Pretty much every rocket company in the United States, save one, has embraced two fundamental tenets: reusability and diversification.

Most famously, SpaceX branched out from reusable rockets to pursue and dominate a growing spectrum of space services: cargo delivery, human spaceflight, satellite production, broadband, and, perhaps soon, orbital data centers and in-space manufacturing. Blue Origin is evolving from a pure rocket company into a satellite manufacturer, robotics developer, and, most recently, a potential competitor for SpaceX's Starlink network.

Rocket Lab used a different approach to diversify after achieving success with its small Electron launch vehicle. The company relocated its headquarters from New Zealand to Southern California, started building spacecraft and payloads, and then went on a spree of corporate acquisitions to expand into satellite communications and take on a new role as a merchant supplier of satellite components and sensors. It's now in a stage of advanced development of its partially reusable next-generation Neutron launch vehicle.

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Welcome to Edition 9.10 of the Rocket Report! This week we're celebrating a historic moment in Europe when a German rocket company successfully put its launch vehicle into orbit. Isar Aerospace became the first purely commercial European company to reach orbit, and impressively it did so on just its second launch attempt. How quickly can they scale up operations? How quickly will the second European launch firm reach this goal? Big questions, which for now we don't have answers to.

As always, we welcome reader submissions, and if you don't want to miss an issue, please subscribe using the box below (the form will not appear on AMP-enabled versions of the site). Each report will include information on small-, medium-, and heavy-lift rockets as well as a quick look ahead at the next three launches on the calendar.

Isar Aerospace takes a huge step forward. Isar Aerospace, founded in 2018 by three students at a German university, successfully launched a privately developed rocket into low-Earth orbit on Saturday from a Norwegian spaceport inside the Arctic Circle. The two-stage rocket, Spectrum, became the first fully commercial launch vehicle in Europe to reach orbit, Ars reports. With Saturday’s success, Isar becomes the clear leader among a pack of several European launch startups vying to inject some competition into Europe’s stagnant launch market.

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Scientists have unveiled a computational design for a terahertz metasurface biosensor that combines five distinct materials—graphene, MXene, tungsten disulfide, gold, and copper—into a single multilayer architecture capable of detecting refractive-index changes associated with chikungunya virus infection. The study, published in Results in Optics by G. Arunachalam, A.R. Kalaiarasi, Giri.G. Hallur, and V. Parthasarathy, reports a numerically predicted sensitivity of 907 GHz per refractive-index unit, among the highest values reported for hybrid-material terahertz biosensors, and couples the electromagnetic design to an XGBoost machine-learning surrogate model that predicts sensor behavior with accuracies exceeding 99.8 percent.

Chikungunya virus is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA alphavirus transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. While mortality remains low, generally below 0.1 percent, the broader public health burden arises from severe polyarthralgia that can persist for months or even years in a substantial fraction of patients across tropical and subtropical regions. With no approved antiviral therapy or licensed vaccine currently available, diagnostic accuracy sits at the center of clinical management and transmission control. Yet existing diagnostic tools face significant practical constraints, particularly in point-of-care and field settings.

Serological methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay suffer from cross-reactivity with related alphaviruses, including Ross River and O’nyong-nyong viruses, reducing diagnostic specificity. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction offers high sensitivity during the acute phase but depends on laboratory infrastructure, trained personnel, and controlled sample handling. Virus isolation in cell culture provides confirmatory results but requires biosafety level-3 facilities and extended processing time. These limitations have motivated the search for rapid, label-free sensing approaches capable of operating at clinically relevant concentrations in decentralized environments.

The new work turns to the terahertz band, spanning roughly 0.1 to 10 THz, which lies between microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Terahertz radiation is non-ionising, with photon energies in the millielectronvolt range, allowing interaction with biological samples without causing ionising damage. Crucially, terahertz waves couple to low-frequency vibrational and rotational modes of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, producing measurable spectral features that support label-free detection. Because biological media including blood plasma and viral suspensions exhibit refractive-index variations in this domain, differences on the order of 0.01 to 0.02 refractive-index units can shift resonance frequency and field distribution when coupled to resonant sensing structures.

