A rare tidal disruption event exposed a massive wandering black hole about 30,000 light-years from its galaxy’s center. A star was torn apart nearly 30,000 light-years from the center of a massive nearby galaxy, exposing a black hole where astronomers rarely see one. The unusually distant flare revealed an extremely rare “wandering” black hole and [...]Astronomers have discovered a dormant supermassive black hole 30,000 light-years from the center of WISEA J014656.04-152214.7 -- a massive galaxy located about 750 million light-years away in the constellation of Cetus -- after it briefly lit up by tearing apart a star.
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The cosmic violence of a black hole tearing apart a star produced a brilliant burst of radio light, which has been observed by astronomers thanks to a new international collaboration.
The U.S. National Science Foundation’s Very Large Array (NSF VLA) captured an off-axis afterglow that the researchers believe was left behind by a powerful jet produced by the star’s destruction. The black hole event was dubbed AT2019ijn by the Chinese research team that made the observation using U.S. equipment, and was described in a recent paper published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Intriguingly, this explosive cosmic event provides astronomers with important new clues in the search for some of the universe’s rarest types of black holes.
Various optical surveys of the cosmos detected the bright blue flash of AT2019ijn. For a few days, it continued to grow in brilliance before oddly fading at a rate far slower than is typical of similar transients.
Yet the optical spectrum did not tell the full story. As researchers combed through radio observations, they unexpectedly discovered that the radio emission did not peak within mere days but continued growing for two years before decaying over the next four. Also notable was the intensity of the emission, which was far more luminous than is typically seen during these phases of a stellar explosion.
Its 3-gigahertz luminosity was more than 100 times greater than signals typically observed from supernovae or fast blue optical transients.
Understanding the event required researchers to combine optical data with radio observations from the NSF VLA, India’s Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, and Australia’s ASKAP. By expanding their radio view with these various facilities, the researchers were able to observe how the event changed over time, allowing them to develop and test various models.
The Chinese astronomers identified a black hole as the most likely cause of these strange observations. Their focus was on a tidal disruption event, which occurs when a star wanders too close to a black hole and is torn apart by the incredibly powerful gravitational forces it encounters. Intriguingly, the researchers found that an event matching the observed optical brightness would require an extremely rare class of black hole.
Black holes are among the most extreme objects in the universe and tend to occupy opposite ends of a mass spectrum. The smaller variety is known as a “stellar-mass” black hole, since these objects form from the collapse of stars. At the other end are supermassive black holes, which anchor entire galaxies. However, intermediate-mass black holes have largely eluded astronomers, partly because their presence can be difficult to detect.
Crucially, AT2019ijn allowed researchers to identify a new avenue for detecting these rare black holes.
Perspective is important in these detections. When an intermediate-mass black hole’s jet is not aimed directly toward Earth, the event may appear far less intense at optical wavelengths than expected. However, continued observation at radio wavelengths can reveal a much more intense afterglow as the jet evolves. This delayed brightening could therefore provide an important new clue for identifying potential intermediate-mass black holes.
Looking more broadly, the astronomers contend that many extreme black hole events may be missed because observations cease after the initial optical flash, leaving potentially intense radio peaks unobserved. As even more advanced observational platforms come online, such as the upcoming Next Generation Very Large Array, future radio surveys may reveal more such events, potentially illuminating a previously unrecognized class of transients similar to AT2019ijn.
The paper, “AT2019ijn: A Fast-rising, Slow-decaying Blue Optical Transient with Exceptionally Bright Radio Emission,” appeared in Astrophysical Journal Letters on July 6, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
After decades of searching, astronomers have pinpointed the first of an estimated 10,000 stellar-mass black holes thought to lurk in Omega Centauri, the most massive stellar system in the Milky Way found so far, with a stellar mass of 3.6 million solar masses.
