A groundbreaking imaging technology developed by researchers at the University of Oklahoma promises to revolutionize liver transplant evaluations by enabling more comprehensive and rapid assessments of donor organ health. With thousands of patients awaiting liver transplants nationwide, transplant teams urgently need tools that can deliver swift, accurate insights without invasive procedures. The team, led by Dr. Qinggong Tang, has adapted polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT)—an advanced imaging modality originally utilized in retinal scans—to noninvasively evaluate donor livers at high resolution.
Traditional liver assessments rely heavily on biopsies, where small tissue samples are extracted and examined for signs of disease or damage. While considered the gold standard, biopsies are inherently limited, providing only a microscopic snapshot of a vast organ that may vary in condition. This narrow sampling can cause uncertainty, sometimes leading to the discard of viable organs. The OU team sought to overcome these limitations by employing PS-OCT, which not only captures detailed cross-sectional images of liver tissue but also measures its polarization properties, revealing subtle structural and biochemical features linked to liver health.
The engineers designed a portable PS-OCT system optimized for clinical and operating room environments, allowing transplant teams to scan liver surfaces quickly and noninvasively. The imaging data are then analyzed using advanced artificial intelligence algorithms, co-developed with Dr. Chongle Pan’s computer science lab. These AI tools quantify critical parameters indicative of hepatic steatosis (fat accumulation) and inflammation, two primary factors influencing liver viability. By training their models on datasets from over thirty clinical cases—comparing PS-OCT results with biopsy outcomes and post-transplant organ function—the researchers demonstrated strong correlations between imaging biomarkers and actual clinical metrics.
Beyond providing a more holistic view of donor liver condition, PS-OCT could enhance decision-making speed, potentially expanding the pool of organs deemed suitable for transplantation by identifying healthy tissue regions missed by biopsy. Such improvements may reduce organ discard rates and improve transplant success. Encouraged by initial findings, the OU team plans a large multisite clinical trial involving institutions like UT Southwestern and the Cleveland Clinic to validate and refine this approach across diverse patient populations.
This work exemplifies OU’s interdisciplinary innovation platform that integrates optical bioimaging, machine learning, pathology, and organ perfusion technology to translate engineering advances directly into clinical practice. The researchers also intend to extend PS-OCT evaluation methods to other organs, including kidneys and lungs, widening the impact of this technology.
Supported by National Science Foundation grants and institutional partnerships, the team’s efforts mark a significant step toward redefining how transplanted organs are assessed. Dr. Tang emphasizes that this is just the beginning, envisioning a future where noninvasive, AI-enhanced imaging facilitates safer, faster, and more effective organ transplantation worldwide.
Subject of Research: Donor liver evaluation using advanced imaging techniques Article Title: Human donor liver viability evaluation with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography News Publication Date: 24-Jun-2026 Web References: http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.adv7124 Image Credits: University of Oklahoma / Ellie Pinter
Keywords
Organ transplantation, Optical coherence tomography, Polarization-sensitive imaging, Liver viability, Artificial intelligence, Biomedical imaging, Noninvasive diagnostics, Medical innovation
They suck up energy and water, and blast out heat. Just who is better off from all this investment – aside from tech bros?
The two great existential threats of our time – the climate crisis and AI – come hurtling together in the explosion of datacentres across Australia and around the world.
You can hardly avoid hearing about them these days, either with awed reverence of the promised benefits to humankind or with fear and anger given the implications for the climate, inflation, jobs and even housing affordability.
Large-scale datacentre projects around the world are being challenged or cancelled, as infrastructure’s energy demands ramp up
Datacentre planning proposals face all kinds of hurdles, from securing energy supply to high construction costs. But the 2,000 acre Prince William Digital Gateway site in the US state of Virginia had another problem: its proximity to a Civil War battlefield.
“If the development is allowed to proceed, the solemn nature of this historic site would become marred by sitting in the shadow of the monstrous datacentres, along with their associated electrical infrastructure,” said one legal brief against the plans.
Scottish government to consider SNP national council motion for moratorium on all new datacentres
The Scottish government is about to consider a sweeping moratorium on building new datacentres, putting a key plank of the UK’s AI strategy at risk.
Last Sunday the Scottish National party (SNP)’s national council passed a motion to freeze all new datacentres in Scotland. That motion has been sent to the Scottish government to consider.
The promise was that a Scottish community would be transformed by massive investment and empowered to chase “the jobs of the future”. Instead, local people in Lanarkshire fear they may have to sell their properties and lose green belt land because of the errors of a badly planned AI datacentre complex, even as those jobs and investments never arrive.
