Human T cell leukemia virus type 1, the first human retrovirus ever identified, infects an estimated 5 to 10 million people worldwide, a figure extrapolated from surveys covering only about one-seventh of the global population. The virus inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the chromosomes of host T cells, establishing a lifelong infection that can drive a spectrum of diseases, including adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, and HTLV-1-associated uveitis, a chronic inflammation inside the eye that is particularly common in endemic regions such as Japan. Despite the scale of the problem, coordinated global action has been slow; the World Health Organization only published technical reports aimed at reducing HTLV-1-related morbidity and mortality in 2021, and no broadly effective intervention has emerged in decades of research.

Current treatment for the ocular disease relies heavily on corticosteroids, delivered as topical drops, injections into the eye, or oral prednisone. This approach has serious shortcomings. Studies indicate that 30 to 60 percent of patients with HTLV-1-associated uveitis experience recurrent episodes, and long-term steroid exposure can trigger cataracts, glaucoma, macular edema, epiretinal membranes, retinal degeneration, optic nerve atrophy, and bullous keratopathy. Most importantly, corticosteroids suppress inflammation without reducing the number of virus-infected cells or halting disease progression. Newer molecular targeted agents, including the anti-CCR4 antibody mogamulizumab and the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide, have been explored, but treatment-related inflammation and adverse effects remain significant obstacles. This therapeutic gap motivated a team led by Yaru Zou and Koju Kamoi of Tokyo Medical and Dental University to investigate whether an epigenetic drug already approved for blood cancer could address the root of the ocular inflammation.

The drug in question is valemetostat, marketed as EZHARMIA, a dual inhibitor of the enzymes EZH1 and EZH2 that was approved in 2022 for adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Both enzymes are the catalytic components of polycomb repressive complex 2, a molecular machine that silences genes by adding three methyl groups to lysine 27 on histone H3, producing the repressive chromatin mark known as H3K27me3. Previous work had shown that EZH1 and EZH2 are overexpressed, and H3K27me3 deposition increased, in ATL cells and in cells expressing the viral oncoprotein Tax. Dual EZH1/2 inhibitors have also been reported to curb the spontaneous proliferation and exaggerated immune responses of HTLV-1-infected cells in patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. What remained unknown was whether such inhibition could benefit the inflamed eye.

To find out, the researchers built a series of laboratory models centered on ARPE-19 cells, a human retinal pigment epithelial cell line chosen because the retinal pigment epithelium forms the outer blood-retinal barrier and governs retinal immune homeostasis. They exposed these ocular cells to three kinds of T cells: MT-2 cells, which carry transcriptionally active HTLV-1 and express the viral protein Tax; TL-Om1 cells, an ATL-derived line in which the virus is largely silent and Tax is low or absent; and Jurkat cells, which are uninfected and served as controls. In parallel, they treated the T cell lines themselves. Western blotting and quantitative PCR revealed that HTLV-1 infection drove significant upregulation of both EZH1 and EZH2, along with elevated H3K27me3, in infected retinal pigment epithelial cells and in MT-2 cells, with EZH1 protein rising roughly 2.5-fold in infected ocular cells and six-fold in MT-2 cells. This was the first demonstration that HTLV-1 infection induces polycomb-mediated epigenetic changes in retinal cells.

The team then treated the models with valemetostat at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 micromolar for 96 hours, concentrations selected in preliminary experiments because they harmed infected T cells while leaving normal ocular cells, including primary human trabecular meshwork cells, unaffected below 10 micromolar. The results were strikingly dependent on the model. In co-cultures of retinal cells with Tax-positive MT-2 cells, and in retinal cells directly infected with HTLV-1, the drug produced modest but statistically significant reductions in cell viability at the highest dose, accompanied by small increases in late-stage apoptosis. No such effects appeared in co-cultures with TL-Om1 or Jurkat cells. Crucially, the absolute magnitude of apoptosis remained limited, typically only 1 to 3 percent above baseline, indicating that valemetostat is not broadly toxic to retinal cells, an important safety consideration given their role in maintaining vision.