The post Astronomers Find Omega Centauri’s First Stellar-Mass Black Hole appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
Scientists may have found a more realistic set of thermodynamic rules for black holes that never stop changing. Black holes are among the most extreme objects known in the universe. They compress enormous amounts of mass into remarkably small regions, creating gravitational fields so powerful that nothing, not even light, can escape once it crosses [...]James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations have astronomers on the brink of solving another long-standing astronomical mystery: how do supermassive black holes feed?
Astronomers from the Université de Montréal led an international team in the new research, reported in a recent paper in The Astrophysical Journal, which presents the clearest images ever recorded of gaseous filaments connecting a galaxy’s atmosphere to the rotating disk that the supermassive black hole feeds on.
The team’s analysis of the data paves the way toward understanding how black holes consume matter, a mystery that has stumped astronomers for decades.
“JWST observations are offering us thousands of new facts and measurements, and I can report it’s a lot to absorb,” said co-author Megan Donahue, MSU University Distinguished Professor of physics and astronomy. “We are all working together to solve the astrophysics questions about how these black holes get their fuel and how they interact with their host galaxy.”
Supermassive black holes anchor most galaxies in the universe, with masses ranging from millions to billions of times that of the Sun. In active galactic nuclei (AGN), these central black holes both consume enormous amounts of surrounding material and unleash powerful jets that shape the galaxies around them.
This activity presents a longstanding puzzle. Because an AGN’s jets heat the surrounding gas, they should effectively cut off the black hole’s fuel supply, leaving astronomers to wonder how it continues to accrete matter.
To investigate, the researchers tested the leading explanation: that heated gas eventually cools, condenses into long filaments, and falls back toward the galactic center, replenishing the black hole’s supply of material.
They turned JWST toward one of the best natural laboratories for studying AGN: the galaxy NGC 4696, located at the heart of the Centaurus Cluster, roughly 145 million light-years from Earth.
Using JWST’s NIRSpec instrument, the team collected eight hours of observations, mapping the motion of gas deep within the galaxy—where the black hole’s gravitational influence dominates—at a resolution of about 30 light-years.
Their observations revealed an 800-light-year-wide disk of gas orbiting the supermassive black hole at roughly 600 kilometers per second. Connected to this rapidly rotating disk was a large infalling filament, funneling gas inward to feed the AGN.
The discovery fills in a crucial missing piece of the puzzle surrounding how supermassive black holes sustain themselves. The researchers propose that after the black hole injects energy into the surrounding gas, heating it, that material eventually cools and collapses into thin filaments stretching hundreds of thousands of light-years. Guided by magnetic fields, these filaments then fall toward the galaxy’s center, where they accumulate in the rotating accretion disk.
The team also ran a series of computer simulations based on this model and found that the predicted behavior closely matched what JWST observed. While additional observations will be needed to confirm the results, the findings provide strong support for the filament-feeding hypothesis.
“It’s been really exciting to participate in this project,” co-author Mark Voit, an MSU Physics and Astronomy Professor, said in a statement.
“Calculations done by our Michigan State group predict that magnetic fields should help feed the universe’s biggest black holes by channeling cool gas toward them, and it’s amazing to see that happening in these JWST images,” he added.
The paper, “JWST Reveals How Lack Holes Are Fed: Kiloparsec-Scale Multiphase Filaments Feed Sub-Kiloparsec Circumnuclear Disks,” appeared in The Astrophysical Journal Letters on July 14, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
New images of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 4696 from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope reveal gas filaments funneling material into a spinning disk around a supermassive black hole 800 light-years across.
The post Webb Catches Supermassive Black Hole Feeding from Cosmic Gas Streams appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
Astronomers using ESA’s Euclid space telescope have discovered 31 ancient quasars from a time when the Universe was just 670 to 800 million years old. One of these objects, dubbed EUCL J172902.75+641018.1, sets the new record for the most distant quasar ever reported.
The post Euclid Discovers Earliest Quasars Ever Seen appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
New experiments are bringing into focus the mechanism behind Hawking radiation, the strange phenomenon that demonstrates black holes are not strictly a one-way street.
While theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking’s prediction of this faint radiation from black holes has yet to be detected from space, researchers have replicated it in laboratory models and have developed complex theories to explain the phenomenon.
In their recent paper in Nature, an international team of researchers from Germany’s Paderborn University, Mexico’s Cinestav, and Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science has developed laboratory models that may point to a much simpler mechanism underlying these theoretical black hole emissions.
Stephen Hawking first described Hawking radiation in a 1974 theoretical model, characterizing this as a type of blackbody radiation, meaning it is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment and changes with the body’s temperature. His prior work had assumed that the pull of a black hole was so powerful that electromagnetic radiation could not escape it. But eventually he reconsidered the work of two Soviet scientists, Yakov Zeldovich and Alexei Starobinsky, who proposed in 1971 that black holes could create and emit particles.
A major consequence of this theoretical radiation is that if it were real, it would mean that black holes slowly evaporate as they lose electromagnetic radiation. Given enough time, if a black hole failed to feed, it would continue to shrink until it vanished entirely.
Intriguingly, the rate at which this happens would be inversely proportional to the black hole’s mass, with smaller black holes emitting radiation at a faster rate. Therefore, micro black holes could disappear remarkably quickly compared to their larger siblings.
The international team’s work models the generation of Hawking radiation in a nonlinear optical environment, allowing them to identify a simple mechanism responsible for the emission and its impact on the system.
Earlier work described a significantly more complicated scenario, involving multiple quantum-mechanical processes interacting in a cascade to generate the Hawking radiation. The new solution utilized a fiber-optic model of a black hole’s event horizon, combined with precision experiments and rigorous modeling to reveal a much simpler mechanism by which radiation generates and feeds back.
“This simplifies the theoretical understanding and opens up new ways of calculating effects in such systems,” explained lead author Dr. Lorenzo M. Procopio, formerly of Weizmann but now of Paderborn University. “It might even shed light on how Hawking radiation arises in the context of gravity.”
The international researchers’ work goes beyond identifying the simplified mechanism; it also provides evidence that Hawking radiation interacts with the black hole system, rather than passively emitting from it into space.
Understanding this emission system is crucial to one of the great unanswered questions about black holes: do they lose mass over time or remain in permanent equilibrium? The enormous cosmic scale of a black hole and massive distances involved make such a precise study out of reach for current observational technology.
However, this laboratory work provides a unique opportunity to study the effect of Hawking radiation on a measurable scale. Additionally, Hawking radiation experiments offer essential clues to the nature of elusive quantum gravity, in which physicists are still trying to determine how macroscopic gravity impacts the microscopic quantum world.
The paper, “Backreaction of Stimulated Hawking Radiation in an Optical Analogue,” appeared in Nature on July 1, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
Hidden in the gravitational waves generated by the largest black hole collision ever detected, clues retrieved by Australian National University (ANU) researchers have helped them observe how black holes drag spacetime itself along with their spin.
As two black holes collide, they merge in a massive cosmic impact, forming a larger black hole and creating ripples in spacetime called gravitational waves. In the largest black hole merger observed, GW250114, the ANU team discovered a hidden direct wave for the first time, a feature expected by general relativity and revealed in a recent paper published in Nature.
Some of the most intriguing objects in the universe, black holes have enormous power and effect on their surroundings, which scientists are still working to better understand. The gravitational waves produced by their collisions compress space as they travel, and highly sophisticated—and very precise—detectors are required to observe these waves, such as the United States’ Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO).
Since not even light can escape a black hole’s event horizon, gravitational waves’ ability to carry information about what lies just beyond the rim’s edge provides an important means of gaining perspective into one of a black hole’s most mysterious regions.
The most extreme black hole merger ever recorded, GW250114, came from a black hole perfectly positioned for Earth observers, allowing LIGO to capture faint signatures in the data. The team decoded the event’s direct wave, previously hidden in the data, revealing the black hole’s drag on spacetime.
