Hurricane Isaias—the only Atlantic hurricane to date in 2026—made landfall in Florida as a Category 2 storm on October 9. After delivering a rainy, windy blow to the U.S. Gulf Coast and drenching much of the Eastern Seaboard, the weather system had more in store.
Riding the jet stream east over the North Atlantic, Isaias’s remnants developed into a powerful storm known as an extratropical cyclone. These low-pressure systems often feature asymmetrical, comma-shaped cloud patterns and can strike with hurricane-force winds, rain, and blizzard-like conditions.
The VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) on the NOAA-21 satellite captured this image of the extratropical cyclone brushing past Iceland on the afternoon of October 14. During its journey, the system’s air pressure plummeted by more than 50 hectopascals over a 24-hour period, according to reports—approximately double the criteria for explosive cyclogenesis, or bombogenesis. Some meteorologists believe the storm may have set a new October low for barometric pressure in Iceland, after correcting for altitude, likely breaking a record that has stood since 1963.
The cyclone lashed Iceland with high winds as it grazed the coast. A gust of 205 kilometers (128 miles) per hour was recorded near Eyjafjallajökull volcano in the country’s south, while a small island just offshore saw sustained winds of 150 kilometers (93 miles) per hour. Damaging winds extended into northern parts of the country, where residents also braced for sleet and snow. Farther across the Atlantic, northwestern Scotland received gusts up to 90 kilometers (55 miles) per hour on October 14, according to news reports, resulting in cancellations on several ferry routes.
In March 2023, Southern California experienced heavy storms after almost 20 years of drought. Sixteen of these came from long, narrow regions of concentrated water vapor moving through the air, known as atmospheric rivers. During droughts, groundwater supplies up to 60% of the total water to the Greater Los Angeles area, so researchers think that stormwater from the 2023 events could have recharged groundwater reserves for future use. However, scientists lack adequate tools to assess how much groundwater is in the subsurface.
To overcome this challenge, researchers from California and Texas developed a new method to study deep groundwater. California gets a large number of earthquakes, so it has over 450 stations around the state to monitor the associated vibrations, referred to as seismic waves. To study how much the 2023 storm recharged the groundwater in the Greater Los Angeles area, the team used a tool called seismic-DI, which employs these seismic waves to estimate how much groundwater is stored at different depths.
Seismic-DI works by measuring how fast seismic waves move through the Earth, known as their seismic velocity. The researchers explained that the Greater Los Angeles area is a very crowded city, so it produces an abundance of seismic waves. They measured changes in the seismic velocities of these underground waves to see where the groundwater is full of water, or saturated, versus partially full, or unsaturated. They used 20 years of these data to produce graphs that record changes in groundwater storage at different depths, known as hydrographs.
To validate the accuracy of seismic-DI, the researchers also compared their seismic hydrographs with groundwater thickness data from a NASA mission known as the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, or GRACE. GRACE consists of 2 satellites that measure changes in Earth’s gravity, which reflect surface water and groundwater storage. Both their seismic hydrographs and the GRACE groundwater data demonstrated that the Greater Los Angeles region experienced an increase in groundwater storage from stormwater in the winter, and a reduction in groundwater storage during the dry summer.
The team’s hydrographs showed that the 2023 storms saturated the Greater Los Angeles area groundwater down to 35 meters (114 feet), but it was abnormally dry at 200 meters (656 feet), and at a severe drought at 450 meters (1,476 feet). The GRACE data similarly demonstrated that the subsurface is in severe drought. Combined, these data indicated the 2023 storms helped the Greater Los Angeles area recover up to 90% of its groundwater at depths of 50 meters (164 feet) since the 2006-2022 drought. However, it recovered only about 40% at 75 meters (246 feet) and 20% to 30% at 100 meters (328 feet).
They concluded that the 2023 atmospheric river events recharged only shallow groundwater reserves in the Los Angeles area. As a result, they suggested future researchers consider deep groundwater reserves for a more complete assessment of total regional water deficits. While this study demonstrated that seismic-DI can successfully reveal spatial changes in groundwater and drought at depth, the team acknowledged that contributing factors like the amount, rate, and spatial variability of groundwater reserves remain targets of future work.
There has still been no reckoning for the five long months it took for the authorities to warn the public about myocarditis from Covid vaccines, nor for falsely claiming it was only "mild" when they did, says Dr Ros Jones.
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