Although the famous Carrington Event of 1859 is often described as the first major space weather event to affect technology, earlier incidents did occur. Historical records show that telegraph systems were disrupted by geomagnetic storms as early as the late 1840s.
Un lavoro di modellistica teorica firmato dagli astrofisici Martin Elvis e Jonathan McDowell (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) e pubblicato su Frontiers in Space Technologies analizza i limiti di sostenibilità idrica per una colonia sul satellite. Nello scenario teorico più ottimistico — basato su una presenza stimata di un miliardo di tonnellate d'acqua e su un tasso di riciclo del 98%, analogo a quello della Stazione Spaziale Internazionale — una metropoli da un milione di abitanti esaurirebbe le riserve in circa 100 anni. Le misurazioni spettroscopiche reali suggeriscono tuttavia una disponibilità fino a 30 volte inferiore, riducendo l'autonomia a pochi anni per le grandi città, mentre insediamenti di 1.000 o 10.000 persone potrebbero resistere per diversi secoli. L'analisi sottolinea come la scarsità d'acqua e l'assenza quasi totale di carbonio sul suolo lunare impongano il ricorso a fonti esterne, come il recupero da asteroidi o il rifornimento costante dalla Terra.
The Chicxulub impact not only plunged Earth into an impact winter but also produced a dust blanket that later overheated the planet, according to new research from Purdue University and the University of Colorado, Boulder.
Some 66 million years ago, an asteroid impact wiped out three-quarters of all plant and animal species on Earth, most notably taking down the dinosaurs. But exactly how that impact caused those extinctions has been the subject of fierce debate. According to a new paper published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, the impact would have produced an immense cloud of dust that superheated the upper atmosphere, charbroiling living organisms unable to take shelter and igniting widespread wildfires.
As previously reported, the most widely accepted explanation for what triggered that catastrophic mass extinction is known as the “Alvarez hypothesis,” after the late physicist Luis Alvarez and his geologist son, Walter. In 1980, they proposed that the extinction event may have been caused by a massive asteroid or comet hitting the Earth. They based this conclusion on their analysis of sedimentary layers at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary(the K-Pg boundary, formerly known as the K-T boundary) found all over the world, which included unusually high concentrations of iridium—a metal more commonly found in asteroids than on Earth. (That same year, Dutch geophysicist Jan Smit independently arrived at a similar conclusion.)
Since then, scientists have identified a likely impact site: a large crater in Chicxulub, Mexico, in the Yucatan Peninsula, first discovered by geophysicists in the late 1970s. The impactor that created it was sufficiently large (between 11 and 81 kilometers, or 7 to 50 miles) to melt, shock, and eject granite from deep inside the Earth, probably causing a megatsunami and ejecting vaporized rock and sulfates into the atmosphere. It has been estimated that the impact would have released energy over a billion times higher than the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
By combining seismic, gravity and topographic data, a team of researchers from Italy, Switzerland, Germany and the United Kingdom found that several well-known subglacial basins in East Antarctica are part of a single fan-shaped province whose origins trace back to ancient continental stretching.
Chemical traces preserved in ancient rocks indicate that marine environments were deteriorating long before the catastrophe that wiped out vast numbers of species at the end of the Triassic period, around 201 million years ago.
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