The virological findings were equally nuanced. Valemetostat did not significantly reduce the HTLV-1 proviral load in co-culture systems or in directly infected retinal pigment epithelial cells. However, in MT-2 cells themselves, 1 micromolar valemetostat significantly lowered proviral load and suppressed the messenger RNA levels of both Tax and HBZ, the two hallmark transcripts of the virus. Because MT-2 cells represent the transcriptionally active, highly infectious state of HTLV-1, while TL-Om1 represents latency, the results suggest that the drug’s antiviral effect is gated by the transcriptional status of the infected cell. Within the four-day treatment window, the authors conclude, valemetostat’s benefit to the ocular environment is likely indirect, acting primarily by quieting the most virally active cells rather than by eradicating provirus everywhere.

The most clinically relevant effects emerged in the inflammatory readouts. HTLV-1-infected T cells recovered from the eyes of patients with uveitis are known to secrete copious interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and interleukin-10, all implicated in disease. In the new study, valemetostat produced a dose-dependent increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in MT-2-containing conditions, significant at 1 micromolar in the co-culture system and across all doses in MT-2 cells. This fits a mechanistic expectation: blocking EZH1/2 removes H3K27me3 marks that repress the IL-10 gene, and prior genetic studies showed that loss of EZH2 directly activates IL-10 transcription in several CD4-positive T cell subsets. Meanwhile, pro-inflammatory signals fell in a context-dependent pattern. IL-12p70 and the chemokine CXCL-10 dropped in co-cultures, IL-6 and IL-8 declined mainly in MT-2 cells, and CCL-2 fell at low doses in the MT-2 co-culture, whereas the chemokine CCL-5 was unchanged in every model.

The drug’s influence on NF-kappaB, the central inflammatory pathway that Tax hijacks to drive both viral replication and cytokine production, was more subdued. Valemetostat modestly reduced NF-kappaB p65 phosphorylation in the MT-2 co-culture at the lowest dose and slightly decreased the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio of p65 in retinal cells stimulated with TNF-alpha, but it did not abolish nuclear translocation. The authors attribute this to the overwhelming strength of Tax-driven NF-kappaB activation, which a 96-hour course of EZH1/2 inhibition may be insufficient to counteract, and to the fact that NF-kappaB and cytokine networks are regulated by many factors beyond polycomb complexes. Immunofluorescence confirmed that valemetostat significantly lowered H3K27me3 in retinal cells exposed to MT-2 cells or directly infected, but not in cells co-cultured with TL-Om1 or Jurkat cells, again underscoring the model dependence of the epigenetic response.

The study also carries a cautionary note about IL-10. Although the cytokine is anti-inflammatory, it can promote the survival of HTLV-1-infected T cells and facilitate immune evasion by impairing dendritic cell antigen presentation and downregulating MHC class I molecules, and patients with aggressive ATL often show abnormally elevated IL-10. The authors therefore suggest that combining EZH1/2 inhibition with IL-10 pathway blockade could prove more effective, noting evidence that IL-10 neutralization sensitizes ATL cells to standard therapies. In the TL-Om1 model of ATL-related ocular infiltration, valemetostat failed to reduce H3K27me3, proviral load, or NF-kappaB activation within the malignant cells, yet it suppressed TL-Om1-induced CXCL10 secretion and induced dose-dependent apoptosis, pointing to a benefit mediated through the inflammatory microenvironment rather than direct tumor killing.

The authors are candid about the limitations. The work relied entirely on in vitro co-cultures and established cell lines, which cannot reproduce the blood-retinal barrier, retinal architecture, or local immune regulation of a living eye, and the intraocular pharmacokinetics of valemetostat after systemic administration remain undefined. Sex as a biological variable could not be assessed because donor-defined primary cells were not used. Even so, the findings establish a proof of concept that an approved epigenetic therapy can counteract HTLV-1-induced chromatin changes in retinal cells, dampen viral transcription in the most active infected cells, and reshape the cytokine milieu that sustains uveitis. Longer treatment studies, in vivo models, and patient-derived systems will be needed to determine whether these modest, context-dependent effects can be translated into a genuine steroid-sparing therapy for one of the most burdensome manifestations of a virus that medicine has long neglected.