The proposed sensor is built around a periodically repeated square unit cell containing two identical square resonators, 2000 nanometers on a side, coated with tungsten disulfide—a two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide with strong light–matter interaction, high carrier mobility, and excellent dielectric confinement. This layer localizes the electric field in the sensing region and increases the interaction volume between the resonant field and the surrounding analyte. A pair of concentric circular rings, 3200 and 3800 nanometers in diameter and functionalized with MXene, surrounds the resonators, enhancing electromagnetic coupling, promoting efficient charge transport, and strengthening plasmonic interactions between resonator elements. An outer gold ring, 6000 nanometers in diameter, serves as the main plasmonic resonator supporting strong localized surface plasmon resonances with low optical loss. The entire multi-resonant assembly is embedded within a monolayer graphene sheet measuring 14,000 by 14,000 nanometers, which acts as a broadband absorber and a high-mobility charge transport medium whose electrically tunable chemical potential allows dynamic, active control of the resonance characteristics. Copper elements woven into the architecture provide supplementary conductive pathways that reinforce current distribution and coupling among the hybrid resonators. The structure rests on a silicon dioxide substrate, chosen for its low dielectric loss and mechanical robustness, which preserves the resonance quality factor.

The authors stress that the multilayer design is compatible with established microfabrication techniques. Fabrication would begin with a cleaned silicon dioxide substrate, followed by polymer-assisted transfer of monolayer graphene and thermal annealing. Gold and copper resonators can be deposited through electron-beam evaporation or magnetron sputtering with lift-off patterning, MXene rings through solution-based deposition, and the tungsten disulfide layer through chemical vapor deposition or thin-film transfer. With a unit-cell dimension of approximately 14 micrometers, the required feature sizes fall comfortably within conventional photolithography capabilities, and because fabrication imperfections remain far smaller than the operating terahertz wavelength, moderate tolerances are expected to have only limited influence on the electromagnetic response. For biosensing, the graphene surface could subsequently be functionalized with chikungunya-specific antibodies or aptamers using EDC/NHS or pyrene-based linker chemistries.

The electromagnetic modeling, performed in COMSOL Multiphysics, reveals a pronounced resonance at 0.355 THz, where electric-field simulations show the strongest and most spatially extensive enhancement. Varying the graphene chemical potential from 0.1 to 0.9 electronvolts produced dramatic modulation of the transmission contrast, which increased roughly 36-fold at the highest bias, from less than one percentage point to more than 27 percentage points, while peak transmission remained essentially unchanged above 98.6 percent. This asymmetric response—stable maxima paired with strongly modulated minima—arises because increasing chemical potential enhances graphene’s intraband conductivity, deepening resonant absorption through stronger light–matter interaction. The sensor also demonstrated remarkable angular robustness, maintaining peak transmittance above 97.8 percent across incident angles from 0 to 80 degrees, an important tolerance for realistic deployment where normal incidence cannot always be guaranteed.

Geometric optimization identified an outer circular resonator radius of 2500 nanometers and a square resonator side length of 2500 nanometers as the dimensions that maximize resonance strength, driving minimum transmittance down to approximately 65 to 67 percent and signifying optimal electromagnetic confinement within the active sensing region. When evaluated across refractive indices from 1.33 to 1.39, a range encompassing reported values for healthy plasma (approximately 1.35 RIU), healthy platelets (1.39 RIU), chikungunya-infected plasma (1.33 RIU), and infected platelets (1.38 RIU), the optimized configuration achieved a maximum sensitivity of 907 GHz/RIU, a figure of merit of 18.519 RIU⁻¹, a minimum detection limit of 0.061 RIU, a sensor resolution of 55.178, and a refractive-index resolution of 0.001 RIU. In comparative benchmarks against recently reported graphene- and hybrid-material-based terahertz biosensors—including graphene/copper/aluminum, graphene/silicon dioxide, MXene–graphene–black phosphorus, and graphene-integrated copper–silver designs—the proposed architecture’s sensitivity exceeded most published values, reflecting the synergistic field confinement produced by the five-material stack.

The machine-learning component addresses one of the central bottlenecks in metasurface development: the computational cost of repeated full-wave finite-element simulations during structural optimization. The team trained an XGBoost regressor, an ensemble method based on gradient-boosted decision trees, on simulation data covering incidence-angle variation and circular-ring dimension variation, using stratified sampling with 80 percent of data for training and 20 percent held out for independent testing, alongside five-fold cross-validation and grid-search hyperparameter optimization. The model captured more than 99.7 percent of response variance on unseen data, with mean absolute percentage errors below 0.162 percent and prediction accuracies from 99.838 to 99.959 percent. Acting as a computational surrogate, the trained model enables rapid interpolation across the design space without sacrificing the fidelity of the underlying electromagnetic model.