Late last year, representatives of Oakes Energy Services began to knock on doors in Newarthill, a village east of Glasgow. In letters reviewed by the Guardian, they invited residents to individual meetings. They told them about plans for a solar farm, say local people, and made offers: free solar panels, tree planting, or even cash for their properties.
A landmark AI development billed as delivering jobs and prosperity has misrepresented its plans to channel a nuclear reactor’s worth of power to a site in rural Scotland, a Guardian investigation has found.
When it was announced in January, the government promised that an £8.2bn AI datacentre complex in Lanarkshire – built by the US firm CoreWeave and the Scottish company DataVita – would be powered entirely from on-site renewables and built by 2030.
The Guardian has examined government plans to build Britain’s AI infrastructure for the future, finding some of these to be, in the words of one source, at best unclear and at worst “complete bunk”.
The plans in question are for AI growth zones, which are supposed to be regions where the government supports companies to build massive AI datacentre complexes, of 500MW or greater. These could be bigger than any now operating in the UK.
AI use for therapy, and due to loneliness, appears not to reduce loneliness. AI provides affirmation, but at the expense of reducing the social skills needed to interact in the real world. Teachers report that students’ use of AI reduces their capacity for critical thinking.
When you click to enter a website or try to log in or fill out a form, you may be asked to identify motorcycles from a grid of grainy images, decipher a string of convoluted characters, or click a box that states "I am not a robot."
These tests are called CAPTCHAs, which stands for "Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart." As their name suggests, they are meant to help a website distinguish if an action is coming from a human or a bot, since the aforementioned tasks are theoretically easy for a human and difficult for automated software to perform. This, in turn, blocks bots from spamming comments, downloading files, taking over accounts, or executing any other action on a website.
But as computer models increasingly gain the ability to solve CAPTCHAs, thanks to advancing artificial intelligence (AI) — and with puzzles getting weirder and more difficult for humans to complete — does this mean CAPTCHAs are still useful?
CAPTCHAs were introduced in the late 1990s to address "a very simple, but very difficult problem," Andreas Plesner, a computer scientist at ETH Zurich, told Live Science. "If I don't interact with a person physically … is it a computer? Or is it human?" Some of the first CAPTCHAs, still common on websites today, were composed of distorted text, since text-reading software at that time had trouble interpreting warped words.
But over time, text-reading software improved and new types of CAPTCHAs were developed. For instance, reCAPTCHA, one of the most popular CAPTCHA services, has an image-based test that asks users to identify objects such as traffic lights, motorcycles or bicycles from a grid of Google Street View photos. This was developed after Google acquired the service in 2009.
"The bet was that recognizing objects in messy, real-world photos was still a uniquely human skill," Ng Chong, chief of information technology and director of United Nations University's Campus Computing Centre in Tokyo, told Live Science in an email.
As time went on, CAPTCHA design continued to advance. In 2014, Google came out with reCAPTCHA v2, which analyzed computer mouse behavior by asking people to click a checkbox to test if a user was human. If the behavior is deemed suspicious, determined by factors like how a user interacts with the site beforehand or the timing of their click, the street-image grid pops up as an additional puzzle.
However, more recently, technology has improved to a point where image recognition is no longer a human-specific skill. As early as 2016, researchers found that low-cost deep learning technologies could solve reCAPTCHAv2 around 70% of the time. By 2024, Plesner and his colleagues developed an AI model that could solve the puzzles correctly 100% of the time. Earlier in 2026, Chong noted that he built a tool that could mimic human-like browsing behavior and sometimes bypass reCAPTCHA v2 without triggering the image grid at all. When the grid was triggered, the tool used AI to solve it within a few tries.
"When both the challenge and the behavioral layer are defeated by commodity tools running on a single laptop, the fundamental premise of CAPTCHA, that there are tasks humans can do but machines can't, stops holding," Chong wrote.
"Real World Captchas" appeared in major cities around the world in April 2025. (Image credit: Gerald Matzka / Stringer via Getty Images)
Looking ahead
So does that mean CAPTCHAs are completely obsolete? Not quite. Although the model Plesner and his colleagues developed breezed past reCAPTCHAv2, "there were a lot of the safety measures that were not tied to being able to solve it, but more tied to how you solve it," he said. For example, while conducting their research, Plesner noted that his team used a virtual private network (VPN) that changed IP addresses for each test, since a single IP address with a high volume of solved CAPTCHAs faced tasks with increasing difficulty, or got blocked entirely.
Modern CAPTCHAs focus on these background clues and tactics, rather than the puzzle itself. This includes Google's reCAPTCHA v3, Friendly CAPTCHA, hCAPTCHA and Cloudflare's Turnstile, among others, which run without sending a puzzle at all. They instead look at whether the action is coming from a real attested device (rather than from automated code), whether an IP address has had a high volume of automated requests in the past, how a user navigates a webpage, what the user's cookie history is, and a slew of other factors to determine possible malicious intent.