Subject of Research: EZH1/2-targeted epigenetic therapy with valemetostat for HTLV-1-associated uveitis

Article Title: Dual impact of EZH1/2-targeted therapy in HTLV-1-associated inflammation: Direct and indirect mechanisms

Article References: Zou, Y., Kamoi, K., Yang, M., Zong, Y., Zhang, J., & Ohno-Matsui, K. (2026). Dual impact of EZH1/2-targeted therapy in HTLV-1-associated inflammation: Direct and indirect mechanisms. iScience, 29(11), Article 117775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.117775

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.117775

Keywords: HTLV-1, valemetostat, EZH1, EZH2, H3K27me3, uveitis, epigenetics, PRC2, Tax, IL-10, NF-kappaB, retinal pigment epithelium

Frost is one of the most punishing adversaries of tea cultivation. A single cold snap can scorch tender leaves, derail an entire season’s harvest, and degrade the delicate chemistry that gives tea its value. For growers and breeders, however, judging how badly a field has been damaged has long been a stubbornly subjective exercise: visual ratings lump continuous injury into crude categories, and laboratory assays destroy the very tissue they measure. A new study published in Plant Methods by Zhengtong He of Shihezi University, Zhiwei Chen of the Tea Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and colleagues offers a way out, pairing hyperspectral imaging with a purpose-built deep learning model to read frost damage directly from the way leaves reflect light.

The core problem the team confronted is that frost injury is not a binary event but a continuum. Leaves exposed to sub-zero temperatures suffer a cascade of overlapping stresses: photosynthetic pigments degrade, the machinery of photosynthesis falters, and cell membranes and walls break down. Any single measurement captures only a sliver of that cascade. To capture the whole picture, the researchers collected hyperspectral data together with eight key physicochemical indicators from tea plants growing across natural frost damage gradients in the field, rather than in the artificial conditions of a growth chamber. From these multidimensional physiological responses they constructed a composite measure, the tea cold stress response index, or TCSRI, which expresses frost damage severity as a continuous value instead of a coarse visual class.

Building TCSRI is a meaningful advance in itself. Traditional frost assessment often relies on ordinal scales, where an observer assigns a score of mild, moderate, or severe. Such scales throw away information and make it difficult to track recovery or compare cultivars with fine precision. By integrating several physiological dimensions into one index, the team created a target variable that reflects the plant’s actual internal state. The challenge then became predicting that index, and the individual chemical indicators behind it, from spectral data alone, without touching or destroying a single leaf.

Hyperspectral sensing is well suited to this task in principle. Across hundreds of narrow wavelength bands, plant leaves encode a wealth of information: chlorophyll absorption in the visible range, water and structural features in the near infrared. But the data are high-dimensional, with far more spectral channels than samples, a regime that invites overfitting, especially in field studies where collecting ground-truth measurements is laborious. Conventional chemometric approaches, from partial least squares regression to standard machine learning pipelines, often struggle to separate genuine physiological signals from noise, sensor drift, and the confounding effects of leaf surface properties and illumination variation.

The researchers’ answer is a model they call STAMPformer, short for spectral-prior-guided multi-view attention pooling. Its architecture reflects a deliberate design philosophy: rather than letting a neural network rediscover everything from scratch, the model is steered by what spectroscopists already know about how plants respond to stress. At its front end, a parameter-free attention convolution extraction module jointly models both the raw reflectance spectra and their first-order derivatives. Derivative spectra are a classic spectral prior: they accentuate subtle local features such as absorption peaks and shoulders that are easily drowned out in raw reflectance, while suppressing broad baseline drift and noise. By processing both views together, the module sharpens the local spectral signatures that carry physiological meaning.