The authors are careful to frame the work as a computational proof-of-concept rather than an experimentally validated diagnostic. The sensor detects changes in the local dielectric environment surrounding the resonators, not viral particles or nucleic acids directly, and refractive-index sensing alone cannot intrinsically distinguish chikungunya from other viruses with similar dielectric properties. Analytical specificity in practice will depend on surface biofunctionalization with chikungunya-specific recognition molecules immobilized on the graphene or gold sensing surface. Future work will focus on device fabrication, biofunctionalization, calibration with reference refractive-index standards, experimental validation with clinically relevant plasma and platelet samples, and systematic evaluation of selectivity against related arboviruses—steps that would transform this numerically validated platform into a practical tool for rapid, label-free infectious disease diagnostics in the field.

In one of the most ambitious mapping efforts in the history of radio astronomy, China’s Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope — better known as FAST — has delivered a cosmic atlas of staggering proportions. The FASHI team, headquartered at the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC), has announced the second data release of the FAST All Sky HI Survey, published as a cover story in the journal Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. Just two years after the survey’s first data release catalogued 41,741 galaxies, the new edition explodes that figure to 156,411 extragalactic sources detected in neutral hydrogen — nearly a fourfold leap that firmly establishes FASHI as the largest census of atomic hydrogen gas in galaxies ever compiled.

The scale of the achievement is difficult to overstate. FASHI DR2 now spans roughly 19,500 square degrees of sky, equivalent to 47.3 percent of the entire celestial sphere, and reaches out to redshifts below z = 0.09 — distances of well over a billion light years. For comparison, the previous benchmark in this field, the ALFALFA survey conducted with the now-collapsed Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico, charted approximately 31,500 hydrogen-bearing galaxies across about 7,000 square degrees. FASHI DR2 has thus quintupled the galaxy count of its Arecibo predecessor while covering nearly three times the sky area, and it has done so with a sensitivity roughly 0.7 times deeper than ALFALFA’s, measured as a median noise level of 0.57 mJy per beam at a velocity resolution of 6.4 kilometers per second. In radio astronomy, lower numbers mean better sensitivity — and FASHI’s numbers are among the best ever achieved in a blind, wide-area survey.

The engine behind this performance is FAST itself. With its 500-meter dish nestled in the karst hills of Guizhou Province, the telescope remains the most sensitive single-dish radio instrument on Earth at the 21-centimeter wavelength of neutral hydrogen. The survey exploited a 19-beam receiver array, allowing the telescope to sweep the sky in an efficient drift-scan mode that turned routine transits of the sky above the dish into a torrent of data. Crucially, the instrument maintained exceptional stability across five full years of observing, from August 2020 through July 2025. In surveys of this kind, calibration drifts and instrumental fluctuations can quietly corrupt weak extragalactic signals; FAST’s long-term steadiness meant that faint hydrogen emission from distant galactic disks could be stacked, averaged and trusted.

Neutral hydrogen — the primordial fuel of star formation — is invisible to optical telescopes. The 21-centimeter spectral line, produced when the electron in a hydrogen atom flips its spin relative to the proton’s, provides the only direct tracer of the cold atomic gas from which galaxies build their stars. Detecting this feeble signal across cosmological distances requires both enormous collecting area and exquisite receiver stability. A blind HI survey, unlike targeted observations, simply listens to every direction on the sky and catalogs whatever whispers back, making it an unbiased inventory of gas-rich galaxies regardless of their optical brightness, dust content or morphology. That is precisely why such surveys are prized: they catch the dim, gas-dominated dwarfs and bloated hydrogen clouds that optical catalogs systematically miss.

To give the hydrogen detections physical meaning, the FASHI team cross-matched their radio catalog with the two great optical spectroscopic endeavors of the current era: the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. This cross-identification yielded precise optical counterparts for approximately 64,000 sources, anchoring the hydrogen detections to galaxies with measured distances, stellar masses and star-formation rates. From these matches the team constructed a completeness-corrected statistical sample of more than 109,000 galaxies — a sample robust enough to push fundamental measurements into territory previously beyond reach.

