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Razer Naga V3 Pro review: The ultimate modular MMO/MOBA gaming mouse built for serious players

Windows Central Best Award

I've been using Razer mice for decades, and have tested dozens upon dozens of iterations of the firm's products. I'm also a dedicated MMORPG and MOBA player on PC, flipping between games like World of Warcraft and Heroes of the Storm as seasons wax and wane.

For the Warcraft-faithful, I play a Demonology Warlock, which has been simplified over the years, but in previous expansions I had anywhere up to 30+ keybinds for playing the class effectively in PvE and PvP. It was a bit like learning a musical instrument back in the day, particularly when you throw in battle potions, trinkets and other additional buttons.

As such, I've tended towards Razer mice with extra inputs to make my gaming life easier. I had no idea how much easier it was going to get until I went palm-on with the new Razer Naga V3 Pro — which is quite easily one of the best mice of 2026.

Razer Naga V3 Pro: Specs and price

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse

MMO player's best friend. (Image credit: Windows Central | Jez Corden)

The Razer Naga V3 Pro builds on its predecessor in a variety of ways, but chief among those is the inclusion of a further three configurable inputs, bringing the maximum total to 23 (and many, many more if you use HyperShift and other modifier keys).

Category

Details

Design & Build

Right-handed ergonomic; 3 swappable side plates (12-button MMO, 6-button MOBA/BR, 2-button FPS)

Buttons & Controls

Up to 23 programmable buttons; Gen-4 Optical Switches (100M clicks); HyperScroll Tilt Wheel Gen-2 with Free-Spin, Tactile, Precision Tactile, Smart-Reel modes

Sensor & Performance

Razer Focus Pro 50K Optical Sensor Gen-3; 50,000 DPI; 930 IPS; 90 G acceleration; Frame Sync, Smart Tracking, 1-DPI steps, Sensitivity Matcher

Polling & Connectivity

1000 Hz native; upgradeable to true 8000 Hz (Mouse Dock Pro / HyperPolling Dongle); HyperSpeed Wireless (2.4 GHz), Bluetooth LE, USB-C wired

Battery & Lighting

Up to 155 hours (HyperSpeed); 3-zone RGB (logo, wheel, 12-button plate); 5 onboard profiles

Materials & Accessories

100% PTFE feet; USB-A to USB-C cable; HyperSpeed dongle; compatible with Mouse Dock Pro & HyperFlux V2

Dimensions & Weight

119.5 × 75.5 × 43.5 mm;
117 g base weight;
Side plates: 12-button (20 g), 6-button (17 g), 2-button (15 g)

Price & Availability

$179.99 USD / £179.99 GBP / €199.99 EUR — Available worldwide Aug 11, 2026

Razer also doubled down on durability with reinforced molding processes for the switches, which the firm says will now last up to and potentially beyond 100 million actuations.

The obvious headline feature is the magnetic button plates that can be customized at will, adding between two, six, and twelve additional buttons. Razer has also included a uniquely configurable scroll wheel that comes with haptic feedback capabilities.

The mouse goes into general availability on August 11, 2026, and will set you back $179.99 from Best Buy in the United States.

Razer Naga V3 Pro: Features

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse

Three's a crowd they say. Not here. (Image credit: Windows Central | Jez Corden)

The Razer Naga range has long been designed with MMO and MOBA gameplay in mind, adding a huge amount of additional inputs via a unique magnetic side plate feature.

Razer has enhanced the force of the magnets to ensure it feels well and truly part of the mouse when connected, and I can say without doubt that it well and truly does. The buttons can be programmed at will using Synapse, and modified further with a ring-finger button that defaults to Razer's dedicated "Hyper Shift" modifier key. Of course, all of these can be reconfigured too.

What struck me immediately when going palm-on was the new scroll wheel. Razer has included some unique functionality here that I've not experienced previously in other mice. You can set it to free-wheeling mode, which allows it to quite literally spin indefinitely under its own weight. There's also a standard step-stop function that most users will be familiar with, but also a precision-stop feature that adds some haptic feedback and shortens the actuation for rapid hot bar or weapon switching with more forceful control.

There is a parade of other buttons and functions too. The DPI rates have been placed in the top right corner of the mouse out of the way, requiring a little more intent to reach to prevent accidents, I suppose. There are two buttons below the scroll wheel, and the scroll wheel itself can be tilted and clicked for additional inputs too.

It sports 155 hours of battery life out of the box, and supports Razer's new Mouse Dock as well as its wireless Hyper Flux charging mouse mat. Either plugged in or connected to a compatible Hyper Speed dongle, this bad boy can go all the way up to 8,000 Hz. You will not be left wanting for speed.

Razer Naga V3 Pro: Comfort and usage

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
All the buttons. Windows Central | Jez Corden
Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
Light weight, maximum function. Windows Central | Jez Corden
Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
It feels good in the hand, although some users may find it a little too high. Windows Central | Jez Corden
Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
Razer magnetic charge dock capable, but not included. Windows Central | Jez Corden

How does it feel to actually use, though? I dropped into a couple of World of Warcraft raids and played a few games of Heroes of the Storm to get a feel for it, but it was in games like Age of Empires where it truly felt transformative.

As noted, you can add up to 12 extra buttons with the side plate feature. It does take some getting used to, and I think Razer could've perhaps done a bit more to help differentiate the keys, particularly on the 12-button plate. The six button plate felt like the sweet spot for me, given that the profile of the buttons made them easier to memorize, but also I didn't find it as hard to squeeze my thumb backwards to hit the keys closest to my palm.

Indeed, you might struggle with this mouse if you don't have the most flexible hands. I found its palm hump to be a bit tall for my tastes (small ass hands maybe, or perhaps poor desk ergonomics on my end), but overall it was incredibly comfortable. I suspect most people won't have any issues with it. I also suspect that it was designed quite intentionally to be "palm grippy" to facilitate the fact users will be reaching for buttons on the side more often than on other mice.

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse

Six buttons felt like the sweet spot for me. (Image credit: Windows Central | Jez Corden)

There are probably neuroscientific reasons for this, but it does feel genuinely more intuitive to actuate inputs on the same hand as your movement intentions. Perhaps it stems from my console-oriented history in some ways, but I found it a lot easier to drop Guldan's ult with a mouse swipe and mouse click, as opposed to lining up my mouse with a keyboard press.