On top of this extraction stage sits the second innovation, a multi-view attention pooling module. Deep networks processing spectral sequences produce long streams of features, but not all wavelengths matter equally for a given prediction. The pooling module adaptively aggregates sequence features drawn from different feature subspaces, learning to amplify the responses that are most diagnostic of cold stress and to down-weight the rest. This attention mechanism acts like a learned spotlight, and because it operates across multiple subspaces, it can capture complementary patterns that a single attention head might miss. The result is a compact representation tailored to the prediction task at hand, whether that is estimating a specific chemical indicator or the composite TCSRI.

The performance numbers are striking. Across all nine prediction tasks, spanning the eight physicochemical indicators and the TCSRI itself, STAMPformer achieved coefficients of determination above 0.87 and ratios of performance to deviation above 2.80, thresholds generally regarded as indicating reliable quantitative prediction. In other words, from a leaf’s reflectance fingerprint alone, the model could reconstruct the plant’s internal frost-stress state with an accuracy that approaches laboratory measurement, while remaining entirely non-destructive. The team did not stop at headline metrics. Ablation experiments systematically removed each proposed module to confirm that both the attention convolution extraction and the multi-view pooling contributed measurably to the gains, and paired statistical tests across multiple random seeds ensured the improvements were not artifacts of a lucky initialization.

Interpretability was a further priority, and here the study delivers something rarer than raw accuracy. Applying SHAP analysis, a technique that attributes each prediction to the contributions of individual input features, the researchers identified the wavelengths the model relied on most heavily. These key spectral regions correspond to physiologically meaningful processes: pigment degradation, photosynthetic impairment, and the disruption of cellular structure. That alignment between machine attention and plant biology matters on two fronts. It gives spectroscopists confidence that the model has learned genuine stress signatures rather than spurious correlations, and it hands plant physiologists a data-driven map of which parts of the spectrum track which facets of cold injury, potentially guiding future sensor design and breeding assays.

Crucially, the model also proved itself on data it had never seen. Independent external validation, using samples not involved in training, demonstrated that STAMPformer’s predictive ability generalizes beyond its original dataset, addressing one of the most common failure modes of machine learning in agricultural sensing. For a field where models are often tuned and tested on the same plots, this external check is an important credibility marker, suggesting the framework could be deployed across different farms, seasons, and frost events rather than remaining a laboratory curiosity.

The practical implications reach well beyond tea. An accurate, non-destructive, continuous measure of cold damage opens the door to rapid post-frost field surveys, letting growers quantify losses within hours instead of waiting for symptoms to develop or sending samples to a lab. For breeders screening for cold-tolerant germplasm, a spectral readout of TCSRI could accelerate the evaluation of hundreds of candidate lines without destructive sampling. And in the emerging vision of the smart tea garden, where drones and handheld spectrometers roam the rows, a model like STAMPformer could feed real-time frost maps into irrigation, shading, and recovery-management decisions. The authors frame their work as supporting frost monitoring, cold-tolerant germplasm evaluation, and intelligent garden management, and the architecture’s reliance on general spectral priors rather than tea-specific tricks suggests the approach could be adapted to other crops facing abiotic stress. As climate variability makes late-season frosts increasingly erratic, tools that turn light reflected from a leaf into a precise physiological diagnosis may become as essential to the tea garden as the thermometer.

Subject of Research: Hyperspectral deep learning prediction of continuous frost damage severity in tea plants

Article Title: STAMPformer: spectral-prior-guided multi-view attention learning for hyperspectral prediction of continuous frost damage severity in field-grown tea plants

Article References: He, Z., Chen, Z., Ding, Z., Wang, Z., Zhang, F., Zhao, Y., & Dong, C. (2026). STAMPformer: spectral-prior-guided multi-view attention learning for hyperspectral prediction of continuous frost damage severity in field-grown tea plants. Plant Methods. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-026-01597-4

Image Credits: AI Generated

DOI: 10.1186/s13007-026-01597-4

Keywords: tea plant, frost damage, hyperspectral imaging, deep learning, attention mechanism, cold stress index, non-destructive prediction, SHAP analysis, precision agriculture, spectral priors, plant physiology, smart farming

Alex Gibney’s nearly four-hour documentary is deeply researched. But because the mogul has long been in the spotlight, little is new.