As the tug-of-war continues, CAPTCHA puzzles are still widespread. After all, they’ve been the status quo for decades, are easy to set up and are relatively cost-effective, Chong said. But these tasks have some other drawbacks. Although bots can increasingly solve the puzzles with ease, CAPTCHAs can be a headache to get through for humans and can be seen as discriminatory against those with disabilities, notably visual disabilities, as a researcher noted in a 2022 conference paper.
The crescendoing complexity of CAPTCHA puzzles has even been the subject of parody, with developer Neal Agarwal creating a free satirical game called "I'm Not a Robot." Users must solve a series of increasingly convoluted verification checks — scoring a point for each stage they pass, which eventually transcend into the absurd.
So, as machines get smarter, the answer may not be to find more difficult puzzles. "If a CAPTCHA can only be solved by someone with a Ph.D. in mathematics, then it's not very useful," Plesner said. "The internet needs to be used by everyone."
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Network latency in bitcoin mining is driving massive energy waste — the annual equivalent of the total generation capacity of Switzerland's entire hydroelectric power system, scientists say. This wasted energy results from inefficiencies in the mining process and increasing competition among bitcoin miners.
In a new study published May 26 in the journal PNAS Nexus, the researchers aimed to provide a theoretical model to measure patterns within the networks powering bitcoin's distributed ledger system.
But they also calculated that in 2025, around 16,000 megawatts was wasted by fruitless bitcoin mining attempts, where competing mining efforts exert massive computational power to obtain the same units of bitcoin. This is roughly equivalent to the total generation capacity of Switzerland's 701 hydropower plants, according to statistics from the Swiss Federal Office of Energy.
It's important to note that this figure differs from the total energy consumed by bitcoin mining activity, estimated by researchers to stand at an annual level of 138 terawatt-hours, as of June 2024. This is higher than the annual energy consumption of several developed countries including Norway and the Netherlands.
Energy-guzzling crypto
Concerns around the environmental impact of bitcoin and other proof-of-work blockchain technologies have abounded in recent years.
In 2021, for example, bitcoin mining's water usage, primarily for liquid-cooled computer equipment, equated to more than the domestic water use of 300 million people in rural sub-Saharan Africa, according to a 2023 U.N. report.
Bitcoin is underpinned by a distributed ledger system, called a blockchain, which operates on a "proof-of-work" model. For a new unit of the digital currency to be generated, computing power must be used to solve a digital puzzle. In theory, the first entity to successfully "solve" the problem adds a new "block" of transactions to the ongoing chain and is granted a set quantity of bitcoin in return.
However, due to the explosion of interest in bitcoin as a financial trading asset, the competition for who can be the first to complete a block and claim the rewards has become incredibly fierce. A solution to the puzzle is based on computational power, with specialized hardware providing a greater advantage in speed. It has driven commercial entities to invest in building specialized data centers dedicated to such mining operations.
Because the race to be the first to mine a block is so competitive, the difference between first and second place can be just tiny fractions of a second. This often results in "accidental forks" — where two competing blocks are registered at almost exactly the same time.
In this scenario, the block with the longest chain of subsequent blocks built on top of it will eventually become a verified and legitimate part of the blockchain — earning its miners the bitcoin reward — while the competing block will be seen as invalid and worth nothing.
The energy needed to solve the proof of work and generate these "orphaned blocks" in the first place — as well as any subsequent blocks built on top of them before the winner is decided — is ultimately wasted.
An engineer stands next to a bitcoin mine. (Image credit: PixeloneStocker via Getty Images)
"Despite their indication of a distributed network, accidental forks are an inefficiency of the Bitcoin protocol that leads to wasted computational resources (and thus energy), increasing the cost of network operations and its environmental impact to maintain a given level of security," the researchers wrote in the study.
According to the Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute (CCRI), a cryptocurrency analysis firm, bitcoin is the most dominant cryptocurrency by far, with a market capitalisation of more than $1.1 trillion — more than 80% larger than the next most popular currency, Ethereum. However, instead of proof-of-work, Ethereum uses a different form of consensus mechanism to establish block authorship, called "proof-of-stake," which is significantly less computationally intensive.
While other cryptocurrencies apart from bitcoin also use proof-of-work methods, bitcoin is around twice as large as its next nearest rival in this category, making it orders of magnitude more power-hungry.
Who rules the pool
Whereas previous models for analyzing fork rates treated all miners in the network as equal, this study considered elements such as network latency and geographic distribution, aiming to provide a "null model" — a baseline which can be used as a starting point to inform future analysis.