For Age of Empires, it was particularly fun binding various quick keys directly to the mouse. Assigning regiments, bypassing certain menus, and being able to select specific units instantly from anywhere won't make up for my lack of skill with RTS, but it did boost the fun factor.

Razer Synapse is a fantastic piece of software that ties everything together. It's still better than solutions from other companies by a country mile. Configure RGB lighting, set up profiles for specific games, configure literally all the things — quick and easy.

Razer Synapse

Sync all the Razer things. (Image credit: Windows Central)

Some of the less useful features include Razer's macro functionality, which will sadly get you banned in a lot of online games for "automation."

The Naga V3 Pro also comes with an AI assistant key by default, which lets you bind certain Copilot prompts to mouse inputs for some reason. You can turn it off, but it's 2026 so everything has to have some kind of "AI" feature in it apparently, even if it's effectively useless. Perhaps this might become more useful if Microsoft ever ships agents to consumers, but as for right now it feels like boardroom fluff. Thankfully, that's the only "feature" here I could describe as such. Practically everything else is genuinely useful and represents a demonstrable upgrade.

There is a lot of functionality in the Razer Naga V3 Pro, and you won't need all of it all of the time. It is designed primarily for people who want maximum control over their games, and indeed, it is priced as such.

Razer Naga V3 Pro: Conclusion

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse

It ain't cheap! (Image credit: Windows Central | Jez Corden)

The Razer Naga V3 Pro is a tour de force of functionality, with unmatched versatility for practically every genre of game you can throw at it. FPS, RTS, MOBA, MMORPG, and beyond — even the most control-complex games fall before the Naga and its capacity to inject intuitiveness into the least intuitive games and control schemes possible.

But yes, it will require configuring to get there. That's ultimately who it's designed for, though; people who play more complex games to a hardcore level, and want their peripherals to reflect their desire to configure and control their experience.

You should buy this if ...

✅ You play complex input-heavy games like MMORPGs and RTS.

✅ You like to configure your controls to the nth degree.

✅ You prefer your inputs on your mouse, rather than your keyboard.

You should not buy this if ...

❌ You find configuring keybinds exhaustive and annoying.

❌ You have particularly small hands (you might find its height uncomfy).

❌ Price might be a concern.

This will become my default mouse moving forward. Being able to effectively keybind number keys 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0, etc. without needing to physically reach away from WASD is a big boost in some games I play.

However, I am cognizant of the fact that I got the review unit here. Almost $200 for a mouse is tough to justify unless you're particularly passionate about the functionality the Razer Naga V3 Pro is going to provide for you. For configuration enthusiasts, there's well and truly nothing better than the Razer Naga V3 Pro right now.

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse render

Razer
Naga V3 Pro

"Stay one step ahead—no matter how the game changes."

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The Razer Naga V3 Pro, the long-awaited successor to one of our favorite gaming mice, is out now — here's the price and where to find one

11 August 2026 at 16:00

Razer, one of my favorite manufacturers that has produced some of the best PC gaming accessories I've ever used, has released a new mouse built to conquer any game you throw at it — the Razer Naga V3 Pro.

This gadget is the long-awaited evolution of the Razer Naga V2 Pro, which takes everything we loved about its predecessor (which we gave a near-perfect review score) and refines it to create the ultimate PC gamer mouse.

Here's what you need to know about the Razer Naga V3 Pro and where you can buy it.

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
The side plates of the Razer Naga V3 Pro gamer mouseWindows Central | Jez Corden
Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
Side view of the Razer Naga V3 Pro MouseWindows Central | Jez Corden
Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse
Top view of the Razer Naga V3 Pro MouseWindows Central | Jez Corden

The Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse is equipped with cutting-edge tech to improve input detection speeds and swappable button plate configurations so that it can handle a wide variety of game genres.

Its biggest selling points include:

  • 23 programmable buttons and three interchangeable side button plates (a 12-button MMORPG plate, a 6-button MOBA plate, and a 2-button FPS plate).
  • A Razer HyperScroll Tilt Wheel Gen-2 with new dual tactile, free-spin, and smart-reel modes to adjust its scrolling speeds to a user's preference.
  • A Razer Optical Mouse Switches Gen-4 to give its buttons an upgraded lifecycle up to 100-million clicks, cleaner and faster input detection, tactile feedback, and a zero-bounce optical design to prevent accidental misclicks.
  • A Razr Focus Pro 50K Optical Sensor Gen-3 with precise mouse-movement detection and adjustable sensitivity that can go as high as 50,000 DPI.
  • Polling rates from 1000Hz to 8000Hz to help improve the mouse's input accuracy and detection speed.
  • A lightweight build of 117g (with the 12-button MMORPG plate attached) so it's not so heavy to move for the wrist while allowing it to be moved more quickly when making sharp turns in first-person action games.
  • A battery life of 155 hours on HyperSpeed connectivity (2.4GHz).

This mouse is Razer's next amazing premium outing for MMORPGs, MOBAs, FPS titles, and more

Razer Naga V3 Pro mouse

The Razer Naga V3 Pro gamer mouse on a base charger (Image credit: Windows Central | Jez Corden)

Our resident PC gaming accessory expert, Jez Corden, reviewed the Razer Naga V3 Pro and found it to be one of the best PC mice he's used so far this year. Jez praised it for possessing dozens of programmable buttons, the best-in-class software solution, and a premium feel that emphasizes tactility.

So, if you generally play input-heavy PC games and you want to get your hands on the Razer Naga V3 Pro, it will cost $179.99/£179.99/€199.99 at select digital retailers including Best Buy, directly from Razer.com, and at physical RazerStores.


Dominate any PC game imaginable with the Razer Naga V3 Pro Wireless mouse, complete with three swappable button plates, a Focus Pro 50K Optical Sensor Gen‑3  with 50,000 max DPI, 23 programmable inputs, and many more rich features.View Deal

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Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition Review: Extra cool

8 August 2026 at 14:08

There are plenty of ultra-lightweight gaming mice in our best gaming mice picks — but there aren't any that have a built-in hand cooler.

Pulsar recently released a collaboration with infamous air-cooling advocate Noctua — a beige and brown mouse full of top-tier hardware and holes and a built-in 40mm NF-A4x10 fan. For cooling your hand, not the hardware. This eSports-oriented gaming mouse features Pulsar's XS-2 sensor, which has a maximum resolution of 42,000 DPI and a maximum speed of 800 IPS, and can handle up to 70 G's of force. It also features up to an 8,000 Hz polling rate, and, of course, the built-in fan. It retails for the same price as the original Feinmann F01 gaming mouse, which is to say, it's pretty pricey at $179.99.

