Stimulated Transfer redshift, a newly discovered phenomenon predicted by quantum electrodynamics, results in electron heating and a redshift of light from distant galaxies. The mechanism not only explains the extreme heating of the solar corona, but also provides an alternative explanation for astronomical redshifts without invoking an expanding universe.

Climate-Only Models Likely Underestimate Species Extinction, Study Finds To accurately predict species’ distributions and risk of extinction, models must include more than just climate, according to new UArizona research. Mikayla Mace Kelley Today University Communications 7441156692_edfdac8bbf_b.jpg Piñon pine forests near Los Alamos, N.M., had already begun to turn brown from drought stress in the image […]

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In 1775, British diplomat Sir William Hamilton developed plans for a mechanical model that would recreate the eruption of Mount Vesuvius through light, movement, and clockwork. While the device was never built, his design was preserved in a Bordeaux library for more than 200 years.

Now, a pair of engineering students at the University of Melbourne has brought Hamilton’s concept to life for the first time.

Sir William Hamilton was more than a diplomat. Serving as ambassador to Naples and Sicily from 1765 to 1800, he became a leading amateur volcanologist of his time. He observed eruptions of Vesuvius in 1767, 1779, and 1794, and meticulously recorded the changes to the volcano’s 4,000-foot crater after each event.

Hamilton based his design for the Vesuvius model on a 1771 watercolor by British-Italian artist Pietro Fabris, Night View of a Current of Lava, which showed the bright glow of lava at night. He intended to recreate this effect mechanically, using light and movement to simulate an eruption. Although it is unclear whether he ever built a prototype, his detailed plans, which survived at the Bordeaux Municipal Library, served as the basis for the recent reconstruction.

Reconstructing a Lost Design

Dr. Richard Gillespie, Senior Curator in the University of Melbourne’s Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, initiated the reconstruction project and oversaw its progress from concept to completion.

“It is fitting that after 250 years exactly, our students have brought this dormant project to life,” Gillespie said. “It is a wonderful piece of science communication. People around the world have always been fascinated by the immense power of volcanoes.”

Master of Mechatronics student Xinyu (Jasmine) Xu and Master of Mechanical Engineering student Yuji (Andy) Zeng spent three months constructing the device in the university’s Creator Space workshop. They adapted Hamilton’s original clockwork design to use modern materials, including laser-cut timber, acrylic, programmable LED lighting, and electronic control systems, while maintaining the intended visual effect. Many of the engineering challenges they encountered were similar to those Hamilton likely faced with his original concept.

“We still faced some of the challenges that Hamilton faced,” Zeng said. “The light had to be designed and balanced so the mechanisms were hidden from view.”

Concealing the machinery to maintain the illusion was central to Hamilton’s vision. To achieve this, the students had to think as both engineers and visual effects designers.

Science Education in a Different Era

Hamilton designed the mechanical volcano as an early way to share scientific concepts with the public, allowing people to see how a volcanic eruption works without traveling to Vesuvius. By the mid-1700s, Italy had become a destination for European scholars and nobility, with Vesuvius as a main attraction. Hamilton saw that scientific shows and excitement could spark the public’s curiosity.

The finished project is now a main feature of The Grand Tour exhibition at the university’s Baillieu Library, on display until June 28, 2026. The show features artwork, records, and objects that show the importance of eighteenth-century European travel, while Hamilton’s device shows how art and engineering come together.

Research engineer Andrew Kogios, who supervised the students during construction, noted that the experience gave them hands-on engineering beyond the classroom.

“From selecting materials and 3D printing, to troubleshooting electronics and satisfying requirements, working collaboratively with Yuji and Xinyu has been extremely rewarding,” Kogios said. “Experiences like these, supplementing their university studies, position them well for their future endeavors.”

Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds an MBA, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, and a data analytics certification. His work focuses on breaking scientific developments, with an emphasis on emerging biology, cognitive neuroscience, and archaeological discoveries.

In a remarkable breakthrough poised to reshape our understanding of cerebral microbleeds and their contribution to neurodegenerative conditions, researchers at Ajou University School of Medicine have engineered an innovative mouse model that isolates this elusive pathology with unprecedented precision. Cerebral microbleeds—minute brain hemorrhages visible as tiny dark foci on T2*-weighted MRI scans—afflict millions of elderly individuals worldwide and are strongly linked with cognitive decline, dementia, and stroke. Yet, despite their profound clinical relevance, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these microvascular lesions have remained largely enigmatic, in part due to the absence of suitable experimental models that can recreate microbleeds in isolation from confounding cerebral pathologies.

Harnessing the power of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, the investigators surgically deleted the Col4a1 gene specifically in adult mice brain microvascular endothelial cells. This gene encodes a pivotal structural collagen protein integral to maintaining the basement membrane’s integrity in blood vessels. To achieve this highly selective editing, an engineered viral vector, AAV-BR1, was administered intravenously, ensuring targeted delivery of the CRISPR system exclusively to the cerebral microvasculature. This strategic approach circumvents developmental confounds present in previous models, which often involve germline mutations or systemic vascular insults.