The model also allowed the researchers to quantify other notable trends, such as the distribution of "mining pools" — consortiums in which mining operators pool their efforts to maximize their potential success. They identified a decline in the dominance of Chinese mining pools from 2022 following the country's ban on bitcoin mining while also discovering high levels of consolidation at the upper level of the bitcoin mining industry.
The report found that just three mining pools produce over 50% of new bitcoin blocks. This is a problem because it risks a "51% attack," whereby unscrupulous miners enter fraudulent information into the blockchain by ensuring that they always produce the longest chain and, therefore, become validated.
This level of consolidation distorts the market for processing fees that bitcoin users pay to have their transactions included in the next block, the researchers added, and could thus allow miners to arbitrarily delay the inclusion of specific transactions.
A breakthrough in photonic chips could make large, costly, ultrafast lasers dramatically smaller, leading to portable and affordable imaging, diagnostic and information-processing devices, researchers say.
By using a decades-old overlooked laser architecture, scientists managed to fit an ultrafast laser onto a tiny photonic chip — a chip that uses light, rather than electricity, for computing operations.
In a new study published June 3 in the journal Nature, the team demonstrated that a tiny laser on the photonic chip could deliver 1.05 nanojoules of energy in 147-femtosecond (147 quadrillionths of a second) bursts — thereby competing with the output of laboratory-class ultrafast lasers.
Ultrafast lasers are used in a variety of applications, from precision manufacturing and eye surgery to biological imaging and atomic clocks, but the systems needed to power them tend to take up whole tabletops in labs or factories. Yet the powerful output of these laser pulses made them difficult to miniaturise onto photonic chips.
"For more than twenty years, a high-pulse-energy femtosecond laser on chip was widely regarded as a holy grail of integrated photonics," Tobias Kippenberg, a photonics professor at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology(EPFL), said in a statement.
"Our result shows that it is not only possible, but that it can be achieved with a surprisingly elegant architecture that the integrated-photonics community had overlooked."
Forward-thinking breakthrough comes from looking back
Photonic chips manipulate light by using microscopic structures called waveguides — usually in the form of optical fibers or etched cavities — to carry information. They aren't particularly novel, and can be found in fiber-optic communications, medical sensors and lidar systems.
But photonic chips have previously struggled when handling high-powered, ultrafast lasers. That's because they need to contain light to extremely small waveguides, leading the light to interact strongly with itself and destabilizing the laser pulses.
To tackle this problem, the researchers looked at a laser architecture called the Mamyshev oscillator, created in 1998 by Pavel V. Mamyshev, a physicist and engineer at Bell Labs.
EPFL's chip-based ultrafast laser operates in a testing set up. (Image credit: Zheru Qiu/EPFL)
This oscillator, which has received little attention in the world of photonic chips, works by placing a nonlinear waveguide between two optical filters. This causes a high-intensity laser pulse to expand into a broader range of colors that can then pass through both filters while weaker light, which can cause laser destabilization, is blocked out. This technique essentially means that a high-intensity laser pulse can be maintained.
Because the Mamyshev oscillator doesn't require extra components to manufacture on a chip, it presents an attractive design for use on photonic chips. And although the laser cavity needed to direct an ultrafast laser is 16.5 inches (42 centimeters) long, it can be folded to occupy around the same area as a match head. This can't be done with conventional fiber-optic-based lasers, often used in photonic chips.
That takes care of the size, but the cost of ultrafast laser systems is another challenge. But because photonic chips can be fabricated using silicon wafers in the same fashion as computer chips, more than 1,000 laser cavities could potentially be produced in a single batch, the researchers said. As such, photonic chips with ultrafast laser capabilities could be produced at scale, in turn reducing manufacturing costs and even expanding their use.
Photonic chips capable of handling ultrafast lasers could, in the future, lead to portable tools for tasks like detecting pollutants or performing advanced medical diagnostics in the field, the researchers noted in the study. The technology also opens the door to smaller atomic clocks that can benefit navigation and future communications.
A Chinese system has become the world’s most powerful supercomputer, surpassing American machines for the first time since 2021.
LineShine, installed at China’s National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, clinched the top spot in the 67thTOP500 ranking of the world’s most powerful supercomputers. The new system has already been used in a range of fields, giving developers another route to achieve supercomputing power.
The machine, which came online in the first half of 2026, can reach speeds of 2.198 exaFLOPS — where 1 exaFLOP is 1 quintillion (1018) floating-point operations, or mathematical calculations, per second (FLOPs) — making it the only supercomputer on the planet to exceed 2 exaFLOPS per second. It's also the first time China has hosted the world's fastest supercomputer since 2017.