Design and Comfort of the F01 Noctua Edition

The F01 Noctua Edition is a lightweight wireless eSports gaming mouse with an ergonomic right-handed shape and a hole-filled chassis with a built-in fan. It comes in Noctua's signature beige-and-brown color scheme: The top part of the chassis is light beige, while the bottom and accents (side buttons, scroll wheel, Noctua's logo plate, and some interior elements) are brown.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition

(Image credit: Tom's Hardware)

The F01 Noctua Edition has a right-handed, ergonomic shape with contoured primary mouse buttons and an off-center hump. It's a little smaller than most mainstream gaming mice, measuring 4.79 inches (121.7mm) long by 2.62 inches (66.5mm) wide and 1.7 inches (43.3mm) high at its thickest point. It weighs 2.57 ounces (73g), which is on the heavier side for what is supposed to be an ultra-lightweight eSports mouse. It's about an ounce heavier than the regular Pulsar Feinmann F01, which weighs 1.62 ounces (46g), thanks to the built-in fan.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware

The mouse features a matte chassis made of a carbon composite material for durability. The chassis is full of holes, but at least they serve a purpose (sort of) other than reducing weight and triggering your trypophobia: they're also there to keep your hand cool. In the center of the mouse you'll see a mini Noctua fan that directs air upward — toward your palm. You can activate this fan by holding down both side buttons and scrolling up. There are four different fan speeds, indicated by the small LED indicator light on the left side of the mouse, which you can cycle through by scrolling up or down with both. Holding down both buttons and scrolling down turns the fan off.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware

Button-wise, it's pretty standard: primary mouse buttons, two side buttons, a power button / DPI switch on the bottom, and a ridged, notched scroll wheel made of aluminum alloy. The mouse feels sturdy and the metal scroll wheel makes it seem a little fancier — it definitely looks and feels pretty premium. I did think the side buttons felt like they were placed a little too far back, but after comparing the F01 Noctua Edition with other mice, the actual issue is that the side buttons are larger than average — and this results in the back button sitting further back on the chassis. It wasn't a dealbreaker, but I found it mildly uncomfortable.

The bottom of the mouse features two large PTFE mouse feet at the top and bottom, as well as a strip of PTFE around the sensor. There are five geometric cutouts surrounding the sensor, as well as the power button / DPI switch.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition

(Image credit: Tom's Hardware)

The mouse comes with a separate 8K polling dongle, which has two buttons (a programmable profile switch button and a DPI switch), and a 6-foot (1.8m) detachable, braided USB-C to USB-A cable. Both the dongle and the cable come in Noctua's signature colors (the dongle is brown and the cable has a beige fabric covering with brown accents).

Specs

Sensor Model

Pulsar XS-2

Max Sensitivity

42,000 DPI

Max Speed (IPS)

800 IPS

Max Acceleration

70G

Polling Rates

8,000 Hz

Programmable Buttons

5

LED Zones

0

Cable

USB-C to USB-A, braided,

Connectivity

2.4GHz wireless, wired (USB-C)

Measurements (L x W x H)

4.79 x 2.62 x 1.7 inches / 121.7 x 66.5 x 43.3 mm

Weight (excluding cable)

2.73oz / 73g

MSRP / Price at Time of Review

$179.95

Release Date

July 2026

Performance of the F01 Noctua Edition

The F01 Noctua Edition mouse features Pulsar's XS-2 optical sensor, which has a maximum resolution of 42,000 DPI and a maximum speed of 800 IPS, and can handle up to 70 G's of force. The mouse also features Pulsar's optical switches in its primary buttons (rated for up to 100 million clicks), and can get up to an 8,000 Hz polling rate. The sensor doesn't disappoint — its tracking was accurate and speedy in my tests, and it worked perfectly across a variety of surfaces (including glass). The only thing I can see affecting performance in this mouse is its weight — it's not heavy, but it's heavier than most of its competition.

As I mentioned earlier, at 73g the mouse is on the heavy side for an ultra-lightweight eSports mouse — and it's an entire ounce heavier than the fan-less version. I guess that makes sense considering... there's a fan inside it, but still. If you're looking for an ultra-lightweight gaming mouse and you're not particularly intrigued by the fan, there are lighter, cheaper mice out there, such as my favorite Razer DeathAdder V4 Pro, which weighs 56g and costs $169.99.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware

I'll admit I was a bit skeptical about the fan — I'm not really a person who suffers from sweaty palms while I'm gaming, however, so I'm aware I'm not the target audience. But as someone who is not the target audience, I have to say that the fan is actually pretty cool (pun intended). It's small, yes, but you can definitely feel it — and even though I don't sweat much, it still felt pretty good. The fan has four speeds, and the first two are practically silent. You can hear the two fastest speeds, but it's not particularly loud — you'll notice it, but those around you probably won't.

Activating the fan using the two side buttons and scroll wheel was easy enough, though the side buttons will activate when you press them, so it's not perfect. You can also turn on and adjust the fan speed in the software and/or you can program one of the buttons on the dongle to cycle through speeds.

If you do get sweaty palms while gaming, or you just happen to live and game in a hot environment, the fan in this mouse definitely works. It takes a toll on battery life, of course, but you can always plug it in. That said, that part of the mouse is practically non-existent, the holes are so big (it's even more full of holes than the Corsair Sabre v2 Pro Wireless MG). The structure of the mouse honestly keeps your hand — or at least your palm — pretty cool, even without a fan.

Features and Software of the F01 Noctua Edition

The F01 Noctua Edition is largely controllable via the hardware, which is nice. The fan can be activated and adjusted by holding down the two side buttons and scrolling, and DPI can be cycled through using the DPI switch button on the bottom of the mouse or the DPI switch button on the wireless dongle. The dongle also has a function button that cycles through onboard profiles by default — so you will need to connect to Pulsar's web-based peripheral software, Bibimbap, if you want to take advantage of this.

Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware
Pulsar Feinmann F01 Noctua Edition
Tom's Hardware

With Bibimbap — which you can connect to wirelessly — lets you remap keys (there are five programmable buttons, including the scroll wheel click) and has a built-in macro recorder. You can also adjust various settings, including DPI steps (up to 6), polling rate (ships with 1,000 Hz and goes up to 8,000 Hz), LOD or liftoff distance, and debounce time. You can also turn on the fan from this app, if you want. You can save up to five profiles directly on the mouse and cycle through them with the function button, or you can remap the function button to cycle through polling rate, LOD, debounce time, motion sync, turbo mode, and fan mode. That last one just does the same thing that holding down both mouse buttons and scrolling does, but it doesn't accidentally activate the side button functions.

