleged pricing leak came from its operation. In a September 4 correction, PhoneArena reported the carrier’s response and acknowledged that it could not verify the material.
The American price estimates and the overseas carrier claims come from different sources. Apple has not announced U.S. retail prices for any of these devices.
U.S. iPhone Prices Could Rise Across the Pro Lineup
For American buyers, the most useful figures are the estimates expressed directly in U.S. dollars. Current reporting on the projected Pro prices places the iPhone 18 Pro between $1,249 and $1,299 and the iPhone 18 Pro Max between $1,349 and $1,399.
Those ranges reflect expectations built around TrendForce’s pricing outlook. They are possible starting prices before applicable sales tax, rather than authenticated carrier listings or amounts Apple has approved publicly.
The foldable has a wider potential spread. In its September 3 forecast, TrendForce estimated a starting price between $2,099 and $2,299, with the highest configurations potentially exceeding $3,000.
The firm expects price increases of roughly 10% to 20% for the new models as rising memory costs put pressure on production expenses. It also expects Apple to absorb some of those costs to protect demand.
An increase in component spending does not translate directly into the same increase at checkout. Apple can accept a smaller margin, negotiate elsewhere in the supply chain, or distribute the increase differently across models and storage configurations.
The exact starting capacities will therefore deserve attention alongside the prices. A more expensive entry model that includes additional storage presents a different comparison from an unchanged configuration carrying a higher charge.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
Australian Ultra Claim Converts to About $2,700
The separate Australian claim would put the entry iPhone Ultra at approximately $2,700 when converted into U.S. dollars. The original amount is AU$3,699 for a purported 256GB model.
The same claim lists a 512GB version at roughly $3,000 in converted value, with an original price of AU$4,199. The alleged 1TB model approaches $3,400, corresponding to AU$4,699. These rounded equivalents provide context for the overseas figures; they are not predicted American retail prices.
The post also names September 12 as the preorder date. Neither that date nor the claimed Australian pricing has been authenticated through a public carrier announcement.
The proposed storage structure adds about $360 in converted value at each step, or AU$500 locally. If accurate, that would make storage selection a substantial part of the purchase rather than a minor addition to the headline price.
A buyer planning to record large amounts of video or carry a substantial offline library could quickly move into a more expensive configuration. Comparing an entry Pro with a fully equipped Ultra would then combine two separate premiums: the folding hardware and the extra capacity.
The Egyptian Figures Are Disputed
The alleged Egyptian listing translates to approximately $1,930 for the iPhone 18 Pro, $2,070 for the Pro Max, and a little over $3,000 for the Ultra, using the conversions reported when the claim circulated.
The original figures were EGP 98,000, EGP 105,000, and EGP 155,750, respectively. Vodafone Egypt’s denial means these amounts cannot be presented as prices confirmed or leaked by the carrier.
A recognizable logo and local currency can make a screenshot appear convincing. They do not establish that a company published it, that its contents are authentic, or that the amounts represent final retail pricing.
For U.S. buyers, this material offers no dependable basis for changing an upgrade budget. Its main relevance is explaining where some of the unusually high numbers appearing online originated.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
Currency Conversions Can Exaggerate U.S. Expectations
An overseas price converted into dollars answers what that amount of foreign currency is worth. It does not reveal what the same product will cost in an American store.
Tax treatment contributes to the difference. Australian consumer prices generally include GST, while U.S. advertised prices typically exclude sales tax. Regional pricing also reflects currency planning, distribution expenses, and commercial decisions.
Removing tax and applying an exchange rate still would not produce an official American price. Companies set regional prices for a selling period, rather than adjusting them continuously to match daily currency movements.
The same limitation applies when comparing percentage differences with an older phone. Assuming that the Ultra will carry an identical premium over the Pro in Australia, Egypt, and the United States introduces another unverified step.
That is why the direct U.S. estimates deserve priority when considering a purchase here. The international claims can provide additional context, but they should not replace an American price forecast or be mixed into it as supporting confirmation.
The Ultra Premium Creates a Different Buying Decision
If the projected U.S. ranges hold, the foldable could cost roughly $700 to $950 more than the Pro Max at entry level. That is a substantial amount to spend on a different form factor.
