The question of whether artificial intelligence can be conscious has moved well beyond science fiction. It now sits at the center of scientific debate and is increasingly shaping discussions about a range of contentious issues, from AI ethics to animal welfare, fetal development, and laboratory-grown brain tissue.

However, according to a new analysis published in Neuron, the science used to answer that question may not actually be measuring what researchers think it is. A research team led by Hakwan Lau at the Institute for Basic Science in South Korea, with collaborators from the Université de Montréal and New York University, argues that many common experimental methods in consciousness research do not separate subjective experience from general information processing.

In the paper, The Ethical Impasse of Current Consciousness Science, the researchers argue that current scientific tools may not be capable of reliably detecting consciousness.

The Measurement Problem

Consciousness research relies heavily on methods such as visual masking, binocular rivalry, and the detection of perceptual limits. These methods usually compare brain responses when a person is aware of something versus when they are not. The idea is that the difference between these two cases shows whether conscious experience is present or not.

Lau and his team challenge this assumption. When experiments make a stimulus invisible, they often reduce both conscious awareness and the brain’s ability to process information about that stimulus. This means that what appears to be a marker of consciousness in the brain may actually reflect general cognitive activity.

“Many current theories of consciousness appear to be supported by a range of experimental findings,” Lau said. “But those findings may actually reflect general information processing rather than consciousness itself — so it remains difficult to conclude that these theories truly explain consciousness.”

A Historical Warning

The authors compare the current situation to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when strong claims about consciousness led to a crisis in psychology. The resulting backlash led to the rise of behaviorism, which focused only on observable behavior and halted consciousness research for many years.

Researchers caution that a similar situation could occur again. As AI systems become more advanced and public interest in machine consciousness increases, scientists are under pressure to provide answers. If researchers make strong claims about consciousness in AI, organoids, or fetuses that lack robust methods to support them, scientific credibility could be undermined.

Better Science Required

The authors suggest a different approach. Conditions like blindsight, in which people with brain damage can respond to stimuli they do not report seeing, offer a more controlled way to study consciousness. Another example is hemispatial neglect, where patients fail to notice one side of their visual field while still having basic perception. For researchers, these conditions provide a rare opportunity to separate awareness from information processing and investigate each process on its own.

These conditions show that subjective experience and information processing are distinct from one another. The team says that building experiments around this difference is needed to make reliable scientific claims about consciousness.

The implications of this study extend far beyond the academic world. Deciding whether non-human entities are conscious has direct legal and ethical concerns. The researchers say that the science behind these decisions must meet high standards.

“Questions about consciousness increasingly carry ethical and societal implications,” Lau said. “If scientific claims about consciousness are going to influence discussions about animal welfare, AI ethics, or bioethics, then the scientific foundations supporting those claims must be especially rigorous.”

The researchers conclude that the most urgent challenge is not deciding whether AI, animals, or organoids are conscious, but developing better tools to identify consciousness if it emerges.

Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds an MBA, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, and a data analytics certification. His work focuses on breaking scientific developments, with an emphasis on emerging biology, cognitive neuroscience, and archaeological discoveries.

In the realm of human behavior and nutrition, it is a familiar admonition: never shop for groceries on an empty stomach. This age-old advice, often shared informally, now finds support in groundbreaking research emerging from the University of Otago’s Ōtākou Whakaihu Waka Institute. Their latest scientific inquiry delves deeply into the intricate interplay between physiological states and mental imagery related to food, shedding new light on why hunger alters not only our desire for food but also the vividness with which we visualize it.

This pioneering experimental study, led by PhD candidate Maggie Hames, sought to navigate the neural and cognitive mechanisms underpinning our mental experiences of food. By examining how hunger and satiety modify food-related mental imagery, the research offers vital clues to understanding the subjective experience of craving. The team’s insights contribute notably to the broader discourse on eating behavior, appetite regulation, and the psychobiological factors influencing dietary decisions.

