Solar system simulations starting from varied initial conditions suggest that Earth-like planets can emerge naturally from planet formation. Computer simulations of planetary systems can now begin from thousands of different starting conditions, allowing researchers to explore how worlds might emerge without assuming the final outcome. Over the past three decades, these models have advanced from [...]
Researchers developed a model showing how lava-covered planets close to their stars can hold onto their atmospheres, which could help guide the search for life beyond our solar system. Some planets orbit so close to their stars that intense radiation should strip away their atmospheres. Yet several of these scorching, lava-covered worlds still retain thick [...]
An analysis of 75 meteorite falls identified seven distinct processes that occur as space rocks melt, break apart, and slow down before reaching the ground. A space rock entering Earth’s atmosphere does far more than simply “burn up.” By examining 75 meteorite falls recorded in videos and photographs, researchers identified seven distinct stages that shape [...]
The oldest known solids in the solar system contain evidence that the protoplanetary disc that went on to form the planets around our Sun experienced a magnetic field stronger than the field on Earth today, new research suggests. Study of inclusions in a primordial meteorite called a carbonaceous chondrite indicates that magnetism needs to be considered in simulations of planet formation, and may even be the dominant factor.
When planetary systems condense, they initially form high-temperature molecular nebulae. These later cool and accrete into planets surrounding central stars – which, at some point, begin to undergo nuclear fusion. Even before this happens, however, the gas is highly ionized. “A good portion of the ionization is coming from the molecular cloud itself,” explains planetary scientist Cauê Borlina of Purdue University. “It’s a combination of radiation from space and high temperature.”
In any ionized system there is the potential for magnetic fields, but simulations of disc formation often take no account of them, partly as they remain poorly constrained: “It’s a lot easier to just crank up the gravity and use that as a way to match the accretion rate,” says Borlina.
The new study from Borlina and colleagues in the US, China and the UK provides an unprecedented peek at fields in the terrestrial planet-forming region in the first 500,000 years of the Solar System’s existence – before the Earth had formed – using calcium-aluminium-rich inclusions. These are the oldest known solar system solids, comprising minerals with extremely high melting points that are inclined to condense early. “It is very unlikely to get them at later stages,” says Borlina. Previous researchers have confirmed their ages using isotopic dating.
Millions of years after these inclusions formed, they agglomerated with other protoplanetary material into planetesimals, some of which went on to form planets. Planetary scientists think the remaining material accreted to form the chondrites – which astronomers distinguish into several different types depending on their chemical composition. When they fall to Earth as chondrite meteorites, therefore, they provide a valuable glimpse into the solar system’s raw material.
Carbonaceous chondrites hold particular interest as they are thought to have the most primitive chemical compositions of all meteorites. The researchers studied calcium-aluminium inclusions in the 667 g Dominion Range 08006 carbonaceous chondrite discovered in Antarctica in 2008. Such inclusions had, until around 2010, been thought to contain no magnetic minerals. Borlina and colleagues, however, found that some – although not all – of the inclusions contained nanometre-scale amounts of ferromagnetic iron-nickel.
The researchers measured the thermoremanent magnetization of these iron-nickel grains (the field strength they experienced at the time when they cooled down through their “Curie temperature”, thereby fixing their own magnetism). In theory, this could be achieved by heating the sample above the Curie temperature, which for iron-nickel is about 1050 K, and measuring the field required to demagnetize it. Unfortunately, says Borlina, heating meteorites up in the laboratory tends to oxidize the materials extremely quickly, making reliably calibrated experiments very difficult.
Instead, the researchers used an established method called anhysteric remanent magnetization, concluding that the inclusions were exposed to fields of 150–600 µT when they cooled through the Curie temperature (the field on Earth today is around 30–60 µT). “This is good evidence that…you can’t just ignore magnetic fields,” says Borlina. “They need to be present in your simulations.”
The researchers are now studying other carbonaceous chondrites and other types of chondrite meteorites – some of which are thought to have formed in different regions of the protoplanetary disc – hoping to gain a fuller picture of how magnetism shapes disc evolution. “The idea was to put it out there that there’s this new inclusion that might hold magnetic carriers, and there’s a lot of work to be done,” says Borlina.