The larger internal display would need to earn its place in everyday use. Reading documents, comparing information, reviewing photographs, and working with more content on screen could make the extra space valuable. Someone primarily interested in photography, messaging, and navigation may find fewer reasons to make the jump.
The most expensive device also will not automatically be the best choice in every category. Camera versatility, battery endurance, weight, and comfort can favor different designs. Those comparisons will become more useful once Apple publishes complete specifications.
For a first-generation foldable, repair pricing deserves particular attention. An attractive monthly device payment can look different once accidental-damage protection and display service costs enter the ownership budget.
Carrier Offers Will Need Their Own Comparison
Apple’s September 9 event announcement confirms a presentation at 10 a.m. Pacific Time. Product pricing, availability, and ordering details remain separate from that confirmed schedule.
When American carrier offers appear, the monthly figure should be read together with the requirements attached to it. A promotion may depend on an eligible trade-in, a particular service plan, or credits distributed across an extended agreement.
A household already using the required plan might receive substantial value. Someone moving to a more expensive plan solely to obtain a phone discount could spend more over the full term.
The final comparison should use the same storage capacity and include the upfront payment, service cost, financing charges, and any credits lost by leaving early. A smaller payment on the device line of the bill does not necessarily produce a smaller total bill.
Sam Altman has described himself as a “mega Apple fanboy” while discussing the trade secrets lawsuit now dividing two companies that were close technology partners only two years ago.
Speaking with journalist Alex Heath on the Sources podcast, the OpenAI CEO said he was “very sad” when he learned about the case. His admiration for Apple, however, did not soften his rejection of the allegations against OpenAI and two former employees.
Altman said the company does not want another business’s intellectual property and would dismiss anyone found to have improperly brought confidential material into OpenAI. He also said an internal investigation left him convinced that the employee at the center of the dispute had not acted improperly.
That is OpenAI’s account, not a resolution of the lawsuit. Apple alleges that trade secrets connected to hardware design, manufacturing and supply-chain operations were taken for the benefit of OpenAI’s consumer-device program. The defendants deny wrongdoing, and the court has not settled those competing claims.
Sam Altman Separates Personal Admiration From the Case
Altman’s response was unusually personal for a dispute of this scale.
Technology executives normally leave active litigation to lawyers and carefully written company statements. Calling himself a fanboy places Altman on familiar ground with millions of customers who admire Apple products while disagreeing with a corporate decision.
His first reaction, he said, was to assume that the accusations sounded serious enough that someone must have behaved badly. OpenAI then examined the matter and reached a different view.
Altman said the company would act if it found that someone had taken another company’s intellectual property. At the same time, he argued that an employee who had done nothing wrong deserved a defense.
That distinction is central to OpenAI’s public position. It does not deny that former Apple employees now work on its hardware initiative. Instead, the company disputes the allegation that their movement between employers brought protected information into the program.
Personal admiration cannot answer the evidentiary questions. Being a customer, praising a company or enjoying its products has no bearing on whether confidential files were accessed or used. Altman’s comments are more revealing as an account of how sharply the relationship has changed.
OpenAI once promoted its work with Apple as a partnership built around safety, innovation and access to advanced AI. It now describes the lawsuit as aggressive, inaccurate and unnecessary.
Image Credit: OpenAI
From ChatGPT Partnership to Hardware Rivalry
In June 2024, both companies announced an agreement to integrate ChatGPT into experiences across iPhone, iPad and Mac.
Siri could ask for permission to send certain requests to ChatGPT, while Writing Tools could use the model for composition and image generation. The integration gave OpenAI direct exposure inside some of the world’s most widely used personal devices without requiring every user to create an account.
At the time, Sam Altman said the partnership would introduce ChatGPT to users in a new way. Apple presented the external model as an optional extension of Apple Intelligence, keeping permission and privacy controls between the user and the third-party service.
The arrangement made sense while the companies occupied complementary positions. Apple controlled the devices and operating systems; OpenAI supplied a widely recognized generative model.
Consumer hardware changed that balance.
OpenAI is developing a family of AI-native devices with designer Jony Ive, whose work at Apple helped shape products including iPhone, iMac, iPod and Apple Watch. Tang Tan, another longtime hardware figure who previously worked on major Apple products, is now OpenAI’s chief hardware officer.