Apple’s record stock performance leads into a discussion of Vision Pro and John Ternus’ explanation of its long-term potential. The MacVoices Live! panel considers spatial computing’s growing role in medicine, productivity, and professional workflows, along with whether the technology is ready for broader adoption. They also examine iPhone battery shipping limits, SoftRAID 9's support of RAID 6, and local versus cloud storage.

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La circulation du virus du Nil occidental, ou West Nile, bat des records cette année, non seulement les cas humains ont explosé, mais sa présence s'est étendue sur de nouveaux territoires métropolitains, de même qu'en Europe. Quelles sont les causes de cette hausse : climat, mutation du virus ou...

SpaceX s’apprête à envoyer en orbite une drôle de « boîte » qui pourrait annoncer quelque chose de bien plus grand : des usines capables de fabriquer directement dans l’espace. Pourquoi produire là-haut ce que l’on fait déjà sur Terre ?

Canicules, incendies et océans en surchauffe. Derrière ces crises en apparence distinctes, les scientifiques voient un même signal : une Terre dont les mécanismes de protection subissent une pression sans précédent.

Balayer apaiserait l'esprit, frotter régulerait le système nerveux : l'idée circule des monastères zen aux cabinets de psychologues. La littérature scientifique dit autre chose. Chez les femmes actives, la charge domestique est associée à une dégradation de la santé mentale, et aucun essai n'a...

It’s always a good idea to carefully consider the company you keep — especially if you happen to work for one of Elon Musk’s massive companies.

According to local channel FOX7, SpaceX manager Kyle Gonzalez has been arrested over the alleged stabbing of a Tesla contractor during a team-building exercise gone horribly wrong.

During the night out with a group of co-workers and friends, Gonzalez reportedly got into a heated argument with the Tesla worker over a game of pool at the Waterhole Saloon, a roadside honky-tonk just outside of Austin, Texas.

Court documents viewed by the Austin American-Statesman claim that the SpaceX manager became irate after one of the women he had entered the bar with went to compliment the Tesla contractor’s performance on a karaoke song. When the Tesla worker asked the woman to join him for a game of pool, Gonzalez allegedly became angry, saying he was “going to kill” the contractor.

That’s when Gonzalez allegedly pulled out his pocket knife and stabbed the man in the neck, leaving him with a one-inch puncture wound, the Statesmen recounts.

The unnamed contractor was then rushed to the hospital for life-saving surgery, and is expected to pull through.

Gonzales was reportedly found hiding out in a nearby parking lot, still holding the bloody knife. Court documents note that the SpaceX manager said he hid “for his safety,” though he later apologized for the attack three separate times. He was charged with felony assault with a deadly weapon, with a bond set at $25,000.

More on SpaceX: SpaceX Vows to Keep Poisoning Nearby Towns With Its Fume-Belching Data Center For Another Year

The post SpaceX Manager Arrested for Allegedly Stabbing a Tesla Contractor Over Karaoke Performance appeared first on Futurism.

Gli astronomi hanno scoperto 84 misteriose sorgenti di raggi X in sei galassie vicine. Chiamate “hypersoft X-ray sources”, potrebbero essere sistemi binari contenenti nane bianche, stelle di neutroni o buchi neri e aiutare a risolvere due importanti enigmi dell'astrofisica.

The Conservatives want to brand Burnham’s administration as a ‘traditional tax and spend socialist government’

In a news release issued ahead of his speech this morning, Andrew Griffith, the new shadow chancellor, gave details of some of the questions he wants the experts he has asked to review small business regulation to address. (See 8.58am.) He said:

[Craig Mackinlay and Robert Colvile] will produce a report taking evidence from small business and self-employed organisations. While they will have a wide remit, they will consider in particular these key questions, and report in December:

-Why have past attempts to reduce the regulatory and compliance burden on small business and the self-employed failed, and what specifically should be done to reduce the burden successfully?