Meenakshi Wadhwa of University of California, San Diego – who formerly directed the Center for Meteorite Studies at Arizona State University – describes the work as “genuinely significant”. First, she says, it provides the first definitive paleomagnetic signal from a carbonaceous chondrite. Second, the estimated field is multiple times previous estimates.
“Yes, the sample size is small (five inclusions from a single chondrite), but I think the authors make a reasonably solid argument for their conclusions,” she says. The next step, she concludes, “is to measure inclusions from other chondrite groups to see if the signal is reproducible, and to test whether it’s a real nebular record versus something very localized, specific to DOM 08006 or the carbonaceous chondrite reservoir. Beyond that…pinning down when and where inclusions acquired their magnetization will also be important.”
The research is published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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After nearly eight years and billions of kilometers of travel, BepiColombo -- a science mission led by ESA in close collaboration with JAXA -- has begun its long-awaited arrival at the smallest and innermost planet in our Solar System.
The post BepiColombo Begins Final Approach to Mercury appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
The BepiColombo mission cleared a major milestone this week in the final stretch of an eight-year interplanetary voyage to Mercury, the hard-to-reach, scorching hot iron world at the Solar System's innermost frontier.
The robotic science mission, with a price tag of nearly $2 billion, is led by the European Space Agency with contributions from Japan and the United States. Since its launch in 2018, BepiColombo has spiraled closer to the Sun using a combination of plasma propulsion and a series of flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury. The maneuvers changed the spacecraft's velocity and steered it toward a final encounter with Mercury later this year.
Next time it reaches Mercury, BepiColombo will be traveling at just the right speed for the planet's gravity to capture the spacecraft into orbit. Scientists working on interplanetary missions are accustomed to long waits for scientific payoffs. It took nearly 10 years for NASA's New Horizons spacecraft to travel from Earth to Pluto. It turns out traveling to fleet-footed Mercury and then entering orbit requires more energy, or delta-v, than sending a probe to fly by Pluto.
© ESA/ATG medialab and NASA/JPL
A planned flagship spacecraft to Uranus was aiming to use Jupiter for a gravitational boost to shorten its journey to the outer solar system. Now that the mission’s launch date has been pushed back, it’ll need to find another way to its target.
Uranus and Neptune, the ice giants of our solar system, have been comparatively neglected by humanity’s fleet of interplanetary probes. While all of the other major bodies have been visited by at least an orbiter or even a lander, the most detailed exploration we’ve done of these two planets happened when the Voyager 2 spacecraft went screaming past on its way toward interstellar space.
Schematics of different trajectories within the solar system. Left: The path the Galileo spacecraft took to Jupiter. This path arrived nearly parallel to the planet’s motion. Right: One of the proposed paths to Uranus. This path will intersect the planet’s orbit at a much steeper angle to shorten the flight time. Click to enlarge. [Simon et al. 2026]
Getting these spacecraft to their destination will be a challenge The thriftiest path to get to Uranus, a trajectory called a Hohmann transfer that’s been used for other missions aimed elsewhere in the solar system, would take 16–17 years. Rather than accept the long wait, the original authors suggested that the mission instead fly toward Jupiter, using the giant planet’s massive gravitational tug to slingshot the spacecraft toward Uranus.
However, this plan relied on Jupiter being in just the right place when the spacecraft approached. This in turn relied on the mission launching sometime in 2031 or 2032: any earlier or later, the slingshot would be aimed in the wrong direction. Now that timelines and budgets have slipped for this flagship mission, hitting this launch window seems unlikely. And, without the boost from Jupiter, the mission will have to cross 20 au of open interplanetary space on its own.
Several proof-of-concept designs for the mission’s SEP components. How these designs would be packaged into a rocket fairing for launch is shown at right. Click to enlarge. [Simon et al. 2026]
The power levels would likely get too low just a few astronomical units into their journey, but that would be enough: after discarding the SEP stage, the mission could coast to Uranus on a journey that would take only 13 years. Even better, this technology has a proven flight history and would require little maturation or development. The BepiColombo mission to Mercury is currently using SEP, and similar techniques are used on satellites in Earth orbit today.