A FLOP is a type of calculation used to benchmark computing performance.Exascale supercomputers can perform more than 1 quintillion of these operations every second. In comparison, home computers can perform roughly 5 trillion FLOPS.
According to TOP500, LineShine can achieve speeds about 22% faster than El Capitan, a supercomputer housed at Lawrence Livermore National Lab in California that had previously held the top spot since November 2024.
The system’s computing power is the result of "a comprehensive breakthrough in a series of core technological barriers," according to a translated statement from China's National Supercomputing Center.
Unlike many other supercomputers, LineShine uses only central processing units (CPUs) to perform calculations. Other systems rely on both CPUs and graphics processing units(GPUs), which run many jobs simultaneously by dividing tasks among smaller, specialized cores.
Since 2018, the U.S. government hasrestricted exports of semiconductor chips to China, including GPUs. However, startups such asDeepSeek have wrangled other technological advancements to train artificial intelligence (AI) models with fewer and less powerful GPUs than comparable systems such as ChatGPT.
LineShine "represents a historic leap forward for China's supercomputing field, breaking through foreign technological blockades and building an independent and controllable software and hardware system," the statement read.
The system has already been used on projects in multiple research areas, including atmospheric science, drug discovery and AI, according to the National Supercomputing Center. In general, supercomputers perform extremely complex calculations at speeds much faster than traditional computers can handle, allowing them to solve problems that would otherwise take too long or cost too much to address.
The fastest supercomputers utilize a range of different designs and processors, showing that high-performance computing doesn’t rely on any one single method.
"The list demonstrates that there is no single dominant technology path to leadership-class computing; instead, vendors are pursuing a variety of CPU, GPU, APU, and custom-accelerator approaches coupled with different interconnect and system designs," TOP500 representatives said in a statement.
Following LineShine and El Capitan, two supercomputers at U.S. national laboratories and one in Germany claimed spots three through five on theTOP500 list. Machines in Italy, Switzerland, Japan and the U.S. round out the top 10.
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In a groundbreaking development poised to redefine waste management and sustainable energy production, researchers have unveiled a revolutionary method for photoreforming solid waste on an unprecedented 1-square-meter scale. This innovative advance, detailed in the latest issue of Nature Chemical Engineering, leverages single-source precursor-derived co-catalyst films to convert ubiquitous solid waste into valuable chemical fuels, heralding a new era in environmental remediation coupled with renewable energy generation.
At the heart of this innovation lies the principle of photoreforming, a process by which sunlight catalyzes the chemical transformation of organic materials into hydrogen and other energy-rich molecules. Historically limited to small-scale demonstrations and powdered catalysts, this method struggled with scalability and practical application outside controlled laboratory settings. The reported technique shatters these limitations by fabricating robust co-catalyst films derived from a unified precursor source, enabling efficient photoconversion across large surface areas with enhanced stability and performance.
The researchers crafted these functional films through an ingenious synthesis route, where a single molecular precursor simultaneously yields both the active catalytic sites and the supporting matrix. This contrasts with conventional multi-step fabrication approaches that often result in inconsistent catalyst dispersion and energy losses. By integrating the catalyst components at the molecular level, the team ensured homogeneity, maximized photon absorption, and optimized charge separation dynamics, all critical parameters for sustained photocatalytic activity.
Transforming real-world solid waste – encompassing plastics, biomass residues, and mixed refuse – into clean fuels presents a formidable challenge due to their complex chemical compositions and structural heterogeneity. The co-catalyst films demonstrated remarkable versatility and adaptability, efficiently processing these diverse substrates under simulated sunlight without requiring extensive pre-treatment. This robustness signals a significant leap toward practical deployment in municipal waste processing facilities and industrial settings.
The experimental setup encompassed a square meter of coated substrate exposed to controlled illumination, mirroring natural sunlight intensity conditions. Over extended operation, the system consistently yielded high rates of hydrogen and other value-added chemicals, outperforming benchmark photocatalysts by a considerable margin. Importantly, the films manifested remarkable photostability and mechanical adhesion, demonstrating resilience against degradation mechanisms like photo-corrosion and mechanical abrasion that typically afflict photocatalytic layers.
At the nanoscale, characterization techniques revealed uniform distribution of nanosized catalytic domains embedded within a conductive, photoactive matrix. This architecture ensures rapid electron-hole separation and transport, minimizing recombination losses which commonly plague photocatalytic systems and limit hydrogen evolution rates. Spectroscopic analyses corroborated enhanced visible-light absorption, attributed to tailored bandgap engineering achieved during precursor design, broadening the usable solar spectrum beyond ultraviolet wavelengths.