Wireless Experience and Battery Life of the F01 Noctua Edition

The F01 Noctua Edition features two forms of connectivity: 2.4GHz wireless and wired (via USB-C). It doesn't have any RGB lighting, but it does have a built-in 40mm 5V PWM NF-A4x10 fan with four different speed settings. Oh, and an 8,000 Hz polling rate. Needless to say, its battery life varies quite a bit, depending on how you have it set up. Its built-in battery is 500mAh, which is... well, don't expect much when it comes to battery life. Based on my observations as I tested the mouse, I think you'll still be able to eke out a full day's worth of usage if you have the fan running at top speed, which is not a lot compared to most wireless mice, but not bad, considering.

Bottom Line

The F01 Noctua Edition is a very well-built lightweight gaming mouse, but its main selling point is definitely the built-in fan. And the built-in fan works pretty well — I was definitely impressed, even if I don't see myself using it very often (or at all, really). But if you don't need a mouse with a built-in fan, it's hard to recommend the F01 Noctua Edition over just about any other lighter, more affordable mouse, including Pulsar's own fan-free Feinmann F01. The Corsair Sabre v2 Pro Wireless, for example, weighs just 56g and has a shell full of holes, gets up to an 8,000 Hz polling rate and retails for $149.99.

I wanted to love this weird foldable mouse from Logitech, but its underwhelming ergonomics and performance left me feeling disappointed

Logitech Mobi Fold review

The Logitech Mobi Fold is, without question, the weirdest mouse I have ever used in my life.

This tiny, foldable travel mouse is focused on one thing above all: portability. Just like a clamshell phone from the noughties, it can fold in half, allowing you to easily slip it into your pocket if you’re working on the go. But even though the Logitech Mobi Fold’s exceptional portability is its clear USP, I have to ask… is it actually that necessary?

After all, a lot of mice are already highly compact, and if you’re working on the go, you’ve probably got a bag to hold your laptop or tablet, right? I’d bet that your bag can fit a laptop and a mouse, so arguably, the thing that makes this mouse so special isn’t actually that game-changing.

Still, the Mobi Fold has a few interesting features to run through, and you’re surely curious as to how such a strange model feels in use. So, after using the Logitech Mobi Fold as my main mouse for a few days, here’s how I’d rate it — and whether I think it can compete with the best mice around.

First things first, the Mobi Fold is incredibly easy to get set up. There’s a sync button on it that makes linking up to a windows laptop, Mac, or Android device incredibly seamless. There’s also an easy switch feature, making it incredibly speedy to flick between a range of devices.

But after I got set up with the Mobi Fold, and started using it to get some work done I have to say… it wasn’t amazing.

The Mobi Fold exhibits a few key issues that make it feel inferior to a standard compact or productivity mouse. First of all, it has a slightly bizarre build. Its V-shape form makes it feel awkward to grip, and when using it for extended periods, this caused me to feel some discomfort in my hand. It lacks the ergonomics of my everyday mouse, the Razer Viper V3 Pro, and even lacked its fluidity, meaning moving it across my desk felt clunky.

In addition, the touch-controlled scrolling is a bit inconsistent. It doesn’t provide the same tight control of a traditional mechanical scroll wheel, and again feels a bit lacking in terms of fluidity. Don’t get me wrong: it’s totally functional, but if you want the smooth, precise scrolling of a traditional mouse, the Mobi Fold may leave you wanting more.

My final critique is on the feel of the left and right buttons. While these are serviceable, they felt more stiff than I expected them to, especially towards the back and middle of the model. I did appreciate the muted sound of clicking the left and right buttons, but I wish they felt a bit more sensitive.

Logitech Mobi Fold half folded

(Image credit: Future)

Despite all of this, there are some clear positives worth pointing out. First of all, the mouse offers great battery life. It supplies about 22 hours of continuous use, which easily got me through the work week, meaning I didn’t need to charge it at all during the testing period. Having said that, Logitech says that you can get an extra three hours of use from just one minute of charging, making it exceptionally practical for someone like me who often forgets to juice up their devices.

In addition, the Mobi Fold features customizable button controls through the Logi Options+ app. This enables you to adapt pointer speed, set the central touch panel to different functions (like paste, volume controls, or a keyboard shortcut), and more.

In terms of design, I’m also a fan of the rubbery texture of the mouse, which is very pleasant to the touch. It’s also worth noting that 36% of the plastics used in the Graphite colorway of the mouse I used are made from recycled materials. It’s 29% for the Lilac and Off-White variants, which look pretty stylish in my opinion.

Look, the Logitech Mobi Fold does well to stand out from the crowd. Its lightweight and foldable design undoubtedly makes it easy to travel with — even though I’d argue that standard mice are probably portable enough as they are. In addition, the customizable buttons, long battery life, and satisfying feel of the mouse are clear positives.

But for $79.99 / £69.99 / AU$129.95, the Mobi Fold ends up feeling like a relatively poor value for money option. Really, that comes down to one thing: its lackluster performance. With underwhelming ergonomics, as well as slightly stiff scrolling and buttons, the Mobi Fold feels like an idea that’s far more impressive in concept than it is in practice.

Logitech Mobi Fold half folded on table

(Image credit: Future)

Logitech Mobi Fold review: price & release date

  • $79.99 / £69.99 / AU$129.95
  • Released in June 2026
  • Available in four colors

The Logitech Mobi Fold released in June 2026, carrying a list price of $79.99 / £69.99 / AU$129.95. That price means it’s competing in the same price bracket as great models we’ve tested, such as the Keychron M6 8K, but a lot more than our favorite ultra-compact mouse, the Logitech Pop Mouse. It's available in four colors, including Graphite, Off-White, Lilac, and Sand.

Logitech Mobi Fold review: specs

Interface

Bluetooth 5.1 LE

Battery life

22 hours (continuous use)

Buttons

4

DPI

4,000

Switches

Not stated

Weight

2.8oz / 79g

Pairing button on the Logitech Mobi Fold

(Image credit: Future)

Should I buy the Logitech Mobi Fold?