Simon and collaborators also took on a number of other challenges that have cropped up since the mission was proposed, including fewer available plutonium power sources and a re-assessment of Uranus’s rings that revealed hazards in the original flight path. Their work brings the mission closer to the launch pad and illustrates how much iteration goes into the spacecraft that finally takes to the stars.
“Uranus Orbiter and Probe: Mission Challenges and Concept Updates Since the Origins, Worlds, and Life Decadal Survey,” Amy A. Simon et al 2026 Planet Sci. J. 7 143. doi:10.3847/PSJ/ae680c
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For the first time in more than 30 years, NASA has no firm plans to send any new landers or rovers to Mars. Instead, the agency's near-term focus at the red planet is on aerial drones, a pioneering mode of exploration that didn't seem realistic until a few years ago.
The first real use of drones for science at Mars will come with the SkyFall mission, a fleet of three helicopters set for launch as soon as late 2028. SkyFall's helicopters will ride to the red planet with NASA's Space Reactor-1 "Freedom" mission, which has the primary objective of demonstrating nuclear electric propulsion in deep space.
The launch schedule is aggressive for SR-1 Freedom and SkyFall, projects that didn't even exist in NASA's portfolio six months ago. NASA's plan for the SR-1 Freedom mission, estimated to cost $2.1 billion, calls for repurposing the core module of the canceled Gateway lunar space station into a testbed for nuclear electric propulsion. SkyFall will build on NASA's success with the Ingenuity helicopter, an experimental vehicle that became the first rotorcraft to fly on another world in 2021.
© AeroVironment
For the first time in more than 30 years, NASA has no firm plans to send any new landers or rovers to Mars. Instead, the agency's near-term focus at the red planet is on aerial drones, a pioneering mode of exploration that didn't seem realistic until a few years ago.
The first real use of drones for science at Mars will come with the SkyFall mission, a fleet of three helicopters set for launch as soon as late 2028. SkyFall's helicopters will ride to the red planet with NASA's Space Reactor-1 "Freedom" mission, which has the primary objective of demonstrating nuclear electric propulsion in deep space.
The launch schedule is aggressive for SR-1 Freedom and SkyFall, projects that didn't even exist in NASA's portfolio six months ago. NASA's plan for the SR-1 Freedom mission, estimated to cost $2.1 billion, calls for repurposing the core module of the canceled Gateway lunar space station into a testbed for nuclear electric propulsion. SkyFall will build on NASA's success with the Ingenuity helicopter, an experimental vehicle that became the first rotorcraft to fly on another world in 2021.
© AeroVironment
Author: Richard de Grijs, Professor of Astrophysics, Macquarie University
How do you explore a place where the Sun never shines? China’s space programme will soon embark on one of the most innovative lunar exploration missions in recent years.
We’ve known for nearly two decades that some form of water exists on the Moon. What we still don’t know is exactly how much accessible water ice lies inside permanently shadowed craters, how deeply it is buried or what form it takes.
What we do know is that accessing that water ice will be a real challenge: it is found at the bottom of deep, hard-to-traverse craters where the Sun never shines, remaining untouched for billions of years at temperatures well below –200°C. These are among the most valuable places on the Moon, but the hardest to reach and explore.
Lunar exploration has come a long way since the Soviet Union’s Luna-1 probe reached the Moon’s vicinity in January 1959. The Apollo missions and their successors showed the challenge is no longer simply to reach the Moon. It is to explore places human and conventional rovers cannot easily go, and ultimately determine whether the Moon itself can provide some of the resources that future explorers will need.
China has spent two decades building an increasingly ambitious lunar exploration programme, named after Chang’e, the ancient Chinese goddess of the Moon. The Chang’e-7 mission is expected to set course for our celestial neighbour later this month, although a recent failure involving a different Chinese rocket has introduced some uncertainty over the launch date. Here’s what makes this latest mission so interesting.
The mission will test several novel approaches to lunar exploration. It will consist of an orbiter, a lander, a rover and a hopper.
In addition, the Queqiao-2 lunar relay satellite is already in place. Launched separately in March 2024, it subsequently supported the Chang’e-6 mission and will facilitate communication between Earth and the lunar surface during the Chang’e-7 mission.