The flagship result of the release is a new measurement of the HI mass function, the statistical distribution describing how many galaxies of a given hydrogen mass populate the local universe. Thanks to the sheer sample size and FAST’s depth, the team extended the reliable measurement range of this function down to hydrogen masses of about one million solar masses — roughly 10 to the power 6.2 in solar mass units — a regime where only the faintest dwarf galaxies live. These smallest gas reservoirs are the building blocks of galaxy evolution, the raw material that hierarchically assembles larger systems, and their census has long been fragmentary. Equally striking is the derived cosmic density of neutral hydrogen: Ω_HI equals (4.71 ± 0.03 statistical ± 0.40 systematic) × 10⁻⁴ in units of h₇₀³ Mpc⁻³ dex⁻¹. The statistical uncertainty is a mere 0.6 percent — the most precise determination of the universe’s atomic hydrogen budget ever made at low redshift.

Why does such a number matter? The cosmic HI density tracks how much raw fuel exists for future star formation, and comparing its evolution across cosmic time constrains how galaxies acquire and exhaust their gas. Because atomic hydrogen sits at the interface between the intergalactic medium and the star-forming interstellar medium, its abundance is a sensitive probe of gas accretion onto dark matter halos and of the feedback processes that heat or expel gas from galaxies. Baryonic matter, after all, is hidden in far more places than stars: cold gas, warm gas, plasma in and around halos. A precision measurement of the hydrogen component anchors models of where ordinary matter resides within the cosmic web of dark matter.

The applications of the new catalog ripple far beyond that single number. For galaxy evolution studies, the 156,411 detections provide direct observational constraints on gas accretion, star formation feedback and galaxy transformation — the processes that turn blue, gas-rich spirals into passive red systems. For cosmology, the HI mass function tests galaxy formation models within the prevailing dark matter framework. For large-scale structure work, the survey complements optical galaxy catalogs to trace the so-called HI cosmic web, revealing how diffuse gas threads through filaments and pools in voids — architecture that optical surveys alone can only infer. The dataset will also aid gravitational-wave and transient science: rapid localization of the host galaxies of gravitational-wave events depends on accurate galaxy catalogs, and an inventory of hundreds of thousands of nearby galaxies sharpens those host identifications. Finally, FASHI serves as a pathfinder for the Square Kilometre Array, the giant interferometric observatory under construction in Australia and South Africa, providing benchmark samples against which next-generation interferometric surveys will calibrate their systems and select their targets.

The trajectory of the project tells its own story. When FASHI DR1 appeared, it broke ALFALFA’s long-standing record for the largest blind HI survey. With DR2, the team argues, FASHI has moved from record-breaking to benchmark-setting — a transition that observers of Chinese radio astronomy describe as the shift from follower to leader in 21-centimeter science. The cover of the journal issue reinforces the mood: a warm sunset scene evoking the faint 21-centimeter photons from distant galaxies arriving at FAST after journeys of billions of light years, messengers of the cold gas that permeates the universe.

The survey’s story is also one of institutional perseverance. The work is led by NAOC in collaboration with the Guizhou Radio Astronomical Observatory, the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, the CAS South America Center for Astronomy, Peking University and other partner institutions, with funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Sustained national investment in a single flagship instrument has now produced a dataset whose statistical power no other facility can currently match at these wavelengths.

The full FASHI DR2 source catalog has been released to the public through the FAST data portal, a decision that will likely seed hundreds of follow-up studies in the coming years, from targeted observations of hydrogen-rich dwarfs to statistical analyses of gas in galaxy groups and environmental studies of gas stripping in clusters. As the SKA era approaches, FASHI DR2 stands as both a scientific foundation and a demonstration: that a single dish, used patiently and precisely over five years, can still redraw the map of the gaseous universe. With nearly half the sky covered and a quarter of a million more square degrees potentially within reach, the question is no longer whether FAST will extend the hydrogen frontier, but how far.

The most detailed pictures of the sun ever taken have caught a surprising new feature. High-energy whirlpools, it seems, speckle the surface of our star.

The sun is a giant ball of superhot, electrically charged gas called plasma. The sun’s surface is unstable, the new images hint. That instability — the swirling plasma — could end up twisting the sun’s magnetic field. And that, in turn, could build up energy that later gets unleashed as a solar explosion.

This could explain why the sun occasionally flings out violent bursts of radiation. Known as solar flares, such outbursts shape space weather. They, in turn, can affect technology on and around Earth.

Researchers shared their new findings August 5 in Nature.  

Big telescope spies tiny details

The Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope sits near the summit of the Haleakalā volcano in Maui, Hawaii. The biggest solar telescope in the world, its 4-meter (13-foot) mirror captured the new images.

They show swirls of plasma across a patch of sun 19 kilometers (12 miles) wide. It’s a “level of detail that was simply invisible until now,” says David Kuridze. An astrophysicist, he works at the National Solar Observatory in Boulder, Colo.  