Attribute

Notes

Score

Design

Lightweight and foldable for travel, nice material and color options, but poor ergonomics.

3/5

Performance

Functional, though clicking feels a bit stiff, touch scroll panel isn’t most precise, and uncomfortable for longer usage sessions.

2.5/5

Value

Simply too expensive for the quality on offer.

2.5/5

Buy it if…

You want something ultra-portable
Perhaps the main attraction of the Mobi Fold is its ultra-compact form factor. If you want something you can slide into your pocket for on-the-go use, it doesn’t get much more convenient than this.

You want a stylish mouse
One thing I won’t deny about the Mobi Fold is that it's pretty stylish. Its foldable design, its enticing color options, and its appealing silicone exterior all work in its favor.

Don’t buy it if…

You want top-tier ergonomics
The slightly odd shape of the Mobi Fold can make it a little awkward to grip and use for longer periods, meaning it's not the best option if you value great ergonomics and comfort.

You’re looking for precise performance
The Mobi Fold uses a touch sensor for scrolling, and it just doesn’t feel as precise as a typical mechanical scroll wheel. Pair that with slightly stiff left and right buttons and its unorthodox feel, and it falls short of some major competitors in its price range.

Logitech Mobi Fold review: also consider

Logitech Pop Mouse
Logitech knocked it out of the park with the Pop Mouse, which is one of our favorite compact models you can buy. With satisfying clicks, good customization options, and easy switching, it's a certified hit — especially when you consider its modest asking price.

Keychron M6 8K
This one’s a little different, but if you have the budget to grab the Mobi Fold, then you may want to consider a model like the Keychron M6 8K instead. It boasts a lightweight feel, 8K polling, fantastic ergonomics, and a feature-rich companion app, making it a brilliant all-rounder.

How I tested the Logitech Mobi Fold

  • Spent days using it as my main mouse
  • Tried out its various features
  • Took on the go to test its travel credentials

I spent multiple days testing the Logitech Mobi Fold, using it as my main mouse in the office and when working from home.

During my time with the Mobi Fold, I used it for general productivity, exhausted its various features, and even took it on the go to assess its on-the-go credentials. I typically had the mouse connected to my Windows PC, but I also tried it out with an Android phone.

More generally, I’ve spent years testing gadgets here at TechRadar, where I serve as an in-house Senior Reviews Writer. I’ve tried out a wide array of computing accessories, such as the Turtle Beach Command Series KB7 keyboard, as well as gaming gear, premium wireless headphones, power banks, and more.

Keyboard giant Keychron launches Nape Pro wireless trackball mouse — rectangular form factor designed to sit under spacebar gives users six customizable buttons and a control dial

Keychron, which is known for its mechanical keyboards, just launched a wireless trackball mouse designed to comfortably sit underneath your space bar, complete with six programmable buttons. The Nape Pro wireless trackball mouse is now available on Amazon for $89.99. Although it may look pricey, with comparable ergonomic trackball mice often priced significantly lower, its unique rectangular design makes it the perfect companion for programmers, writers, and those who primarily use the keyboard for productivity. The placement means you don’t have to lift your hands from the keyboard to move the cursor, although it will get in the way if you prefer using a wrist rest.

The keyboard maker revealed the quirky trackball mouse earlier this year at CES, and it’s finally available for those who are interested. It’s wireless, sports six customizable buttons and a control dial, so you can also use it as a macro pad that you can place to the left or right of your keyboard or drawing tablet (or even center, if you have a split keyboard) and pair it with one of the best gaming mice for regular use. But what makes the Nape Pro more useful and powerful is the customizability that Keychron offers. You can change the functions of each button and the dial on the trackball mouse to exactly match what you need. It also has up to seven layers, so you can change what each button does based on what you need.

There are other trackball mice available on the market, like the Elecom Huge Plus with its 52mm ball and 10 programmable buttons (by comparison, the Nape Pro only has a 25mm ball), but they’re mostly designed to replace your mouse with their ergonomic designs. The Keychron trackball, on the other hand, feels like it’s there to complement your current ergonomic mouse and not replace it entirely.

This trackball mouse is another unique product from Keychron, which is known for making one of the best wireless and best budget mechanical keyboards. The keyboard company also makes different types of mice for basic use, productivity, and gaming, but it seems that it hasn’t hit the home run yet on these models. Perhaps the Nape Pro, which is like a hybrid macro pad and trackball mouse, would help elevate its mice to the same level as some of its mechanical keyboards, like the Keychron K3 Ultra.

The Brain Has a Flexible Sense of Time That Can Split Across Regions, New Research Reveals

29 July 2026 at 13:12

When the brain tracks time, it must decide whether its regions should rely on a shared timing signal or tack time separately. A recent study in Nature Communications provides evidence that the brain uses both approaches, switching between them depending on the situation.

A group at the Institute of Science Tokyo simultaneously measured the activity of thousands of neurons in two mouse brain regions and found that the areas sometimes shared timing information but maintained more independent representations at other times. The researchers, led by Associate Professor Riichiro Hira, maintained that this flexibility enables the brain to remain stable as it adapts to changing requirements.

A Task Built to Catch the Brain Switching Modes

Hira’s team created a task to highlight this timing mystery. They trained mice to expect rewards at intervals that switched between 6 and 12 seconds, without any break to mark the end of one trial and the start of the next. Since there was no pause, the mice had to keep updating their internal sense of time throughout the experiment, instead of resetting their mental stopwatch for each new trial.

The mice eventually figured out the pattern. At first they expected a reward every six seconds even if the time they had to wait was longer than this, but by the end of the training session, their behavior indicated that they had learned to anticipate both reward intervals. This showed that the mice were capable of keeping track of both durations and of predicting which one would come next.

While the mice performed the task, the researchers recorded activity in their secondary motor cortex and the posterior parietal cortex using wide-field two-photon calcium imaging. Both regions play key roles in planning, prediction, and working memory.

Two Regions, Two Kinds of Mistakes

The neurons fired in sequence in each brain area, with different cells becoming active at different times. This sequence showed that each region was monitoring the passage of time.

The researchers also identified two kinds of errors in the neural activity. In some cases, both areas made the same mistake when assessing the passage of time. These coherent errors suggested that both regions sometimes shared the same timing drift. In other instances, only one region was inaccurate while the other remained correct. These independent errors suggested that one region could temporarily maintain a different timing representation from the other. Independent errors were more frequent than coherent ones, and this ratio remained the same in all the mice examined.