Participants in the study—approximately 60 individuals—underwent controlled conditions in which they were asked to conjure sensory details of food items, specifically focusing on the imagined smell, flavor, and texture. These tasks were performed both while the participants were hungry and after reaching a state of fullness. The researchers employed rigorous experimental procedures to quantify the vividness, ease, and temporal dynamics of these imagined sensory experiences, seeking to determine how metabolic status modulates food-related cognition.

Among the salient findings was a marked increase in the ease and intensity of food imagery during hunger. Subjects reported more vivid and faster-evoked mental representations of food flavors when fasting compared to when satiated. This enhanced imagery under hunger suggests a physiological priming effect that heightens sensory processing linked to food anticipation. Such a mechanism may serve evolutionary functions—enhancing the motivation to seek and consume energizing nutrients when the organism is metabolically depleted.

Surprisingly, the study unearthed a nuanced dissociation between different sensory modalities in mental imagery. While flavor imagery was significantly influenced by hunger, the mental visualization of texture appeared consistently more accessible irrespective of metabolic state. This finding challenges prevailing assumptions within food science that flavor dominates the mental representation of food reward, proposing instead that texture occupies a crucial cognitive dimension that is perhaps more stably encoded.

Associate Professor Mei Peng, a co-author and principal investigator of Otago’s Sensory Neuroscience and Nutrition Lab, emphasized the physiological embedding of these mental processes. Her commentary underscores that the brain’s food imagery is not merely a passive psychological phenomenon but intricately linked with bodily signals reflecting nutritional status. This tight integration might explain why cravings intensify under fasting conditions, as the brain magnifies the rewards associated with food through more vivid and compelling mental imagery.

The implications of this research extend into applied nutritional science and public health domains. Understanding the neurocognitive substrates of food cravings offers opportunities to develop targeted interventions that modulate mental imagery as a strategy to manage overeating and obesity. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapies could harness these findings to attenuate hunger-enhanced food imagery or retrain sensory expectations to promote healthier eating patterns.

Additionally, the distinction between flavor and texture representation in the mind invites further investigation into sensory-specific satiety and preference formation. Food texture, often underappreciated, may play an unrecognized role in dietary choices and satisfaction. Knowing how texture imagery remains stable regardless of hunger states could inform the design of satiety-inducing foods and novel food products aimed at improving appetite control while maintaining palatability.

This research emerges from a collaborative effort funded by the Marsden Fund, uniting expertise from the University of Otago and the University of Oxford. The cross-continental partnership underscores the universal relevance of dissecting how human cognition interacts with metabolic cues to regulate eating behavior. Their results, published recently in the esteemed journal Appetite, add a sophisticated layer of understanding to the biopsychological nexus of hunger and food perception.

By bridging sensory neuroscience with experimental psychology and nutrition, the study offers a multidisciplinary perspective on appetite control. The methodological approach, combining subjective assessments of mental imagery with rigorous experimental manipulation, exemplifies sophistication in probing the elusive interface of mind and body. Through such research, the fields of applied food science and behavioral nutrition move closer to elucidating the foundational processes that drive our eating habits.

In conclusion, this compelling investigation reveals that hunger does more than increase our desire to eat—it sharpens our sensory imagination of food, particularly flavors, which amplifies cravings and potentially influences decision-making. The intriguing constancy of texture imagery points to a complex sensory architecture in how we mentally simulate food experiences. As we grapple with global issues of diet-related health conditions, insights like these pave the way for novel approaches to managing appetite and promoting healthier lifestyles through the modulation of mental food imagery.

Subject of Research: People
Article Title: Assessing the relationship between food-related mental imagery and appetite
News Publication Date: 13-Jun-2026
Web References: DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2026.108592

Keywords: food science, mental imagery, hunger, appetite, sensory neuroscience, flavor perception, texture perception, eating behavior, food cravings, experimental study