To get such a crisp view, Kuridze’s team had to fix blurring caused by Earth’s atmosphere. This removed distortions that would have ruined the images, says Leon Ofman. He works at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. An astrophysicist, he did not take part in the new study.

The new pictures brought highly magnetized regions on the sun’s surface into focus. There are millions of these regions, called solar magnetic elements. The borders between these elements churn with a special type of instability, Kuridze’s group found. It’s called the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, or KHI.  

A KHI occurs when two layers of fluid — such as plasma — move next to each other at different speeds. A small disruption in the balance of these two forces can cause curling motions. Those motions roll up into waves. 

Scientists have seen a KHI in some ocean waves and clouds on Earth. They’ve also spotted it in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the sun. But no one has ever seen it on the sun’s surface — until now. 

A KHI could turn energy from swirling plasma into the energy behind solar explosions. This helps explain how energy moves from inside the sun to its exterior, Ofman says, “affecting us on Earth and beyond.” 

Controlos deslocados para a lateral, duas páginas de ecrã principal, um novo modo standby e suporte inédito ao Apple Pencil. Saiba tudo o que a Apple mudou no iOS 27, a pensar na interface do ecrã dobrável do iPhone Duo.

The post iOS 27 e o iPhone Duo: Como a Apple redesenhou o sistema operativo para o seu primeiro dobrável appeared first on Tek Notícias.

Le 11 septembre 2001, le quotidien s’est gravé dans les mémoires : chacun ou presque se rappelle où il était, ce qu’il faisait. Frank Culbertson, lui, a vécu ce basculement en hauteur, dans l’espace.

A satellite has fired a Hall-effect thruster fueled by solid zinc in orbit for the first time, giving spacecraft designers a new option for electric propulsion.

Muon Space completed the test on July 1 aboard SERT-III, a dedicated propulsion test spacecraft. The mission tested the company’s Starlight propulsion system under real orbital conditions.

The thruster fired successfully on its first attempt. Telemetry matched ground-test predictions, while orbital tracking detected a measurable change in the spacecraft’s trajectory.

Zinc aims at xenon

Hall-effect thrusters have become a standard choice for efficient satellite propulsion. Most systems use xenon or krypton, which require high-pressure storage and add complexity to spacecraft designs.

Starlight takes a different approach. Its propellant comes as solid zinc, which remains stable at room temperature and does not need a pressurized tank.

That could simplify spacecraft integration and ground operations. Zinc also costs less than traditional noble-gas propellants and has a much broader supply base.

Those factors matter as satellite operators deploy larger constellations. Cutting propulsion hardware and propellant costs can become significant when the same system flies across dozens of spacecraft.

Muon says Starlight can support orbit raising, station keeping, and controlled deorbiting on small and medium-sized satellites.

The system also addresses a practical challenge that has followed electric propulsion for years. Satellite operators need efficient thrusters, but propulsion hardware must also fit tight spacecraft mass and integration constraints.

SERT-III tests hardware

Muon designed SERT-III specifically to examine how the propulsion system behaves in space. The spacecraft carried sensors to measure performance, spacecraft interactions, and material deposited by the thruster plume.

Ground testing had already established expected performance across different throttle levels and operating conditions. The orbital test provided a chance to see whether those results held up in microgravity.

They did. The thruster fed and vaporized zinc reliably during the firing, according to Muon. Tracking data also confirmed that the spacecraft experienced the expected thrust.

Engineers also watched for unwanted zinc deposition around the spacecraft. Thermoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance sensors detected less deposition near the thruster than conservative preflight models predicted.

That result gives engineers more data for understanding how zinc behaves after leaving the thruster. It should also help refine plume and contamination models for future spacecraft.

Muon CEO Jonny Dyer called the orbital firing a major milestone for electric propulsion. He said the company chose to acquire Starlight Propulsion because zinc could address persistent problems in the propulsion supply chain.

The test also avoided putting experimental hardware on a primary customer mission. SERT-III gave engineers a spacecraft dedicated to collecting propulsion data without placing another mission at risk.

Customer missions next

Muon now plans to incorporate the flight data into further development of Starlight. Engineers will focus on reliability, manufacturing, and plume management as the system moves toward production.

The company expects its current-generation thruster to reach customer spacecraft before the end of 2026. Muon is also developing a larger second-generation system. It plans to test Gen2 in orbit during the first quarter of 2027.