This is staggering. Our socialist Chancellor has dished out a big Bank of England finance job to a socialist union boss who knows nothing about finance.

Clearly, trade union donations not only buy your way into government policymaking, but also onto the Bank of England’s board. This is cronyism in plain sight.

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© Photograph: Anadolu/Getty Images

© Photograph: Anadolu/Getty Images

© Photograph: Anadolu/Getty Images

Archaeologists rarely identify a settlement from one object. They combine buildings, hearths, tools, food remains, activity areas, and patterns of rebuilding to understand a site.

The post How Do Archaeologists Tell a Settlement From a Ritual Complex? appeared first on Curiosmos.

Encore trop peu connue, la choline est un nutriment essentiel au bon fonctionnement de l’organisme, et ce, dès la vie in utero. Indispensable au développement du cerveau, elle joue aussi un rôle clé dans la mémoire, l’humeur ou encore la santé du foie. Pourtant, la majorité de la population n’en...

The transplanted cells formed circuits, reached the spinal cord and responded to injury.

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When I first saw the IKEA x Xbox collaboration at this year's Gamescom, I was struck by two conflicting ideas.

With its multi-functional side table, TV stand, and decorative controller box, this is some smartly made furniture with some genuinely helpful uses. Then, with a thumbstick stool and a D-pad cushion, it's also one of the silliest things I've seen.

Taken as a whole, you can see it's a mix of the playful and the practical. After I spoke to designers at both IKEA and Xbox at the show, it turns out that was the point all along.

"That was present throughout the journey because it's important," explained Philip Dilé, product developer for IKEA of Sweden. "Playing games is playful; it is fun. Solving people's needs connected to that can be very functional and practical. We tried to balance that, for sure.

"We wanted to make things that are relevant for people who play games. Something that reflects you, or that you feel allows you to express yourself...but the object itself is a beautiful piece of home furnishing."

It's a philosophy echoed by Carl Ledbetter, partner head of design at Xbox: "Just like when we design a console, it can be as quiet as people want it. They can put it back and let it recede into their environment. Or they can pull it forward and have it be very expressive. And I think some of those same qualities are in these products in the YXSTABY collection."

Ledbetter used the controller display box and the TV stand as examples of this. With the former, it's ideal for enthusiast gamers who like to collect controllers and show off their favorite designs in a dedicated gaming space. Meanwhile, with the latter, it serves a "dual life" — whether it's sitting in the corner while you're watching shows and movies, or wheeled front and centre for an intense gaming session.

"That was a big part of our philosophy: how do we make products that can adapt to how people want to use them? Either be as expressive as possible, or just be part of your world," summarised Ledbetter.

You can see that approach clearly in all of the more practical products from the collection.

Take the side table. Closed up and next to your sofa, it could be mistaken for another piece of clean and minimalist furniture you'd find in IKEA. Open up the sliding doors on the front, though, and inside there's space specifically designed to store controllers, headsets, and battery packs — plus the all-important cable management and power connectivity options you need to keep your tech charged between sessions.

"This came up time and time again: cable management, charging stuff — where do you put it when you're done? People don't want it all over the place," said Ledbetter.

And Dilé agreed: "We looked at it from the perspective of: what does gaming throughout the home look like? Because, of course, people play at their desks, in the living room, on the couch. In so many different ways. For us, it was important to cater for a lot of these different needs.

"And there's one never-ending challenge working for IKEA: cable management. It always comes up over and over again. I think it's a very real frustration for people.

"Take the TV stand, for example. Yeah, you need to have the console there; you need to have somewhere to charge the controllers, somewhere to put a headset. That was one of the benefits of working together with someone like Xbox that knows gaming, and the hardware, and the players. That made the brief really, really clear."

And even though designing for gamers was a big part of their brief, both teams were also well aware that they wanted products that a non-gamer would be happy to live in their home. This meant offering something that wasn't bedazzled with RGB lighting and garish colors.

"You need to cater for gamers, but also for non-gamers or people who are living with gamers, or people who want to have the functionality but still want to have a nice home," said Dilé.