The process design also embraced mass transport optimization, incorporating porous film structures that facilitated effective diffusion of reactants and removal of gaseous products. This morphologic control prevented stagnation zones and concentration gradients, enhancing catalytic turnover and ensuring stable long-term performance. Additionally, the modular film fabrication approach promises scalability and integration into various reactor geometries without compromising catalytic efficiency.
Beyond hydrogen generation, the system also showcased the capacity to produce liquid fuels and chemical feedstocks, capitalizing on selective reaction pathways induced by co-catalyst composition tuning. This selectivity allows tailored conversion routes matching industrial chemical demands, moving beyond mere waste disposal toward circular chemical economies. The dual benefit of environmental waste mitigation coupled with clean energy and chemical synthesis embodies transformative potential for sustainable industrial practices.
Critically, the team emphasized the environmental and economic implications of adopting such technology at scale. By converting problematic solid waste streams into valuable resources using sunlight – a free and abundant energy source – this approach diminishes reliance on fossil fuels and reduces landfill burden. Cost analyses suggested that, once scaled, the technique could rival established catalytic processes in operational expenditure, thus offering an attractive proposition for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to meet stringent environmental targets.
The interdisciplinary collaboration instrumental in achieving this advance integrated expertise across materials chemistry, photophysics, environmental engineering, and nanofabrication. Such synthesis of disciplines underscored the inherent complexity of developing scalable photocatalytic platforms capable of handling real-world waste complexities while maintaining high efficiency and durability.
Looking ahead, the researchers are exploring further enhancements including tandem catalyst layers, optimized co-catalyst configurations, and hybrid photochemical-electrochemical systems to elevate the energy conversion efficiency and broaden substrate compatibility. In parallel, pilot-scale demonstrations are underway to validate system performance in outdoor environments subject to variable weather conditions, pivotal for transitioning laboratory innovation into field applications.
This pioneering work sets a new benchmark in photoreforming science, illustrating how precise molecular engineering and thoughtful system design can transform a pressing global challenge—solid waste accumulation—into a renewable energy opportunity. Its implications resonate strongly with global sustainability aspirations, promising an economically feasible and environmentally benign pathway to simultaneously address climate change mitigation, waste reduction, and clean energy production.
As society grapples with mounting waste generation paired with escalating energy demands, innovations such as these underscore the invaluable role of scientific ingenuity in crafting solutions that are as elegant as they are practical. By harnessing the synergy of sunlight and advanced material chemistry, the future of waste management is illuminated—not as a burden, but as a wellspring of renewable chemical energy.
In summary, this major scientific milestone demonstrates that photoreforming solid waste at a 1 m² scale using single-source precursor-derived co-catalyst films is no longer a theoretical possibility but a tangible technological reality. It unequivocally paves the way for deploying solar-driven catalytic systems in addressing environmental and energy crises through smart design and scalable engineering.
Subject of Research:
Photoreforming of solid waste using single-source precursor-derived co-catalyst films.
Article Title:
Photoreforming of solid waste on 1 m² scale using single-source precursor-derived co-catalyst films.
Article References:
Bin Mohamad Annuar, A., Liu, Y., Bhattacharjee, S. et al. Photoreforming of solid waste on 1 m² scale using single-source precursor-derived co-catalyst films. Nat Chem Eng 3, 351–362 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s44286-026-00406-y
Researchers have uncovered a molecular pathway that appears to block kidney regeneration after injury. The body’s ability to repair damaged organs is surprisingly limited, especially after serious injuries to the heart or kidneys. Now, UCLA researchers have found that a drug originally developed to help heart tissue regenerate after a heart attack may also accelerate [...]
Electrostatic forces enable low-voltage actuation without relying on rare earth materials. Nearly every electric motor in modern life, from the fan on your desk to the motor in an electric vehicle, relies on magnetism. For more than a century, magnetic fields have dominated motor design because electrostatic forces were considered too weak for practical machines. [...]
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration headquarters in Silver Spring, Md. The new site is an effort to preserve NOAA work previously available at climate.gov.
From government surveillance programs to microchips in vaccines, technology-centric conspiracy theories have exploded in the digital age, adding to some of the best conspiracy theories already in existence.
While most probably seem laughable to the technically literate, some of these theories have spread like wildfire and had significant real-world impacts. And although most are complete fabrications, some do contain a kernel of truth — and others have turned out to be eerily accurate. Here's a rundown of some of the most pernicious technology conspiracy theories.
The Large Hadron Collider is opening a portal to hell
Verdict: Not True
The Large Hadron Collider, operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, has been an obsession with conspiracy theorists almost since its opening in 2008. The organization has even seen it necessary to have a dedicated page on its website responding to some of the more outlandish claims.