Following the administration, the mice developed extensive cerebral microbleeds over a course of several months, with lesion dissemination particularly notable in the cortex and hippocampus. These de novo microbleeds bore striking resemblance in both size and spatial distribution to those observed clinically via MRI in elderly human patients, underscoring the translational value of this novel platform. Intriguingly, the severity and quantity of microbleeds could be titrated by modulating the viral load, establishing a robust dose-response relationship. This precise control over pathology burden contrasts sharply with prior models, which typically conflate microbleeds with amyloid deposition or ischemic injury, thereby obfuscating the discrete contributions of microhemorrhages themselves.

Electron microscopy studies elucidated profound compromise of the vessel wall ultrastructure within affected regions. The basement membranes surrounding cerebral microvessels were demonstrably thinned, attesting to extracellular matrix degradation consequent to Col4a1 disruption. This structural fragility presumably predisposes vessels to rupture and focal hemorrhages, providing mechanistic insight into the genesis of cerebral microbleeds. Over subsequent months, the mice exhibited progressive cognitive decline characterized by deficits in memory tasks and motor coordination—behavioral phenotypes that recapitulate clinical symptomatology observed in patients with advanced microbleed burden.

Notably, the team’s pathological investigation revealed a distinctive neuroinflammatory milieu accompanying the microbleeds. They identified a diffuse activation of astrocytes extending well beyond discrete lesion sites, contrasted by a more localized microglial response confined directly to microbleed zones. This astrocytic hypertrophy and proliferation suggest a novel network-level pathological mechanism whereby scattered microvascular insults cumulatively disrupt global neuronal circuits. The widespread astrocyte reactivity potentially amplifies neurovascular uncoupling and metabolic dysfunction, accelerating cognitive deterioration.

To validate these experimental findings within a human context, the researchers leveraged the BICWALZS chronic cerebrovascular disease biobank, encompassing MRI and genomic data from over eight hundred participants. Their analyses uncovered genetically encoded susceptibility linked to variants in TIMP2, a critical regulator of matrix metalloproteinase activity that governs collagen IV degradation. Subjects harboring these TIMP2 polymorphisms exhibited substantially elevated risks of developing cerebral microbleeds, with odds ratios between 1.5 and 1.96. This genetic association elegantly dovetails with the mouse model results, implicating dysregulation of collagen IV homeostasis as a conserved and integral mechanism in sporadic microbleed pathogenesis across species.

Beyond advancing fundamental knowledge, this newly established model holds transformative potential for therapeutic innovation. By uniquely isolating microbleed pathology via targeted adult brain endothelial gene editing, researchers gain a powerful platform for systematic investigation of disease-modifying agents that specifically arrest microbleed progression. The ability to experimentally fine-tune microbleed load enables rigorous preclinical evaluation of interventions designed to reinforce vascular integrity and preserve cognitive function, addressing a critical unmet need in aging populations worldwide.

Professor Byung Gon Kim, co-corresponding author and a leading neuroscientist at Ajou University, emphasized the significance of this achievement: “For the first time, we can induce a purely cerebral microbleed phenotype through molecular precision in the adult brain. This platform opens unprecedented avenues to dissect underlying mechanisms and test pharmacologic strategies that could slow or prevent cognitive impairment linked to microvascular pathology.”

As cerebral microbleeds increasingly emerge as a pivotal biomarker and potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration and stroke, this mouse model represents a pioneering advance in vascular neuroscience. Its integration with human genomic data further strengthens translational prospects. By unraveling the molecular substrates of cerebral microbleeds and their cascading effects on brain function, this research heralds a new era in understanding the vascular contributions to cognitive aging and dementia.

In sum, the Ajou University study deftly overcomes longstanding limitations by employing cutting-edge viral vectors and CRISPR technology to generate a scalable, adult-onset cerebral microbleed mouse model. This innovation not only clarifies pathogenic mechanisms involving collagen IV degradation and astrocytic-mediated neural disruption but also forges a critical link to human genetic risk profiles. The resulting insights promise to catalyze the development of targeted therapeutics aimed at preserving vascular health and cognitive resilience amid aging populations globally.

Subject of Research: Animals
Article Title: Novel mouse model of cerebral microbleeds by targeted Col4a1 editing in adult brain microvessels
News Publication Date: 2-Jun-2026
Image Credits: Ajou University School of Medicine / Byung Gon Kim Lab
Keywords: Neurology, Dementia, Neurological disorders, Genetics, Neuroimaging

Mathematicians from University College London and the University of California, Davis, have published a mathematical proof that the Universe’s accelerating expansion can be explained without dark energy, dealing a serious blow to the Lambda-cold dark matter model.

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