That version will target larger spacecraft and could expand zinc-based Hall propulsion beyond the smaller satellite market. If the upcoming tests confirm the early results, solid-metal propellant could become a practical alternative for more commercial spacecraft.

The European Space Agency is moving "full steam ahead" with development of a robotic mission to Venus after NASA officials determined they were unlikely to fulfill a commitment to provide a US-built radar instrument for the spacecraft, the mission's project scientist said.

The European orbiter, named Envision, will map the Venusian surface at 10 times higher resolution than the last radar mission sent to Venus by NASA in the 1990s. The planet is enshrouded in a blanket of thick clouds of sulfuric acid, rendering its mysterious surface unseen by optical cameras in orbit. Radar is the most effective way to penetrate the clouds of Venus to reveal the terrain below, and scientists will use Envision to look for signs of active volcanism.

NASA and ESA signed a memorandum of understanding in 2024 outlining their partnership on Envision. NASA agreed to supply a US-made synthetic aperture radar instrument, Envision's primary means of mapping the surface of Venus, along with providing tracking and communications support through NASA's Deep Space Network. In exchange, ESA would include US researchers on Envision's science team. Europe would build the Envision spacecraft and the rest of its science instruments and provide the launch on an Ariane 6 rocket.

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The European Space Agency is moving "full steam ahead" with development of a robotic mission to Venus after NASA officials determined they were unlikely to fulfill a commitment to provide a US-built radar instrument for the spacecraft, the mission's project scientist said.

The European orbiter, named Envision, will map the Venusian surface at 10 times higher resolution than the last radar mission sent to Venus by NASA in the 1990s. The planet is enshrouded in a blanket of thick clouds of sulfuric acid, rendering its mysterious surface unseen by optical cameras in orbit. Radar is the most effective way to penetrate the clouds of Venus to reveal the terrain below, and scientists will use Envision to look for signs of active volcanism.

NASA and ESA signed a memorandum of understanding in 2024 outlining their partnership on Envision. NASA agreed to supply a US-made synthetic aperture radar instrument, Envision's primary means of mapping the surface of Venus, along with providing tracking and communications support through NASA's Deep Space Network. In exchange, ESA would include US researchers on Envision's science team. Europe would build the Envision spacecraft and the rest of its science instruments and provide the launch on an Ariane 6 rocket.

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A yeast-based material turns Mars’s hostile environment into part of the construction process.

This could be another Sputnik moment. Only this time the finger is pointed at China instead of the USSR.

Ancient meteorite minerals reveal a surprisingly strong magnetic field from the solar system’s first 200,000 years. About 4.6 billion years ago, before the Sun and planets existed in their familiar forms, the solar system was a vast cloud of gas and dust. Within a few million years, this “solar nebula” collapsed and flattened into a [...]

Thomas Pesquet deviendra en juillet 2027 le premier européen à commander une mission spatiale dans un véhicule étatsunien. Ce sera à l'occasion de la mission privée PAM-1, ce qui préfigure ce à quoi pourrait ressembler le spatial dans un avenir proche. Pour le meilleur et pour le pire.

Chang’e-6 samples suggest the Moon’s two very different sides may have formed when uneven heating drove magma from one hemisphere to the other. The Moon presents two dramatically different faces. Its Earth-facing hemisphere is rich in dark volcanic plains, while the farside is dominated by older highlands and a much thicker crust. New analyses of [...]

Astronomers once thought winds generated by supermassive black holes affected only their host galaxies, but a recent study found that their energy can also reach surrounding galaxies. Winds from a supermassive black hole can carry energy far beyond the galaxy that contains it. New observations show that this influence can extend roughly 300,000 light-years and [...]

In order to survive, the first humans to reach Mars will immediately need a safe and reliable place to set up shop. But building on Earth’s neighbor is immensely more challenging than construction projects at home. The Martian surface is a practically airless vacuum, constantly bombarded with radiation, and regularly reaches temperatures as low as -81 degrees Fahrenheit.

However, there is a very specific process on Earth that approximates similar conditions to the Red Planet: freeze-drying. According to researchers at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the same method used to preserve perishable foods could also inspire sturdy and even recyclable 3D-printed houses on Mars. The secret ingredients? Everyday gelatin and yeast. The novel approach is detailed in a study published today in the journal Chem Circularity.

“My inspiration came from freeze-dried fruits that become harder. So I asked myself if we can take advantage of that and make some materials,” Jishen Qiu, a study co-author and civil engineer, said in a statement.