Once OpenAI began recruiting deeply from Apple’s hardware organization, the relationship was no longer limited to providing a model inside Siri. The companies were moving toward competition over the physical objects through which people may interact with AI.
That competition helps explain why the lawsuit reaches beyond an ordinary employment disagreement. Hardware development depends on manufacturing knowledge, component choices, testing systems, supplier relationships and production methods that can take years to build.
Apple’s complaint alleges that OpenAI benefited from confidential information in those areas. OpenAI argues that the case is being used to slow a potential rival and discourage employees from leaving.
What Apple Alleges Against OpenAI
Apple filed its lawsuit in July against OpenAI, Tang Tan and former electrical engineer Chang Liu.
The complaint alleges that former employees misappropriated trade secrets connected to product development and shared them with OpenAI as it accelerated its consumer-hardware ambitions. Apple has also sought a preliminary injunction intended to prevent the use of disputed information while the case proceeds.
According to Associated Press reporting on the original complaint, Apple accused OpenAI of encouraging recruits to provide confidential knowledge and advising them on how to avoid scrutiny during the transition between companies.
Those are allegations. OpenAI has denied that it requested, received or wants Apple’s trade secrets.
In its public response, OpenAI disputed several details surrounding Apple’s communications and treatment of departing employees. It argued that continued access to some files resulted from Apple’s own account-management practices and said former employees had attempted to handle that access responsibly.
OpenAI also said Tan had instructed his team not to use confidential material belonging to previous employers. Its motion to dismiss asks the court to reject Apple’s case, while its opposition to the requested injunction challenges the evidence and need for immediate restrictions.
Reuters reported that roughly 400 former Apple employees had joined OpenAI’s hardware initiative, according to figures appearing in court filings. Headcount alone does not establish misuse of trade secrets. It does illustrate the scale of the talent movement and why the dispute has become a defining fight over the next generation of personal hardware.
OpenAI’s Device Work Is Continuing
Sam Altman said he does not expect the lawsuit to slow the company’s device program.
That is the most direct business claim in his interview. It suggests that OpenAI has separated disputed material and personnel questions from the work it believes can continue without relying on protected Apple information.
Whether the schedule remains unaffected may depend on the court. A preliminary injunction could impose restrictions before a full trial, depending on its scope. A denial would allow development to proceed without that requested intervention, although the wider lawsuit would remain active.
OpenAI has revealed little about the devices themselves. The company has discussed an AI-native hardware family rather than a single conventional phone replacement, and Altman has spoken about the privacy discomfort created by products that visibly point cameras at other people.
That leaves the design, release timing and commercial strategy largely unknown. No product has been publicly introduced, and Altman’s assurance that development continues does not amount to a launch announcement.
The lawsuit also does not automatically end ChatGPT’s role across Apple platforms. The existing integration remains a separate customer-facing arrangement unless either company announces a change.
For people using ChatGPT through Siri or Writing Tools, the legal conflict currently produces more drama in court filings than difference on the screen. The stranger question is how long two companies can remain software partners while preparing to compete over the device sitting on the table beside that screen.
Image Credit: Samuel Boivin—NurPhoto via Getty Images
RAM production capacity at Samsung Electronics, SK hynix, and Micron Technology is reportedly committed through the end of 2027, leaving consumer electronics manufacturers with little room to secure additional memory outside existing supply agreements.
Industry reports indicate that the three dominant manufacturers have allocated their available DRAM and high-bandwidth memory production for next year. Long-term contracts with cloud companies, AI chip developers, automakers, and device manufacturers have effectively reserved the output those suppliers expect to produce.
The claim does not mean every RAM module that will be sold in 2027 has already been manufactured or purchased by a consumer. It refers to future production capacity being assigned to customers before the chips leave the factory.
It also does not cover every memory producer worldwide. Chinese manufacturer ChangXin Memory Technologies, known as CXMT, and several smaller suppliers continue to produce DRAM. However, Samsung, SK hynix, and Micron control most of the advanced global DRAM market, making their available capacity the primary constraint for companies such as Apple.
RAM Production Is Already Committed
Selling out a year of production capacity means manufacturers have received enough contractual commitments to allocate the output they expect from their factories. Customers may have reserved specific volumes, product types, or manufacturing capacity under agreements that include minimum purchases and pricing protections.