In his theory of relativity, Albert Einstein described black holes as producing a “frame dragging” effect in which they pull nearby spacetime with them as they rotate, like water circling a drain. Also, according to general relativity, the region where this frame-dragging occurs, just past the event horizon’s edge, should produce gravitational radiation that creates a direct wave, imprinting information about the cosmic whirlpool surrounding the black hole.
Event horizons have been essential to theoretical physics models for decades, but very little observational data on them has been collected due to the difficulty of observing light that close to a black hole. Although not a physical object and instead merely a boundary in spacetime, general relativity posits that the event horizon’s properties, such as gravitational strength and rotational speed, should be measurable. Therefore, having access to a data source so close to the black hole’s edge, as with a direct wave, is extremely valuable to understanding our universe.
Due to the extreme nature of the event and our prime viewing location on Earth, the extremely powerful gravitational wave produced by GW250114 was the perfect opportunity to hunt for a direct wave. Despite longstanding predictions of direct waves based on general relativity, this is the first time that one has ever been detected, providing new insight into how fast the black hole is spinning and the gravitational power of the event horizon.
The researchers employed a new technique to isolate the subtle direct wave in the data from the rest of the event. This first success proves the case for direct waves and how to detect them, opening an entirely new avenue for investigating black holes. By finally detecting these waves, the team provides future researchers with an essential technique for designing new tests of General Relativity, as direct waves, horizon rotations, and surface gravity should all be linked.
Scientists currently grapple with the apparent incompatibility between general relativity, which describes our universe at the macro scale, and quantum physics, which operates at the smallest scales of matter and energy.
Some of our most essential technologies, such as GPS, lasers, quantum computers, and semiconductors, are designed according to these theories and operate perfectly despite the seeming contradiction of how these two perspectives of our universe describe physical reality.
The difficulty of reconciling these ideas is one reason scientists are interested in distant black holes. The extreme conditions of spacetime at the edge of an event horizon may offer the best clues for finally reconciling these existing theories, or for upending them altogether in favor of something that more accurately describes the physical universe at all scales.
The paper, “GW250114 Reveals Signatures of Post-Merger Black-Hole Horizon,” appeared in Nature on June 24, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
Researchers have identified the most distant dormant black hole known, dating back to the universe’s early history. Astronomers have long relied on brilliant quasars, supermassive black holes actively feeding on surrounding matter, to study the early universe. Yet these luminous objects reveal only part of the story. Now, researchers have detected the most distant dormant [...]A new cosmic bounce model suggests that remnants from a pre-Big Bang Universe may still exist today. What if some of the Universe’s oldest objects are actually older than the Big Bang itself? A new study from the University of Portsmouth suggests that ancient black holes may have survived from a time before the Universe [...]It’s not the kind of thing astronomers expect to see while observing the powerful effects of a distant supermassive black hole: an unprecedented UFO sighting.
However, that’s precisely what one group of scientists now reports in a preprint paper, who detail the successful detection of one of the strongest UFOs—a black hole phenomenon otherwise known as “ultra-fast outflows”—that astronomers may have ever seen.
The landmark detection was made possible with the XMM-Newton space observatory and NuSTAR X-ray telescope, which allowed the researchers behind the discovery to observe a luminous quasar with origins that date back to “cosmic noon,” revealing a pair of outflow wind components being blasted from the black hole in question.
Black holes have more than just large appetites for cosmic material: they also produce significant gas-driven winds from around their accretion disk.
These winds become known as ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) when their strength propels them to greater than ten percent of light speed, and astronomers currently believe they are an important part of what helps black holes regulate their growth, which may also hold for their host galaxies.
One way this occurs is that UFOs help to heat galactic gases that give rise to star formation, a quenching process that most astronomers believe occurred during a period called “cosmic noon,” which occurred between 1.6 and 3.5 billion years after the birth of the universe.
Astronomers can detect ultra-fast outflows based on the “dips” they create in their powerful gusts, which are caused by ionized iron present in their outflow gases. These gases also absorb X-rays along their path away from their black hole originators, which leave “fingerprints” in the form of absorption features that are detectable using X-ray telescopes.
