The Scofield Reference Bible, published in 1909, aimed to garner support from American Evangelicals for the Zionist state of Israel, emphasizing a dispensationalist view that separates Jewish and Christian covenants. This interpretive system has significantly influenced modern Christian thought, often at the expense of the core message of the gospel of Jesus Christ.

Matthew Littlefield argues that the establishment of Israel cannot be deemed miraculous as it relies on historical and political factors rather than divine intervention. He criticizes the misconceptions surrounding Palestine's history and highlights the nationalist movements that shaped both Israeli and Palestinian identities post-Ottoman Empire.