Micron has been shifting toward this model through strategic customer agreements. The company disclosed 16 multiyear deals covering customers across data centers, consumer devices, automotive products, and industrial equipment.
Those agreements typically run for several years and include binding volume commitments. Some use fixed prices, while others establish price floors and ceilings. Micron has said that its signed contracts represent approximately $100 billion in expected revenue over their remaining terms.
Such agreements give memory manufacturers more predictable revenue than the traditional DRAM cycle, in which aggressive expansion frequently created excess supply and collapsing prices. They also give large buyers assurance that chips will be available for planned products.
The disadvantage falls on customers that did not reserve enough capacity early. A company needing more memory than its contract provides may have to pay higher prices, accept a different specification, delay production, or find another qualified supplier.
SK hynix CEO Kwak Noh-jung has described 2027 as potentially the worst year in the memory industry’s history from a supply perspective. He expects customer demand to remain above the company’s production capacity beyond 2030, despite major investments in new factories.
Samsung has issued a similar warning, expecting the constraints to become more severe in 2027 and continue into 2028. Analysts at UBS have projected that the DRAM market could remain undersupplied until at least the second quarter of 2028.
Image Credit: Bloomberg / Getty Images
AI Memory Consumes More Factory Capacity
The shortage originates primarily from the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence infrastructure. AI accelerators require high-bandwidth memory, or HBM, to move large amounts of data between memory and processors at extremely high speeds.
HBM and the LPDDR memory used in Apple devices are different products. An iPhone or Mac is not competing directly for the same finished memory package installed beside an Nvidia AI accelerator.
They still depend on overlapping manufacturing resources. HBM begins with advanced DRAM dies, and producing a given capacity of stacked HBM consumes considerably more wafer output and packaging resources than conventional memory. Suppliers have also concentrated spending, equipment, and engineering work on the more profitable AI segment.
Every production line converted or optimized for HBM can reduce the industry’s flexibility to make standard server DRAM, PC memory, or mobile LPDDR. New investment may increase total memory output while doing little to relieve the parts of the market serving phones and personal computers.
Cloud companies are willing to enter multiyear agreements and make large financial commitments because a shortage of memory can leave costly AI processors unused. Memory manufacturers therefore have a powerful incentive to prioritize these customers over consumer device companies seeking lower component prices.
The pressure is also moving beyond HBM. AI servers need large quantities of conventional DDR5 memory, while storage systems supporting model training and inference consume enterprise NAND flash. This spreads the shortage across several categories that were previously less exposed to AI infrastructure spending.
Apple Faces Expensive Supply Decisions
Apple purchases enormous volumes of LPDDR memory for the iPhone and iPad, along with memory used across the Mac, Apple Watch, Vision Pro, Apple TV, and HomePod product families. Its size gives it substantial negotiating power, but it cannot purchase capacity that suppliers have already assigned to other customers.
The company has acknowledged that memory prices are continuing to rise. Tim Cook recently characterized the pricing environment as a “hundred-year flood” and said Apple expects to pay more for memory during the September quarter.
Apple has already raised prices across several Mac and iPad models while reducing or removing some high-memory Mac configurations. Although memory availability is not the sole influence on every product decision, eliminating configurations can help a manufacturer concentrate limited components around the models expected to sell in larger volumes.
The design of Apple silicon makes memory allocation especially sensitive. Unified memory is integrated closely with the processor package and cannot be upgraded after purchase. Apple must decide how many chips to secure for each configuration long before customers begin ordering those machines.
A shortage can therefore affect more than the cost of an individual RAM component. It can influence base memory capacities, upgrade pricing, the number of configurations offered, production volume, and the timing of product introductions.
Apple can absorb part of the increase through its margins, negotiate longer agreements, adjust retail pricing, or redesign its product mix. Each option carries a cost. Absorbing higher prices reduces profit per device, while passing them to customers could weaken demand. Restricting configurations risks pushing professional users away from Macs that no longer offer enough unified memory.
The company is reportedly evaluating DRAM from CXMT for products sold in China. Adding a fourth major source could improve access to conventional memory, but qualification takes time because Apple must confirm performance, reliability, manufacturing consistency, and compatibility with its hardware.
The political environment creates another obstacle. US lawmakers have raised national security concerns about American companies purchasing memory from Chinese semiconductor manufacturers. Apple could consequently find that a supplier is technically suitable for China-market products but difficult to introduce across its international supply chain.