The combination of materials are simple: sand and an adhesive binder. Since gluing tiny rocks together requires specialized stickiness, Qiu’s team invented a new concoction from gelatin and lab engineered yeast. When mixed, the yeast microbes become coated with adhesive proteins similar to those used by mussels to anchor on stones underwater. The goop is then extruded through a 3D printer nozzle into an extremely cold, low-pressure environment, where it solidifies as the water instantly freezes and converts from ice to vapor. The final result is a light, porous, foam-like material that remains very resilient.

“This is actually strong enough to build a one- or two-story building on Earth—whose gravity is three times that of Mars,” explained Qiu. “So, you can probably easily build a multistory building on Mars with the material.”

Qiu and his collaborators know they must first start small before expanding to Martian neighborhoods. Their prototype domes are only about the size of a wine cork at this point, but their compressive strength is comparable to low-grade concrete.

Engineers have experimented with 3D-printed structures to use on the moon and Mars for years, but many of these still require steps like melting down rocks or lunar regolith. These methods usually require a lot of extra energy, which may limit their utility. Qiu’s technique requires comparatively little energy, although he admits it’s still unclear if yeasts can withstand life on Mars. That said, the team’s early results are a promising step towards simple, efficient, and sturdy buildings beyond Earth. If nothing else, yeast also lends itself to trial-and-error.

“As long as there’s one yeast that’s still alive, you can grow them again,” added Qiu.

The post Mars astronauts could live in houses 3D-printed from freeze-dried yeast appeared first on Popular Science.

Sur Mars, transporter des tonnes de matériaux depuis la Terre serait extrêmement coûteux. Pour construire sur place, des chercheurs explorent donc des matériaux capables d'utiliser les ressources martiennes… et même des organismes vivants, comme la levure !

Yesterday, Apple unveiled iPhone Duo, much to the dismay of the dozens of die-hard Surface Duo fans that opted for Microsoft's now defunct line of foldable phones. Of course, the name of the product was what drew immediate comparisons to Surface Duo, but as the keynote went on, it quickly became evident that it isn't just the name that Apple was interested in.

Ever since Surface Duo launched in 2020, I have heralded it as the best multitasking phone you could buy. No other folding phone, whether that be from Samsung, Huawei, Oppo, Honor, Xiaomi, or Google, have matched the Surface Duo from a pure multitasking perspective.

The dual-screen setup allowed for Microsoft to create a new user experience around the gap between the screens, and that led to a unique experience that made multitasking automatic. Open your app on one screen, and the other screen would remain on the home screen, available whenever you need it to begin another task.

If the second screen was free, opening links would open them on the other screen, allowing you to keep viewing the first app without it being obscured by your browser. You could swipe up from the bottom and drag the app across both screens, swapping them in place or spanning a single app across both screens for a totally immersive experience.

No other folding phone has ever matched this level of fluidity or multitasking prowess. Most single-screen folding phones opt to treat the large folding screen as a tablet screen, opening apps full screen and requiring gestures or modes to enter a special "multitasking view" that allows you to run the apps side by side. The OS isn't able to dynamically do this, unlike the Surface Duo.

Well, it turns out, iPhone Duo can. I've never seen another folding phone match the Surface Duo's multitasking design, but iPhone Duo does almost identically. In multiple demos, Apple shows the iPhone Duo opening an app, and letting users split it side by side with another app by dragging the app up and docking it to the left or right of the screen.

When you do this, the iPhone home screen appears on the other side, just like Surface Duo. From there, you can open another app, and swap sides with it by doing the same drag and drop gesture you do on Surface Duo. It even opens links in a browser next to your app automatically, just like Surface Duo.

Surface Duo had a lot of flaws, but one thing it got absolutely right was the fluidity and automagic-ness of its multitasking experience. Users were in control of where apps appeared, and it was easy to move apps between the two halves, and have them run side by side. In most instances, multitasking on Surface Duo was an automatic experience. I never had to cognitively initiate a multitasking mode, it automatically happened.

It looks like iPhone Duo is opting for the same design philosphy. User shouldn't need to initiate a complex gesture or mode to multitask. It should just happen when it makes the most sense. If you need to open an app next to your currently open one, just drag the app to the side and open the second app from your familiar home screen.

If you tap a link, it should open the browser next to your current app, not on top of it like so many other Android phones do. Both Surface Duo and iPhone Duo appear to do this correctly, and that's the biggest surprise in my book. It's not just the name Duo that Apple borrowed, it's the entire multitasking design ethos as well.