We don’t know precisely where the mission will land, but a site on or near an illuminated ridge close to the Shackleton crater in the Lunar South Pole’s Aitken region is a prime candidate.
The hopper will be the mission’s real star. Unlike a wheeled rover, it’s designed to leap over broken terrain and descend into craters where sunlight never reaches, places conventional vehicles may simply be unable to enter.
Adding it to the mission makes sense, given the steep crater walls, broken terrain, permanent shadow and the need for autonomous navigation and communications.
Chinese scientists won’t be looking for signs of water; we already have compelling evidence for lunar polar water. The question at the mission’s core is where exactly that water is located, in what form and concentration, and whether it could realistically be accessed.
This marks a transition from simply exploring the Moon to determining whether its resources can actually be used.
Other nations are similarly interested in addressing that same question. The United States is pursuing the same longer-term objective of making sustained lunar operations possible. Although NASA will be confronted by the same physical problems, the American space agency has opted for a different solution.
Chang’e-7 is a coordinated state mission whose elements have been designed around a single, specific objective and which can use the already operational Queqiao-2 infrastructure.
NASA, by contrast, is deliberately trying something different: building a lunar marketplace through its Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) programme. The agency buys lunar delivery, mobility and technology services from companies that own and operate their own spacecraft.
NASA currently has 17 contracted deliveries carrying more than 60 instruments.
And the American effort has already yielded useful experience: Intuitive Machines’ IM-2 mission, Athena, attempted strikingly similar undertakings to Chang’e-7. It carried a drill and mass spectrometer looking for volatiles, a small hopping vehicle intended to explore difficult terrain and an experimental mobile communications network. However, the lander fell over at the landing site and was powered down just one day after arriving.
In essence, the destination dictates the problems; different space programmes are experimenting with different ways to resolve them.
Finding lunar resources is only the first step. Chang’e-7 will attempt to determine where useful lunar resources are found near the Moon’s South Pole and characterise their nature.
Chang’e-8, slated for potential launch in 2028, will move towards demonstrating how they might actually be used.
Crewed exploration will likely follow, culminating in the construction of the International Lunar Research Station, jointly led by the China National Space Administration and Russia’s Roscosmos space agency.
On the other side of the Pacific, the CLPS will feed technology and science into the broader NASA-led Artemis programme, which the agency explicitly describes as laying the foundation for sustained lunar exploration.
Ultimately, the lunar South Pole doesn’t care which flag is on a spacecraft. Any explorer entering its permanently shadowed craters faces the same darkness, severe cold, broken terrain and communications problems.
Getting to the Moon was one of the great technological challenges of the 20th century. Learning how to live and work there may be one of the great challenges of the 21st.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Original article.
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NASA has declared “wrenches down” on the first completed payload designed for Artemis astronauts to deploy on the Moon’s surface. Engineers working on NASA’s Lunar Environment Monitoring Station, or LEMS, have completed hardware development and testing and the payload is ready for its permanent home near the lunar South Pole. With the hardware complete, LEMS is ready to support one of the Artemis program’s core goals: enabling sustained lunar science and exploration.
The LEMS instrument package contains two highly sensitive seismometers that will monitor ground vibrations from moonquakes and meteorite impacts, providing scientists with insights into the Moon’s interior and the seismic hazards astronauts might encounter at the surface. Its modular design allows the system to be adapted or expanded to host new instruments in the future, creating a reusable platform that can evolve as scientific priorities grow.
The payload will remain in a clean room at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, where it was built, until it is assigned to an Artemis mission for deployment to the lunar surface.
“The completion of the LEMS scientific instrument is a major step in a new era of lunar surface science. Innovative science experiments will uncover, measure, and reveal the Moon’s secrets while astronauts open new frontiers for discovery,” said Joel Kearns, deputy associate administrator for exploration, Science Mission Directorate, NASA Headquarters in Washington. “And, behind the scenes, countless teams across NASA and our partners are pushing the boundaries of what surface instruments can do, building the tools that will make future exploration possible and safer.”
The LEMS payload builds on a legacy of lunar seismic tracking. Apollo astronauts deployed a network of seismometers on the Moon’s nearside equatorial region between 1969 and 1972. Those instruments operated until 1977, recording about 13,000 moonquakes and other ground vibrations that helped scientists begin to understand the composition of the Moon’s interior. For decades, researchers have hoped to spread more seismometers, updated with new technologies, across the lunar surface.