Sold Out Does Not Mean Stores Will Be Empty
The reported capacity commitments do not guarantee a universal shortage of finished devices. Apple and other major manufacturers will still receive memory under agreements they have already negotiated.
Products can also continue reaching stores while component prices rise. Manufacturers may reduce discounts, increase retail prices, limit premium configurations, or give priority to their most profitable devices before allowing a shortage to stop production completely.
Contracted capacity can change if customers reduce orders or if AI infrastructure investment slows. Memory makers could redirect production between customers and product categories, although converting lines and qualifying different chips cannot happen immediately.
CXMT could also expand faster than expected, particularly in mainstream DRAM. Its products have reportedly attracted interest from HP, Asus, Acer, Dell, Lenovo, and Apple as established suppliers devote more resources to AI memory. CXMT is unlikely to replace the combined output of Samsung, SK hynix, and Micron during 2027, but it may provide an alternative for products sold outside the United States.
New production facilities offer little immediate relief. Semiconductor factories require construction, equipment installation, process development, yield improvement, and customer qualification before reaching dependable volume.
Micron expects the first wafer output from its initial new Idaho facility around the middle of 2027, with a second facility following in late 2028. Those first wafers will still need to pass through the production ramp and customer qualification process, leaving much of their effect on available device memory for 2028 and later.
Apple has increased its estimated trade-in values for most current iPhone, iPad, Mac, and Apple Watch models in the United States. The adjustments give customers slightly more credit toward a new device, although some older Apple hardware and several Android phones have moved in the opposite direction.
The updated values are maximum estimates rather than guaranteed payments. Apple calculates the final credit after confirming the model and inspecting its condition. A damaged display, enclosure problems, missing functionality, or an inaccurate description can reduce the amount offered.
Most of the increases are modest, but they arrive across several of Apple’s largest product categories at the same time. Recent iPhones receive between $10 and $25 more, every iPad category listed in Apple’s summary gains value, and several popular Macs receive larger increases.
The revisions also reinforce the role of trade-ins within Apple’s retail operation. Credit can reduce the cost of a regular purchase, be delivered through an Apple Gift Card, or lower payments at the beginning of an eligible Apple Upgrade lease.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Trade-In Values Rise Across iPhone and iPad
Every iPhone 16 model included in the update receives a higher maximum estimate. The iPhone 16 Pro Max moves from $685 to $695, retaining the highest listed value among the affected iPhones.
The iPhone 16 Pro increases from $550 to $560, while the iPhone 16 Plus moves from $455 to $465. The standard iPhone 16 receives the largest increase within the family, rising by $25 from $435 to $460.
These changes narrow the difference between the standard iPhone 16 and the larger Plus model. The Pro models retain substantially higher estimates, reflecting their higher original prices and stronger position in the used-device market.
An additional $10 or $25 will not transform the cost of an upgrade, but it can offset part of a case, charger, AppleCare plan, or storage upgrade. The difference also becomes more relevant for customers comparing Apple’s direct program with a third-party reseller offering a similar amount.
Apple’s iPad adjustments are more consistent. The maximum estimate for an iPad Pro rises from $670 to $690, an increase of $20. The iPad Air moves from $445 to $460, while the standard iPad rises from $220 to $235.
The iPad mini also gains $15, moving from a maximum of $250 to $265. That means every current iPad category displayed in Apple’s trade-in summary receives a higher estimate.
Apple’s direct trade-in values are generally lower than the prices an owner might obtain through a private sale. The program instead emphasizes convenience: the device can be returned at an Apple Store or sent using Apple’s online process, with the credit connected directly to a new purchase.
A private sale can produce a better return, especially for a recent device in excellent condition. It also requires the owner to set a price, find a buyer, manage payment, and handle the transfer independently. Apple’s program trades some resale value for a simpler exchange.
Mac and Apple Watch Changes Are Less Consistent
Mac trade-in values receive some of the largest increases, but the category also includes notable reductions.
The MacBook Air rises from a maximum of $485 to $520, adding $35. The Mac mini receives the same increase, moving from $340 to $375. The MacBook Pro changes only slightly, increasing from $685 to $690.