You can see this in action in this video:

I'm not even mad about it, I've always said that I wish another company built the Surface Duo, because it wasn't fair of Microsoft to debut the best multitasking experience I'd ever seen on a phone, only to kill the product two years later. Apple has taken the best of Surface Duo and implemented it onto its own iPhone Duo, which is a win for Surface Duo fans in my book.

And it's not just the software multitasking and windowing that Apple have copied. iPhone Duo also supports pen, another feature that was incredibly popular on Surface Duo. Many people used their Surface Duo's as a personal diary or note taking device, and it did that quite well. iPhone Duo also supports pen input via the Apple Pencil, which is awesome to see.

I think Apple even indirectly referenced the Surface Duo during their keynote. At the start of the iPhone Duo segment, Apple says "others have created foldables that just feel like two phones awkwardly stuck together." The only folding phone that was literally two phone screens stuck together was Surface Duo.

Apple is right in that you can mimic the setup of a dual-screen phone 100% on a single screen folding phone, and that's exactly what they've done with iPhone Duo. All the dual-screen multitasking behaviors have been implemented on the folding screen, and it still works great.

Surface Duo fans, I fear we may finally have our Surface Duo 3 in the form of iPhone Duo. Too bad it costs $2,000.

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Apple didn't shock the world this week by unveiling the iPhone Duo, but it has taken the tech world by storm. With Apple joining the folding phone fray, we now have millions of people considering foldables that never would have considered the category.

With the iPhone Duo sharing so much with the Surface Duo, it's natural to make comparisons. Our Zac Bowden explained what went wrong with Surface Duo and highlighted Apple copying the names of Surface products.

But the iPhone Duo announcement stood out to me for another reason. It shows what happens when a company knows its own identity and leans into it. Apple is far from the first company to make a foldable phone, but the iPhone Duo tackles foldables in a way that's quintessentially Apple.

In normal Apple fashion, the company bided its time and waited for Samsung, Motorola, Xiaomi, and other companies to work out the biggest issues with foldables. Through years of trial and error, other manufacturers have determined the best form factor for a folding phone. They've also figured out use cases for folding screens and the large displays provided by what are essentially tablets that fold into phones at this point.

Apple's patient approach does more than give its engineers real-world feedback about a product category. By waiting until foldables became normal, Apple has left potentially the most difficult task to be completed by other companies: getting people to even consider a folding phone that costs a fortune.

Every time Apple introduces a new product or feature that's been seen elsewhere, people online joke about Apple "inventing" things. I get it. It's an easy joke and some Apple heads are smug and ignore advances made by other companies. But Apple's strategy works. In addition to making Apple money hand over fist, it creates good products.

Apple knows what it is. The leaders at Apple have a clear strategy and know how to make new products. Microsoft is lost when it comes to Surface, and the iPhone Duo shows that.

Before you jump to the comments, I am fully aware that Microsoft had a foldable phone years before Apple. The buggy mess that was the Surface Duo launched in 2020. After silently fixing a few bugs and realizing people want NFC and good cameras in a smartphone, Microsoft unveiled the Surface Duo 2. But Microsoft abandoned the Surface Duo lineup and never even released the Surface Duo 3, so I'm not going to give it the benefit of the doubt.

By not sticking with the Surface Duo lineup, Microsoft gave up its pioneer status. The company could have made a Surface Duo 3 that addressed concerns and then unveiled a model with a folding screen by now. But instead, Surface Duo is dusted.

When it comes to tech, you need to carve out a niche. That's often done by being the first, the best, or the most affordable. You can also succeed by being unique or by being over the top. Surface used to check some of these boxes, but it rarely does anymore.

What is Surface in 2026? It's no longer the innovative hardware maker that drove the 2-in-1 form factor. Experimental projects have been pushed to the wayside, leaving Lenovo to pick up the slack. Surface PCs were never the most affordable, and I'd argue they aren't even the best options in their respective categories anymore.

Microsoft has shown some small signs of moving in the right direction with the Surface Laptop Ultra, but I still have my reservations. Surface still seems lost, and I don't see Microsoft returning to the experimental roots of the product family.

Microsoft no longer pushes the limits of computing with experimental hardware. But it also does not wait long enough to see a category fully mature and then swoop in with a perfected version. Surface is stuck in the middle of a crowded PC space and feels like a leftover appendage of a bloated company.

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