"[We wanted to create] things that maybe your spouse or the people you live with also want to put in your home. These aren't just things that you accept because of your hobby. That was an important balance for us.

"There are so many people who play games, so it’s incredibly diverse. We really wanted to showcase that you can have that [gaming] experience and still have beautiful products that blend into your home to create a nice environment that you want to live in."

That led Ledbetter to reminisce about the first meeting between both parties, where they both discovered they shared very similar design philosophies and were keen to get both of their respective design teams together to bounce around ideas.

The result is this YXSTABY collection — nine products encompassing everything from stools, seats and cushions, to TV stands, storage and display cases — set to launch in October later this year. A weird and wonderful mix of items that speak to both the fun side of gaming and the practical needs in the home.

Ledbetter summed up his hopes for the collection as follows: "Think about it: we create these controllers, and we sell millions of controllers, but we're not in charge of the controller’s home. We make the controller, and then where does it go? We don’t know. So, now, there's this opportunity between IKEA and Xbox to build that home. It felt like a completion of that journey."

In recent years, there has been a lot of excitement about the potential for studying human diseases in what are called "organoids." These small patches of tissue, formed using stem cells, appear to produce many of the same cell types and at least some of the structures normally formed in actual organs, and thus can provide a better model for diseases that rely on the sometimes complex interactions among multiple specialized cell types that are a feature of the human body.

But even the most sophisticated organoids lack a lot of the features of a real human body. This is especially true for brain organoids, which don't form any of the connections with specialized brain structures needed to behave "normally." On Wednesday, a research group at Stanford University described a possible way to study brain organoids in a somewhat more natural context: They genetically wiped out a large portion of the mouse brain and replaced it with human brain organoid cells.

The replacements

Organoids, because they adopt a three-dimensional tissue structure and consist of various specialized cells, provide a much better model for an intact tissue than simply having a bunch of disassociated cells lying flat on a culture dish. But they still have a lot of limitations—they're not hooked up to a circulatory system that allows the liver to process chemicals the organoid produces and don't have immune cells moving through them, to give just a couple of examples.

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© S. Pasca lab, Stanford University

In recent years, there has been a lot of excitement about the potential for studying human diseases in what are called "organoids." These small patches of tissue, formed using stem cells, appear to produce many of the same cell types and at least some of the structures normally formed in actual organs, and thus can provide a better model for diseases that rely on the sometimes complex interactions among multiple specialized cell types that are a feature of the human body.

But even the most sophisticated organoids lack a lot of the features of a real human body. This is especially true for brain organoids, which don't form any of the connections with specialized brain structures needed to behave "normally." On Wednesday, a research group at Stanford University described a possible way to study brain organoids in a somewhat more natural context: They genetically wiped out a large portion of the mouse brain and replaced it with human brain organoid cells.

The replacements

Organoids, because they adopt a three-dimensional tissue structure and consist of various specialized cells, provide a much better model for an intact tissue than simply having a bunch of disassociated cells lying flat on a culture dish. But they still have a lot of limitations—they're not hooked up to a circulatory system that allows the liver to process chemicals the organoid produces and don't have immune cells moving through them, to give just a couple of examples.

Read full article

Comments

© S. Pasca lab, Stanford University

Une forêt située à une centaine de kilomètres d’Helsinki cachait depuis près d’un millénaire un ensemble archéologique hors norme. Repéré grâce à un détecteur de métaux, ce trésor pourrait désormais éclairer les échanges commerciaux qui traversaient le nord de l’Europe à la fin du premier...

El hielo en vuelo, el estampido sónico o un enlace de comunicación intercontinental: el Glenn Research Center de la NASA lleva 80 años realizando experimentos para optimizar la navegación aérea.

When the Artemis 2 crew splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on April 10, the excitement was palpable — Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen had swung around the Moon, broken a human spaceflight distance record, and come home safely. But for the Artemis program, it was just the beginning. Between April’sContinue reading "Why we need in-orbit refueling to return to the Moon"

The post Why we need in-orbit refueling to return to the Moon appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.