Unsurprisingly, physicists swiftly debunked these ideas. The collider uses magnetic fields to accelerate protons to extremely high speeds before smashing them together to create smaller particles. The goal is to discover new elementary particles that could help test theories about how the Universe works.
Creating even a microscopic black hole or wormhole would require an accelerator the size of the whole universe, say researchers. It would also decay in a fraction of a second thanks to Hawking radiation, which causes black holes to lose mass and eventually evaporate. Even if such a black hole was stable, which current physics suggests is impossible, it would take three trillion years to consume just one kilogram of matter.
Tracking microchips in COVID-19 vaccines
Verdict: Not True
When the COVID-19 pandemic hit in early 2020, governments took unprecedented steps to control its spread, including lockdowns and vaccine mandates. That proved fertile breeding ground for novel conspiracy theories, including the bizarre claim that authorities were sneaking microchips into vaccines so they could track people.
The theory’s origins can be traced to March 2020, when Bill Gates participated in a Reddit discussion about digital health passports. A Swedish website dedicated to biohacking misinterpreted his comments and published an article saying the billionaire wanted to use microchip implants to fight the pandemic.
Via a paranoid game of Telephone, this slowly morphed into the idea that the government was using the vaccine to implant tracking chips in citizens. Needless to say, the theory is nonsense. There is no evidence that any of the billions of people vaccinated against COVID-19 have been implanted with tracking hardware.
But by January 2021, one in 10 American adults believed the theory. More worryingly, a poll found that one in four Americans said they were uncertain whether vaccines contained microchips. The conspiracy was built on years of anti-vaccine disinformation, and further fuelled the vaccine hesitancy that made it so hard to control the pandemic.
5G networks spread COVID-19
One of the prominent conspiracy theories during the COVID-19 pandemic was that 5G networks spread the virus. (Image credit: AerialPerspective Images/Getty Images)
Verdict: Not True
Another COVID-19 related conspiracy theory that gained significant traction claimed that the disease was being spread by newly installed 5G cellular networks. The theory became so widespread that cell towers were set on fire in several countries, and social media platforms were forced to actively combat its spread.
The idea is firmly contradicted by the overwhelming evidence that COVID-19 is caused by a contagious virus. And crucially, the virus spread rapidly in areas with no 5G coverage whatsoever. Nonetheless, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency felt compelled to issue a statement clarifying that 5G technology does not cause coronavirus, while U.K. government officials dismissed it as a "crackpot conspiracy.”
The fears likely built on top of existing concerns about the health impacts of radiation from cellphone towers. But there is no credible evidence that existing technology causes health problems, and 5G should raise even fewer concerns. The radio frequency waves used by these networks are forms of non-ionizing radiation, meaning they lack the energy to damage DNA or cells in ways that could cause disease. High-band 5G uses millimetre wave frequencies that cannot even penetrate human skin.
The dead internet theory
Verdict: Partially True
The dead internet theory proposes that the web is now dominated by bots interacting with each other with minimal human involvement. The idea has been around for several years, but has been further fuelled by the recent rise of artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots and agents.
The conspiracy first surfaced in 2021 on the Agora Road's Macintosh Cafe forum, in a thread titled "Dead Internet Theory: Most Of The Internet Is Fake." The idea is that automated systems are being used to craft content designed to draw engagement and generate ad revenue. But the theory suggests that those interacting with this content are also bots.
While the extent to which this is true is debatable, there is an element of truth to the theory. Studies show bot traffic was responsible for 51% of all internet activity in 2024 — the first time bots surpassed humans. And since ChatGPT's launch, AI-generated content has exploded, with another study finding that 13.1% of websites now host such material.
This is leading to fears that the internet is being rapidly flooded with low-quality "AI slop" that could degrade its usefulness over time. Given that OpenAI CEO Sam Altman recently gave credence to the theory, this might be one to start taking more seriously. The evolution of this idea, fueled by AI, might permanently change how we use the internet in the years to come.
Governments can control the weather
Verdict: Partially True
Following the highly destructive hurricanes Helene and Milton in 2024, rumours swirled that they were the result of government weather control programs. One of the most prominent boosters of the theory was U.S. Congresswoman Marjorie Taylor Greene, who tweeted “Yes they can control the weather” to her 1.2 million followers shortly before Hurricane Milton hit.
While these specific claims are patently false, like many good conspiracy theories, they contain a kernel of truth. The U.S. government had been interested in weather control as far back as 1891 and had a serious "weather weapons" program in the form of Operation Popeye between 1967 and 1972 during the Vietnam War. Such practices were banned by the Environmental Modification Treaty in 1977.