If the brain regions were just randomly out of sync, you’d expect the ratio to change. However, it didn’t, which suggests that the brain has a built-in way to balance working together and working independently.

Modeling the Switch Between Coherence and Independence

To identify this mechanism, the team built a computational model with two recurrent neural networks linked by sparse, long-range connections and exposed to the same background noise. The model produced the same 2-to-1 ratio of independent to coherent errors seen in the mice.

The model also discovered that the limited connections between the networks tended to cause them to become synchronized, while the common noise caused them to move in separate directions. Hira provided an explanation of the interaction saying, “We found sparse inter-regional connectivity promotes synchronization between the two regions, whereas widespread fluctuations prevent complete synchronization, allowing each region to preserve its own temporal representation.” Neither force takes precedence; instead, a compromise is reached which allows communication between the regions.

The findings challenge the idea that brain regions rely on a single synchronized timing system. It indicates that the brain can adjust how different parts are coordinated, rather than just turning that coordination on or off.

What a Flexible Clock Could Mean for the Brain

Hira’s team believes that there are implications beyond simple timing circuits. “In the future, our results may contribute to a better understanding of cognition, neurological disorders involving disrupted inter-regional coordination, and the development of brain-inspired artificial intelligence and robotic control systems that combine stability with flexibility,” said Hira.

This last idea may prove most important in the years ahead. Engineers building AI and robotic systems face a similar challenge: how to let separate parts work on their own when needed, yet still come back into sync. The mouse brain shows that sparse connections and shared background fluctuations can achieve this balance. This could point to a design principle that even applies to systems with no biological components.

Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds an MBA, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, and a data analytics certification. His work focuses on breaking scientific developments, with an emphasis on emerging biology, cognitive neuroscience, and archaeological discoveries.

Polling rates explained: do you really need 8,000Hz for keyboards and mice in 2026?

Simply put, polling rate is the frequency at which data is sent between your mouse and keyboard to your computer. For many years, the standard polling rate of most gaming mice and keyboards was 1,000Hz, and that's still a setting that's available by default.

However, with the rise of competitive shooters, particularly tactical ones such as CS2, VALORANT, and Rainbow Six Siege, the pro scene needed a shift, and we saw the advancement towards 4,000Hz and 8,000Hz for "esports tech".

The best gaming keyboards and the best gaming mice are marketed for their 8K or 8,000Hz polling rates, particularly in models aimed at esports pro players. If you look at the current gear in circulation, it's easy to see how it's caught on: the Razer Viper V4 Pro, and the Logitech G Pro X2 Superstrike are recent examples of pointers, and the Razer Huntsman V3 Pro Tenkeyless, Corsair Vanguard Pro 96, and Cherry XTRFY K63W Pro Compact Ultra-Wideband for decks that tout this feature.

But does anyone really need an 8,000Hz polling rate when gaming? Do the best FPS players in the world even take advantage of it? I'm going through everything you need to know about how 8K works, the latency you can expect, impact on battery life, and all other things you need to consider when properly getting your setup ready for success.

How does polling rate affect latency?

The Razer Viper V4 Pro gaming mouse pictured on the Razer Gigantus V2 Pro mouse mat.

The Razer Viper V4 Pro is among the best gaming mice, and it supports 8K polling (Image credit: Future)

True to its namesake, an 8K polling rate will report its position to your PC a total of 8,000 times, instead of 4,000 times or a thousand times as with 4,000Hz and 1,000Hz, respectively. An 8,000Hz polling rate responds with far lower latency than either of these two previous standards; specifically, updates are sent between a mouse or a keyboard to your computer's processor every 0.125ms, eliminating a theoretical maximum of 0.875 ms input delay, meaning a smoother cursor or movement.

The difference in response time of 0.125ms (8K), 0.25ms (4K), and 1ms (1K) can be huge when it comes to polling rate, provided you have the right hardware to properly take advantage of this. That's because an 8,000Hz polling rate can be incredibly demanding on the battery life of wireless mice and keyboards, and it's one of the main considerations as to why you may want to drop the response time down in your settings.

The drawbacks of an 8,000Hz polling rate

Two gaming mice next to each other on a black mousepad

The Corsair Sabre V2 MG, like many top-end mice, have the option of 8K polling wirelessly, even if it comes at 1K out of the box (Image credit: Future)

In brief, an 8,000Hz polling rate for your mouse and keyboard can be incredibly demanding on your computer. That includes heavy strain on even the best processors, the aforementioned heavily reduced battery life on a mouse and keyboard, and even the potential risk of micro-stuttering. As a lifelong PC gamer and a competitive shooter enthusiast who is hopelessly obsessed with VALORANT, I've seen the battery life debate happen in real-time.

I've tested and reviewed hundreds of mice and keyboards throughout my career, and one of the biggest points of contention when it comes to enabling the polling rate comes down to battery life. As an example, my favorite gaming mouse of all time is the Corsair Sabre V2 MG, an 8K-enabled gaming mouse that's built with a Magnesium Alloy frame. It weighs just 56g and features excellent skates, making it ideal for a precision heavy shooter.

As standard, via the Corsair Web Hub, this gaming mouse will run out of the box at 1,000Hz (1K), with battery life prioritized. With the pointer used as the stock, you can expect around 100 to 120 hours of play between charges. In my experience, I am charging this mouse every two weeks or so, depending on how much I'm working day-to-day, etc. However, in my many months with this mouse, I've noticed that things fall off incredibly hard with 8K enabled; my battery life tends to last only around two to three days (or one or two nights of VALORANT Competitive) before I'm reaching for the USB-C lead.

If we take 18 hours as the average battery life from the Corsair Sabre V2 MG when used in 8K mode, that's a reduction of around 85%, which is staggering. We can see a similar drop off from the most well-used new esports mice currently on the market, with the Razer Viper V4 Pro (an excellent mouse), touting up to 180 hours of playback in 1K but only 45 hours when maxed out at 8K. Similarly, while the Logitech G Pro X2 Superstrike has around a 90-hour playback at 1K, that drops down dramatically to between 20 and 35 hours at 8K. With Logitech's pointer, though, you have to factor in the strength of the haptics here, hence the rough range rather than a more exact figure.

What about the human limitations of an 8,000Hz polling rate?

TMR or Hall Effect sensors matter far more for performance than the polling rate.