Now, LEMS will carry the first seismometers to be deployed by future astronauts to listen for faint ground vibrations, collecting new clues to the Moon’s internal structure and ongoing seismic activity. The sensors will be the most compact, sensitive, and energy-efficient seismometers ever built for planetary exploration.
LEMS itself is about the size of a small suitcase, weighing 11 pounds in the Moon’s low-gravity environment. It will carry not just these seismic sensors, but everything it needs to function independently of humans after deployment. LEMS is built to manage its own power production via a lightweight, flexible solar array that conforms to the shape of the LEMS unit. It also will manage its operational activities to ensure continuous data collection based on a preset plan, and monthly data transmission to Earth. The payload will do all this while maintaining a stable internal temperature throughout the massive day-to-night temperature swings of the South Pole region.
“When we conceived of LEMS, we weren’t just thinking about the next mission, we were thinking about the next generation of lunar exploration,” said Mehdi Benna, a University of Maryland Baltimore County scientist who leads LEMS from NASA Goddard. “Our vision was to create a scientific buoy for the Moon. Like an ocean buoy on Earth, LEMS is designed to be easy to build, adaptable to different scientific objectives, and capable of operating independently for years.”
Before any surface science could happen, Benna and his team had to ensure that LEMS could survive the trip to the Moon and the harsh environment of its surface. Over the past five months, LEMS and its components have been subjected to a demanding series of environmental and operational tests. Engineers verified LEMS can endure the violent shaking of launch, the journey to the lunar surface, and the Moon’s temperature and radiation environment. The team also showed that the instrument package’s mechanical and electrical design is safe for astronaut handling.
The LEMS payload was built to operate through the lunar night, which lasts two Earth weeks, without external power assistance or a heat source. Past lunar surface instruments relied on radioisotope heaters for warmth and power. But LEMS instead will withstand temperatures that dip to minus 400 degrees Fahrenheit in some areas by using advanced insulation materials, low-thermal-conductivity cables that minimize heat loss, and a thermal regulator that conducts heat away during the day to prevent overheating and helps retain heat at night.
These innovations reduce mass and power needs, setting the stage for lighter, energy-efficient instruments that can operate continuously at future Artemis landing sites and the NASA-led Moon Base.
The LEMS payload is led by University of Maryland Baltimore County and University of Maryland College Park. Technical implementation is led by NASA Goddard. The University of Arizona, in partnership with Silicon Audio, Inc., supplied LEMS’ two state-of-the-art seismometers. Morehead State University in Kentucky provided LEMS’ telecommunication system and will operate the instrument on the surface. Washington University in St. Louis will manage the instrument’s data processing and dissemination to the larger scientific community.
NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission has notched up its first discovery of an exoplanet via a method known as microlensing. The planet is a “super Jupiter” known as Gaia23bra b, and TESS observed it when the planet and its host star acted as a gravitational lens, magnifying the light from a second, more distant background star.
Astronomers have several ways of finding planets beyond our solar system. The most successful of these by far – and the one that TESS was designed for – is the transit method, which is responsible for roughly 75% of all exoplanet detections to date. This approach relies on observing the periodic dimming of a star’s light as a planet passes between the star and an observer here on Earth.
The transit method does have limitations, however. The main limitation is that we can see transits for only a small number of planets, namely those with orbital planes that are almost exactly edge-on to Earth. An alternative approach known as photometric microlensing is somewhat more flexible in this respect, as it relies on the star-planet system magnifying the light from a background star, which is known as the source. This magnification occurs because the gravitational pull of the planet-star system warps space, bending and magnifying the source’s light (as Albert Einstein predicted as part of his general theory of relativity) like a lens and producing characteristic spikes in its brightness.
Astronomers initially identified a planet in the Gaia23bra system using observations made in 2023 by the European Space Agency’s now-retired Gaia space telescope. However, while Gaia picked up the unexpected brightening of a background star, it did not identify this event as coming from a binary-star system, and it could not pick out the planet itself because its observations were too sparse, explains Mallory Harris, an astronomer at the University of New Mexico, US who led the TESS study.