Significantly, these “dips” manifest as a blueshift since they are shifted to higher energies as they move at such high speeds (again, roughly 10% of the speed of light). From the blueshifted energy signatures they comprise, astronomers can determine not only the presence of UFOs, but also the wind speed of their gusty outflows.
In the past, most detections of these high-powered cosmic phenomena have relied on gravitationally lensed quasars. These celestial objects occur when a galaxy or similar feature closer to Earth appears in front of them, magnifying the quasar’s light and significantly brightening its luminosity from our Earthly perspective.
However, lensing of this variety can also present problems, and so astronomers led by Giorgio Lanzuisi of INAF Bologna designed a special system to target more than a dozen hyper-luminous quasars at cosmic noon, as a means of getting a better feel for the dynamics of non-lensed quasars.
WISSHFUL is an XMM-Newton multi-year heritage program that Lanzuisi and his colleagues designed for this purpose, whose initial target became a quasar designated WISSH13, whose redshift at 3.294 marks the object’s existence as it appeared approximately 2 billion years after the Big Bang.
WISH13’s black hole also weighs in at close to 2 billion times that of our Sun, which causes it to shine far brighter than normally expected for an object of its estimated mass.
Their work began in the autumn of 2024 by combining observations from XMM-Newton and NuSTAR initially obtained in 2017. From these X-ray images of WISSH12, a pair of distinctive absorption features became evident, which the team determined to have been generated by two separate sources from within the same ultra-fast outflow.
These components were found to travel at different speeds: one moving at close to 30% of the speed of light, while the other at only about 10% of light speed. The slower of these two appears to have been an enduring component of the UFO, while the faster one showed signatures that indicated a more recent appearance. This could mean that it emanates from events that are shorter in duration.
By matching theoretical predictions of a layered wind structure surrounding the black hole, the researchers say their observations align with models that indicate a fast-moving inner “spine” launched from the accretion disk’s innermost regions. Meanwhile, a slower outer “sheath” is also believed to emanate farther from the black hole. The combined outflow components produce an estimated 21 to 24 solar masses of material annually.
Such figures, the team says, represent what is believed to be among the most massive and energetic ultrafast outflows ever observed, a discovery which also marks the highest-redshift ultrafast outflow yet detected in a non-lensed quasar.
Despite their remarkable energetic output, the team says these outflow winds seem to conform to the same essential relationships observed in active galaxies much closer to Earth, suggesting that the processes driving these outflows have remained remarkably consistent across cosmic time.
Going forward, the team says they hope to make additional observations of these powerful cosmic phenomena with help from the new Athena X-ray mission, which they say could help uncover similar winds in even more distant quasars.
The team’s discoveries were detailed in a recent paper, “The WISSHFUL program: the highest redshift UFO discovered in a non-lensed QSO,” which appeared at the preprint arXiv.org server.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
Scientists are exploring a fascinating idea: some of the brilliant stellar explosions seen across the universe may have been triggered by tiny black holes formed shortly after the Big Bang. A new study led by researchers at the State University of New York Polytechnic Institute (SUNY Poly) suggests that these mysterious objects, called primordial black […]
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Time seems like one of the most basic parts of everyday life. We use clocks to measure it, plan our days around it, and experience it as a steady flow from the past into the future. But according to some of the deepest theories in physics, time may not actually exist in the way we […]
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Using Webb’s NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments, astronomers have obtained the deepest spectrum ever taken of a little red dot.
The post Webb Delivers Strongest-Ever Case for ‘Black Hole Stars’ Lurking in Early Universe appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.
Scientists from Goethe University, Frankfurt, studying alternatives to black holes have suggested a mathematically viable formation mechanism for one proposed alternative called a ‘Gravastar.’
Although the team behind the newly proposed gravastar formation mechanism conceded that black holes still represent the simplest and most natural solution to gravitational collapse, they also suggest that the physics behind the alternative, which doesn’t require a single point where spacetime curves infinitely, called a “singularity,” can make them “easier to accept” than black holes.