(Image credit: Future)

Now that we've covered what an 8,000Hz polling rate is, how it works, how it compares against 1K and 4K, and the technical drawbacks, we now need to go over the human limitations with 8K. As previously mentioned, 1K means a 1ms response time, and that gets cut down to just 0.125ms with 8K, but what does that mean for a human being, and not a machine?

The average human response time is around 250-280ms; that's the time it takes to see something and physically react. I am not a pro player, but I do play video games at a high level, with a response time average of around 175ms, though I've been faster. The best esports players can eclipse this effortlessly: you only need to look as far as VALORANT and CS2 players, such as TenZ (widely considered to be among the best VALORANT players), with an average reaction time of 135ms. 100ms is even possible, even though the average tends to hover around the 150ms mark.

If we take 1K as a baseline for polling rate, that means there's an average of 150 reports between the mouse/keyboard and the processor, as you tap a key or click what you see. Taking 8K, then, sees 1,200 instances. With this information in mind, is there really much of an advantage here, even at this granular level, with the best players in the world and, conversely, the only people who would even notice a proper difference between 1K, 4K, and 8K?

Do pro players use 8,000Hz polling rates?

TenZ, a former pro VALORANT player, using hardware when gaming

The best gamers in the world aren't interested in using an 8,000Hz polling rate for their keyboards or mice. (Image credit: Secretlab)

Considering the far lower latency, you would expect that professional esports gamers would all dial their settings to an 8,000Hz polling rate by default when playing demanding games, but that's simply not the case. If we look back at TenZ's mouse and keyboard settings when playing VALORANT, he last used the Pulsar TenZ Signature Edition mouse at 1,600 DPI, 0.24 sensitivity, and (most crucially) a 1,000Hz polling rate as standard; no 4K, and certainly no 8K enforced here.

What about a VALORANT player from the most aggressive team in the game? Then we must look at f0rsakeN from the legendary Paper Rex. He was last using the Pulsar Sustanto-X with an 800 DPI, a 0.71 sensitivity, and a 4,000Hz polling rate. Let's move away from Riot Games' shooter and instead turn our attention to Valve, then. As far as CS2 players go, few are as well-regarded in 2026 as Team Spirit's donk.

The young Russian is widely regarded as the best player in the world. Is he using an 8K polling rate for his mouse and keyboard to do this? No, while he previously used the industry standard Logitech G PRO X Superlight 2, he's now switched to a bespoke, and as of yet unreleased/prototype Zowie X Donk mouse at 800 DPI, 1.25 sensitivity, and a 1,000Hz polling rate. What about Niko? He recently had his own Razer collaboration drop, and currently uses a Razer Deathadder V4 Pro Niko Edition with an 800 DPI, 0.9 sensitivity, and a 2,000Hz polling rate.

Let's briefly look at two games for the sake of argument, and two of their respective top players. Peterbot is widely considered the best Fortnite player in the world, and he uses a Logitech G Pro X Superlight 2 at 800 DPI with a 1,000Hz polling rate. ImperialHal is among the best Apex Legends players, and the CEO (as he's known) currently uses a Finalmouse Starlight Pro with an 800 DPI, a 1.1 sensitivity, and a 1,000Hz polling rate. So, pro players simply are not using an 8,000Hz polling rate when playing, and they're simply better than the other 99.9% of players who play these games.

Is using an 8,000Hz polling rate worth it?

Based on everything I've gone through here, it becomes challenging to wholesale recommend (or actively condemn) 8K. An 8,000Hz polling rate is mechanically and technically better for how it responds between the peripheral and the machine, even if the human who presses that key or clicks the mouse ends up being the limiting factor, or bottleneck. It's the simple, undeniable truth that the saved milliseconds are (really) indistinguishable to basically everyone on the planet.

Then we get into the debate of battery life. Do you want your gaming mouse to last over 100 hours on a single charge, or just 10? That's a tough sell, considering it undercuts the primary reason to cut the cord in the first place. Then there's the massive CPU overload, game engine incompatibility (and developers and publishers are not yet gearing their software for the tech), and the variables of the hardware itself. Hardware makes the difference: TMR and Hall Effect switches and sensors will have far more of an impact than the simple reporting time between the processor and peripheral.

So why am I not fully discouraging you from using an 8,000Hz polling rate in its entirety? Because it ultimately comes down to personal preference, and to feel. If you're running one of the best gaming PCs or best gaming laptops with a high-end processor, a 4K graphics card, and a high refresh rate monitor, then, battery life aside, it doesn't really hurt to have everything cranked up and forgotten about. Are you likely to really notice it? No, but fractional optimization is still (ever so slightly) better than none in the first place.

I'm not quite cynical enough to claim that an 8,000Hz polling rate is just a marketing gimmick; however, I will say that hardware companies have gleefully exploited the ignorance of the end consumer, the simple reductionist view that a bigger number automatically means better, without looking into the nuances of the conversation. Now that's something you will be fully clued up on when considering your next keyboard or mouse.

The World’s Highest-Living Mammal Is Rewriting the Limits of Life

17 July 2026 at 19:21
Andean Leaf Eared MouseA leaf-eared mouse living more than 6,700 meters (22,000 feet) above sea level in the Andes has shattered assumptions about where mammals can survive. Near the summit of an Andean volcano, where the air contains barely half as much oxygen as it does at sea level, scientists found something that should not have been there: [...]

A parasite that numbs your pain

2 July 2026 at 12:00

Schistosoma mansoni is a parasitic worm that infects millions of people worldwide, entering the body through the skin. Unlike bacterial infections that often cause pain and inflammation, S. mansoni usually slips in unnoticed, rarely causing discomfort. Scientists have long wondered why our skin’s defenses don’t react more strongly to this invader.

Researchers from the University of Pennsylvania and Tulane University explored whether a specialized group of pain-sensing neurons, called TRPV1+, plays a role in detecting and fighting off S. mansoni during its invasion. TRPV1+ neurons are nerve cells in the skin that respond to heat, spicy foods, and certain bacteria and fungi. When activated, they can trigger pain and release molecules that alert the immune system. Previous researchers have shown that these neurons help defend against bacterial and fungal skin infections, but their role in fighting off parasites was unclear. 

To examine how S. mansoni infects its hosts, the team conducted experiments using groups of 4 to 8 mice, matched for age and sex. They repeated each experiment 2 to 3 times to ensure their data was reproducible. They anesthetized the mice, exposed their ears to a solution containing 100 to 150 live S. mansoni larvae, and covered the area with vaseline to keep the solution in place. After 20 to 30 minutes, they counted the number of larvae remaining in the mice’s ears to assess how many had successfully penetrated their skin. 