Apple leaves the current iMac estimate unchanged at $355. The Mac Studio receives a larger increase from $975 to $1,045, reflecting the higher value retained by recent desktop configurations.
Older professional desktops move in the other direction. The iMac Pro falls from $325 to $315, while the top Mac Pro estimate declines from $2,090 to $2,045.
That $45 reduction at the top of the Mac range means Apple’s maximum Mac trade-in offer decreases even though several mainstream models receive more credit. The changes appear more closely connected to the resale position of individual product families than to a uniform increase across every computer.
Mac estimates can vary considerably because one model name can cover different years, processors, memory configurations, storage capacities, and physical designs. Apple asks for a serial number before producing a more specific estimate for a Mac.
The Apple Watch adjustments are similarly mixed. Apple Watch Ultra 2 rises from $295 to $305, while Apple Watch Series 9 increases from $120 to $130.
Apple Watch Series 10 remains unchanged at a maximum of $150. The original Apple Watch Ultra falls from $215 to $205, losing $10.
Wearable trade-in values can decline quickly because watches receive frequent updates and are exposed to greater physical wear than many computers or tablets. Battery condition, display damage, case wear, and working buttons can influence whether the device receives the estimated credit.
Apple also accepts devices that no longer qualify for monetary value. Those products can be returned for recycling, including older hardware and accessories that would otherwise remain unused.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Android Offers Face Several Reductions
Apple accepts selected smartphones from Samsung, Google, and other manufacturers when customers move to an iPhone. The latest revisions are less favorable to several Android devices.
The maximum Android estimate across Apple’s displayed range decreases from $370 to $360. Individual changes vary by model.
The Samsung Galaxy S23 Ultra drops from $230 to $200, a $30 reduction. Google’s Pixel 8 Pro declines from $170 to $165.
Other devices remain unchanged. The standard Galaxy S23 continues to carry an estimated value of up to $125, while the OnePlus 12 remains at up to $200.
Apple’s Android offers are primarily designed to remove friction for people moving to the iPhone. They do not necessarily match the amount available from the manufacturer, a carrier promotion, or a private buyer.
Carrier promotions can advertise considerably higher trade-in credits than Apple, particularly around a new iPhone launch. Those offers commonly require an eligible unlimited plan, a new line, monthly bill credits, or a commitment lasting two or three years.
Apple’s direct credit is easier to understand because it is tied to the assessed value of the device rather than a long carrier agreement. The best choice depends on whether the customer values flexibility, immediate credit, or the largest possible promotional discount.
A Higher Estimate Is Not the Final Offer
Apple’s published figures represent the maximum available for qualifying devices in suitable condition. The online estimate is based on the answers supplied before the product is inspected.
After receiving the device, Apple or its trade-in partner verifies its identity and checks whether it powers on, functions properly, and matches the reported condition. A difference can produce a revised offer.
Customers can accept or reject a lower revised value. Rejecting it cancels the trade-in and returns the device, although the payment arrangement for the accompanying purchase may also be adjusted. If the inspected value is higher than the original estimate, Apple says it automatically increases the credit.
The way the credit is delivered depends on the purchase. When a customer pays in full for a new iPhone, iPad, Mac, or Apple Watch, the confirmed value can be returned to the original payment method up to the price of the new product. Any remaining amount can be issued through an Apple Gift Card.
With an eligible monthly payment arrangement, the estimated credit can be applied directly to the new device’s purchase price. Under Apple Upgrade, a qualifying trade-in owned by the customer can reduce payments across the initial lease term. Another device cannot be traded in each time the customer exercises the lease’s upgrade option.
Values also differ between countries and can change without a product announcement. The revised dollar amounts apply to Apple’s United States program, while local market prices, available models, currencies, and trade-in partners determine estimates elsewhere.
Anyone considering an exchange should obtain a fresh estimate shortly before purchasing. Apple requires the trade-in device to arrive within the specified return period and says an online estimate is generally protected for 14 days after the customer receives the new product.
Charles Darwin dedicou anos ao estudo de cracas e era obcecado pela criação de pombos. Mas uma de suas fascinações mais duradouras eram as plantas carnívoras. Ele chamou as dioneias de "uma das plantas mais maravilhosas do mundo" e certa vez comentou que se importava mais com as dróseras, dotadas de armadilhas pegajosas, "do que com a origem de todas as espécies do mundo".
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