If correct, and some or all black holes are, in fact, gravastars that mimic their expected properties, the work would establish a valid formation mechanism that could rewrite decades of accepted science and open a new field of research dedicated to understanding this previously misunderstood phenomenon.
According to standard cosmology theories, black holes form when extremely massive stars stop generating energy, allowing the force of gravity to take over and collapse the remaining matter into a single point, or singularity. Unfortunately, the research team behind the new study notes that “the laws of physics break down” within the singularity, making the formation of the resulting black hole a difficult phenomenon to predict.
“How can spacetime be curved infinitely at that point, the singularity?” asks the team’s statement announcing the new approach. They also note that no information escapes a black hole, including light, making studying its inner workings effectively impossible, and opening up the possibility that “black holes are in fact entirely different objects.”
Some options have been proposed, including ‘horizonless’ black hole mimickers. The team notes that these proposed options are “mathematically consistent alternatives” that also address the physics challenges posed by traditional black holes.
Still, how these alternative objects form has remained largely unclear. The research team said this lack of a formation mechanism constitutes “a significant open problem” since understanding how they form is the “first step” to determining if they truly exist.
In the new formation model, theoretical physicists Daniel Jampolski and Theoretical Astrophysics Professor Luciano Rezzolla from Goethe University showed that the collapse of a dying star may not go far enough that it reaches the point of no return, where “the collapse to a black hole is inevitable.”
Instead, the collapse slows down near a point scientists call the Schwarzschild radius, then stops. The result is what the team termed a “miniature universe” within the collapsing matter, which they compared to the dynamics of the Big Bang, which most theorists agree formed the entire universe.
Since the universe’s expansion was driven by dark energy, the new model proposes that the dark energy within the mini-universe establishes an “equilibrium” with the counteracting force of gravity, therefore halting the collapse of the star “before a black hole can form.”
“The Big Bang of the emerging universe can unfold once the star has already collapsed almost to the point of becoming a black hole,” explained Jampolski, who discovered the black hole alternative gravastar solution in his master’s thesis while under the supervision of Professor Rezzolla.
When discussing the impact of their proposed black hole alternative formation model, Jampolski said that from a mathematical and physics standpoint, it is “easier to imagine that the Big Bang occurs only at a very late stage, when matter has already been compressed to an extreme degree, thereby giving rise to new effects.” The team also notes that the unresolved behavior of matter in this environment “leaves room for new physics.”
Although the team’s model offers a mathematically sound formation for an alternative to black holes, Rezzolla notes that the search for gravastars or other alternatives “should not suggest a skepticism towards black holes,” which, he adds, “still represent the most natural and simplest solution to the fate of gravitational collapse.”
Instead, the Goethe professor explained, his general role as a scientist and his specific discipline as a theoretical physicist make it essential that he and his colleagues “maintain an unbiased approach towards what we do not know and hence explore both the accepted wisdom and the more exotic interpretations.”
“History teaches us that it is not unusual for the latter to become the former,” the professor added.
The paper “Formation of gravastars” was published in the journal Physical Review D.
Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.
A new detector-based method clarifies how gravitational waves should be measured in an evolving universe. Imagine trying to measure a ripple on the surface of a pond while the pond itself is slowly changing shape. That is the challenge scientists face when they study gravitational waves not as isolated signals from colliding black holes, but [...]Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in science. Scientists cannot see it directly, yet they believe it makes up most of the matter in the universe. Now, a new study suggests that dark matter may gather around supermassive black holes, forming large invisible clouds that influence their surroundings. Researchers from Virginia Tech have […]
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Astronomers using NASA’s powerful James Webb Space Telescope may have solved one of the biggest mysteries of the early universe. A strange object known as a “little red dot” appears to be a rapidly growing supermassive black hole hidden inside a thick cloud of gas. Little red dots were first discovered by the James Webb […]
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