Basic forms of weather modification also exist today, in particular cloud seeding. This involves dispersing materials like silver iodide into clouds, which can marginally enhance rainfall. Countries like China and Saudi Arabia use the approach to assist in agriculture. China harnessed this technology to ensure clear skies for the 2008 Olympics.
Proposals to fight climate change via solar geoengineering have also further fuelled conspiracy theories. This would involve spreading tiny particles in the upper atmosphere to reflect sunlight. But these approaches are a long way from the kind of weaponized weather control conspiracists dream of.
Phones eavesdrop on you for ad targeting
Could smartphones be spying on us? (Image credit: tim scott via Getty Images)
Verdict: Partially True
Many people have had the eerie experience of seeing ads for products appearing on their phone shortly after discussing them offline. This has led to a persistent belief that smartphones secretly listen to our conversations for advertising purposes.
The rumour has been around for decades, but Instagram head Adam Mosseri recently felt compelled to address it directly, stating the company doesn't use microphones this way and calling it a "gross violation of privacy." Multiple studies have also found no evidence of covert audio recording, and there are several reasons why it would be impractical.
For a start, constant audio recording would rapidly drain phone batteries and trigger visible indicators on phone displays. More importantly, unauthorized recording would create enormous legal liability for those who engaged in it.
But there is something potentially more unsettling behind the phenomenon. Online platforms, advertisers and data brokers are constantly collecting, curating and reselling every tiny piece of information they can glean from our online and offline behaviour. This allows them to develop incredibly accurate profiles of people to provide spookily appropriate, and timely, product suggestions.
Planned obsolescence
Verdict: Partially True
From clothes to consumer electronics and even cars, people increasingly complain that products don’t last as long as they used to. The theory of Planned Obsolescence suggests that this is no accident, and companies deliberately design products with short lifespans to force repeat purchases.
The idea has circulated for a long time and has some truth to it. There is historical evidence that companies have pursued obsolescence as a strategy — in the 1920s, for instance, major light bulb manufacturers came together to form the "Phoebus cartel," which colluded to reduce bulb lifespans to just 1,000 hours. General Motors also pioneered annual model changes to entice customers to buy newer vehicles, creating a template that other industries copied. Technology vendors are particularly guilty — think smartphones with batteries that degrade in just a few years, or no longer support software updates.
But the practice isn't necessarily aimed at tricking us into buying more than we need. Rapid product turnover makes things cheaper to manufacture and with technology in particular, consumers prefer paying less upfront for devices they'll replace soon to access new features. Durability comes at a price too, so customers are often happy to have cheaper products that may not last as long — for instance, clothes that children will grow out of.
Government-sponsored mind control programs
Verdict: True
There is a whole menagerie of conspiracy theories speculating that the government uses technology and drugs for mind control. One prominent recent example is the claim that the U.S. military’s High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) is secretly using radio waves to manipulate people’s thoughts.
While that specific claim has been firmly debunked, the idea that the U.S. government is attempting to control people’s minds is not so outlandish. In 1953, CIA director Allen Dulles launched a top secret program called MKUltra aimed at developing exactly those kinds of capabilities. The agency covertly contracted out 162 projects to various universities, research foundations and institutions to study how psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, electroshock therapy, sensory deprivation and various forms of torture could be used to manipulate people’s mental states.
Experiments were carried out on both volunteers and unwitting subjects, including prisoners, sex workers, soldiers and children. By the mid-1960s, the project’s backers concluded that while it was easy to dismantle a human mind, subsequently seizing control of it was beyond them, and they wound down research in 1964.
Investigative reporting by the New York Times uncovered the project in 1974 and led to a series of congressional hearings. But the bulk of documents related to the project had been destroyed the year before, meaning the true extent of the program remains a mystery.
Widespread digital surveillance
Verdict: True
Paranoia around the government’s ability to listen in on our phone calls or online communications is a defining feature of many conspiracy theories. But in June 2013, former CIA contractor Edward Snowden leaked a treasure trove of classified documents to journalists that validated many of these fears.
The revelations uncovered a mass surveillance network operated by U.S. intelligence agencies and their foreign allies to collect phone records and monitor internet activity across the globe. Most prominently, it uncovered the PRISM program, operated by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA), which used secret court orders to demand internet communication data from technology companies.
The U.K.'s Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) was also revealed to be tapping into 200 fiber-optic cables around the world, allowing it to monitor up to 600 million communications daily.
The reports lead to widespread outrage because the surveillance targeted not only suspected terrorists and criminals but also ordinary citizens, journalists, corporations and 35 foreign leaders – most notably the phone of the German chancellor at the time, Angela Merkel. But despite an initial public outcry, Congress renewed many of these surveillance programs in 2018 with little debate, suggesting that widespread government surveillance remains alive and well.
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