In the new work, Harris and colleagues scoured TESS data from the same period. Because TESS’ observations were much denser – it observed the region every 200 seconds for nearly 60 days – they were able to identify extra features in the brightness of the light curve that indicated the presence of a planet in the system. Subsequent analyses revealed that this planet is about 1.63 times the size of Jupiter, and it orbits its host – an orange dwarf star 20% smaller than our Sun – at a distance similar to that of Jupiter from our Sun.
The transit technique is particularly sensitive to planets that orbit close to their star because these planets are the most likely to transit and block out most of their host stars’ light as they pass in front of them. In contrast, Harris explains that microlensing is most sensitive to planets orbiting at Earth-like distances or further from their stars, making it better for studying planetary systems more like our own solar system. “With microlensing, we can find smaller planets with greater orbital distances, including worlds in the habitable zone of their star and even farther away,” she says.
The transit technique and microlensing are therefore complementary because each reveals a category of planet that the other may not be able to detect, adds team member Diana Dragomir. The only problem, Harris notes, is that microlensing observations are limited-time opportunities. “Microlensing events happen once and they’re gone – they don’t repeat,” Harris says. “I like to joke that we’ll probably find the first Earth analogue with microlensing and then wave at it as it goes by because we’ll never see it again.”
That said, Harris says that Gaia23bra will be an important observing target for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. “Microlensing is currently the only method capable of detecting Earth‑mass planets at Earth‑like orbital distances,” she explains. “We already knew that this technique could find planets, because it has done so in the past using ground-based observatories.
“What we demonstrated in this work is that high-cadence observations (even with low spatial precision) and high-precision long-baseline observations can work together to find a microlensing planet. And that it is possible to specifically do this by pairing TESS observations with those from another instrument.”
This synergy between long-time-scale surveys and high cadence observations could be therefore applied towards future searches for potentially habitable worlds, she tells Physics World. Although Gaia was retired last January, making it unlikely that astronomers will find many additional events via a Gaia–TESS combination, Harris adds that there could nevertheless be other microlensing planets in the past eight years of archived TESS observations. “I’m excited to see whether there are other events like this already hiding in the TESS data and whether future surveys can work together with TESS to find more microlensing planets in different parts of the galaxy,” she says.
The post Transit-based exoplanet survey finds its first microlensing exoplanet appeared first on Physics World.
Researchers used New Horizons images to identify evidence that liquid nitrogen may have flowed from beneath Pluto’s famous heart-shaped glacier. Dark markings across part of Pluto’s enormous heart-shaped glacier may record something unexpected beneath its frozen surface: liquid nitrogen moving upward and briefly flowing across the ice. Using observations from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft, researchers [...]
Planetary researchers analyzing images from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft have found evidence that liquid nitrogen may still be seeping up from beneath the dwarf planet’s giant glacier, Sputnik Planitia, marking the first suggested case of recently flowing liquid on Pluto’s surface.
The post Liquid Nitrogen May Have Flowed on Pluto’s Surface in Recent Past appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
Enormous rifts on Venus might still be widening.
NASA’s Curiosity rover has stumbled on the largest patch of polygon-shaped ground fractures it has ever seen on Mars, a discovery that could reveal more about the planet’s watery past.
The post Curiosity Finds Massive Field of Honeycomb-Shaped Fractures on Mars appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
Pluto’s tenuous atmosphere appears to have begun contracting after years of holding steady, according to a new study published in the Planetary Science Journal.
The post Pluto’s Thin Atmosphere May Be Starting to Shrink appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
The Moon’s far side is overturning a long-held theory, revealing that the early Solar System’s asteroid assault may have faded slowly instead of exploding in one catastrophic burst. For decades, scientists have debated whether the early Solar System endured one sudden, catastrophic wave of asteroid strikes or a much longer period of gradually fading violence. [...]
A giant planet spent more than a decade concealed inside one of astronomy’s most closely watched star systems. Astronomers have discovered a planet named Beta Pictoris d orbiting a young star just 63 light-years from Earth. The gas giant is about 100 times fainter than Beta Pictoris b, the first planet found in the system, [...] 
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