Next, the team measured pain sensitivity in the mice exposed to the parasite by placing them in chambers and applying an infrared heat source to their paws. They recorded how long it took each mouse to withdraw its paw as a sign of pain. They repeated this test 3 times per paw on each mouse, waited at least 5 minutes between each measurement, and calculated an average withdrawal time. They found that mice infected with S. mansoni were approximately half as sensitive to heat-induced pain as an uninfected control group, suggesting that the parasite could be suppressing the mice’s TRPV1+ neurons.

To investigate this further, the team isolated nerve cells that transmit sensory signals from the mice’s skin, known as dorsal root ganglia, and grew them in the lab. They stimulated these neurons by adding a spicy compound in chili peppers, known as capsaicin. Then they measured calcium influx, a sign the neurons were active, using a special dye that glows differently under a microscope depending on calcium levels. This allowed them to see how active the neurons were and how many molecules they released in response to infection and stimulation. They found that 68% of neurons from uninfected mice responded to capsaicin, but only 26% of neurons from infected mice did so, confirming that the parasite dampened their sensory neuron responses.

To test whether restoring the mice’s neuron activity could help their bodies resist parasite invasion, the researchers genetically engineered the mice to produce a light-sensitive protein in their TRPV1+ neurons, called channelrhodopsin. They “turned on” these neurons by stimulating them with blue light for 30 minutes every day for 5 days before infecting the mice with parasites. Six days later, they assessed the mice’s immune response by using a laser to count immune cells in samples of ear tissue. They also determined how far the parasites had spread by counting larvae in lung samples. They saw that mice with the artificially activated TRPV1+ neurons had nearly double the immune response, blocked roughly twice as many larvae at the skin, and had about 20% fewer parasites in their lungs.

Next, the researchers selectively destroyed TRPV1+ neurons in a new set of mice using a compound known as resiniferatoxin. Three weeks later, they confirmed the treatment had worked by testing the mice’s pain sensitivity using the same heat assay as before. After confirming the mice had lost their pain sensitivity, the team exposed the mice to the parasites. They found that the reinfected mice had 1% to 3% weaker skin immune responses and approximately 25% to 30% more parasites in their lungs than a control group, further confirming that TRPV1+ neurons play a protective role during early infection.

The team concluded that S. mansoni has evolved ways to silence pain-sensing neurons, like TRPV1+. Their discovery suggests that future scientists could boost skin immunity against parasites by targeting sensory neurons. For example, they could develop topical creams or therapies that activate these neurons to help our bodies fight off S. mansoni and similar parasitic invaders.

The post A parasite that numbs your pain appeared first on Sciworthy.

A ‘Memory Switchboard’ in the Hippocampus May Help Explain How the Brain Learns Without Overwriting Old Memories

12 June 2026 at 15:51


Scientists have often wondered how the brain can take in new experiences without erasing stored memories. However, a new study in Nature now identifies a circuit-level mechanism that may help answer this question—and it may also offer clues for improving artificial intelligence.

Researchers at NYU Langone Health recorded the activity of hundreds of neurons simultaneously across several brain regions in mice. By tracking how signals move from the hippocampus to the neocortex, where long-term memories are kept, they found that a subset of hippocampal neurons appears to participate in routing information between regions in distinct patterns. These cells participate in both incoming and outgoing signaling, but do so using distinct patterns of activity.

Separate Channels Through the Same Cells

The study focused on a series of interconnected brain regions: CA3, which processes rapidly changing information; CA1, which serves as a central hub; and the retrosplenial cortex, which is important for navigation and spatial memory. About one in four CA1 neurons receives most of the signals from CA3. When these same neurons send signals to the retrosplenial cortex, they fire in a different pattern, creating a separate outgoing channel using the same cells.

Rather than using new neurons, the brain separates these channels by changing how the same neurons fire together. The researchers suggest this arrangement may help reduce interference between new learning and more stable cortical memories.

“Our findings help explain how memory can be both moldable and enduring,” said co-lead author Joaquín Gonzalez, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Psychiatry at NYU Grossman School of Medicine. “By changing how the same cells fire together instead of turning on new cells, the brain can keep information organized and protect older memories.”

What Happens During Sleep

The CA1 neurons involved in learning during the day also stay active at night. The researchers found that these cells remain busy during sleep events called sharp-wave ripples, which are bursts of activity the hippocampus uses to replay and strengthen memories from the day.

Since overlapping neurons are recruited during both waking activity and sleep replay, the same circuit elements appear to participate in both learning and consolidation. This theoretically allows the brain to use a single system for both learning and storing memories, without the two processes interfering with each other.

“Our study shows how learning and memory consolidation can coexist in the same network,” said co-lead author Mihály Vöröslakos, MD, PhD. “Our discovery was made possible because for the first time, we were able to record hundreds of individual neurons across all the key regions simultaneously in animals that were moving around naturally.”

Implications for Disease and AI

The system identified in this research may help explain how memory disorders begin. In Alzheimer’s disease, for example, the hippocampal circuits examined here are some of the earliest to deteriorate. These networks are essential for sorting and organizing new experiences.

“Our discovery of a ‘memory switchboard’ deep in the hippocampus may provide clues as to how memory circuits fail in Alzheimer’s disease,” said co-senior author Zhe S. Chen, PhD, a professor in the Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience at NYU Grossman School of Medicine.

Artificial intelligence systems have a hard time holding onto what they’ve already learned when faced with new tasks, a problem researchers call catastrophic forgetting. The human brain appears able to update memories without catastrophic forgetting by altering the use of existing neural circuits. By studying how our brains pull this off, scientists hope to design AI that can keep learning new things without forgetting the old.

“By showing how the mammalian brain can safeguard memories during learning, our research may offer a biological blueprint for designing next-generation AI technology that can update itself continuously without overwriting what it has already acquired,” said co-senior author György Buzsáki, MD, PhD, the Biggs Professor of Neuroscience at NYU Grossman School of Medicine.

The researchers plan to investigate whether similar switchboard-like channels exist in other memory circuits. The authors caution that their findings in mice under controlled conditions do not yet allow conclusions about the human brain.

Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds an MBA, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, and a data analytics certification. His work focuses on breaking scientific developments, with an emphasis on emerging biology, cognitive neuroscience, and archaeological discoveries.

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