ESA and China recently launched the joint SMILE magnetosphere mission after a decade of cooperation, but despite similar goals, another collaboration appears distant.

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O PRESENTIS, projeto liderado pela GMV, recorre ao sistema de navegação europeu Galileo para garantir segurança e resiliência às infraestruturas críticas europeias para possíveis ataques realizados durante aplicações críticas de sincronização do tempo.

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In a remarkable archaeological breakthrough near Regensburg in Bavaria, Germany, a nearly 2.5-meter-long spirally twisted tusk belonging to a woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) was unearthed during routine construction work in Taimering. This discovery, made six years ago by the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments (BLfD), reverberates profoundly through the scientific community, offering an unparalleled window into the Ice Age fauna of Central Europe. Alongside the tusk, researchers uncovered over seventy additional bones and bone fragments predominantly from the mammoth’s ribcage, as well as hand and foot bones, though the long bones remain conspicuously absent. Experts attribute the exceptional preservation of these remains to millennia of conservation within the wet sedimentary environment, which staved off the deleterious effects typically inflicted by exposure and predation.

Subsequent paleontological analyses meticulously confirmed that all the bones and the tusk belong to a single, remarkably large but juvenile individual. The mammoth is estimated to have stood approximately three meters tall at the shoulder—indicative of the species’ impressive stature even before reaching full maturity. The spatial arrangement and pristine condition of the bones strongly imply that the animal perished in close proximity to the excavation site. Detailed surface examinations revealed the absence of evidence for transport by water or predation-induced disarticulation, suggesting rapid burial in the sediments of an ancient pond or a slow-moving tributary of the Danube River during the Last Glacial Maximum. Radiocarbon dating places this event between 27,000 and 25,000 years ago, embedding the specimen firmly within a critical temporal context.

One of the most striking revelations from the site involved the identification of anthropogenic modifications on the bones. Researchers discerned clear cut marks—most notably on the ribs—attesting to human butchering activities. Intriguingly, one of the broad rib bones appears to have served as a makeshift cutting board, further underscoring the direct interaction between Palaeolithic humans and this megafaunal giant. However, it remains unresolved whether humans hunted the mammoth or scavenged its carcass after natural death. The osteoarchaeological analyses led by Kerstin Pasda from the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg provide compelling evidence of deliberate exploitation but stop short of clarifying the exact nature of the encounter.

Pollen analysis by Dr. Philipp Stojakowits from the University of Augsburg provided vital environmental context, revealing a tundra-like steppe populated by herbaceous plants and scattered dwarf shrubs. This biome, commonly known as the Mammoth Steppe, was a complex and nutrient-rich ecosystem that stretched expansively across Eurasia during the peak of the last glaciation from 30,000 to 20,000 years ago. It represented a vast treeless habitat nestled between the retreating Scandinavian ice sheet and the southern Alpine glaciers, capable of sustaining diverse megafauna including woolly mammoths. The palaeoecological insights gleaned from these studies place the Taimering mammoth within an ecosystem marked by climatic extremes yet surprisingly rich biodiversity.

This discovery is of exceptional significance not only because mammoth remains are exceedingly rare in this part of Europe but also due to the scarce evidence of human presence in the region during this notoriously harsh glacial period. PD Dr. Gertrud Rößner, a leading paleontologist at the Bavarian State Collections of Natural History, highlighted the rarity of such finds in Central Europe, contrasting with more common discoveries in eastern Eurasia. Additionally, archaeologists Andreas Maier of the University of Cologne and Thorsten Uthmeier of the Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg emphasized that prevailing climatic conditions likely forced Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers to seek refuge in more hospitable southern and eastern zones, rendering direct evidence of their activities exceedingly rare in Bavaria.

The collaborative scientific endeavor involved 14 specialists from a panoply of institutions including the Bavarian State Collections of Natural History, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, the Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Historical Monuments, the Reiss-Engelhorn Museums, the Curt Engelhorn Center for Archaeometry in Mannheim, and several major universities across Germany. This interdisciplinary approach ensured comprehensive analyses employing advanced archaeological, palaeontological, and geological techniques, culminating in a robust reconstruction of the mammoth’s life and death against the backdrop of Ice Age Europe.

Such integrated research has immense implications. Beyond expanding the paleobiogeographical distribution of woolly mammoths, the site furnishes rare evidence of human predation or scavenging behavior in an environmental context generally considered hostile to sustained human occupation during the Last Glacial Maximum. The cut marks on the bones, coupled with contextual geological data, provide a rare snapshot into hominin subsistence strategies and adaptability under extreme climatic stress, critical for understanding human evolution and migration patterns during this epoch.

Moreover, the preservation of the mammoth’s tusk alongside the skeletal remains offers valuable material for ongoing studies related to the species’ growth patterns, physiology, and ecological niche. The tusk’s spiral curvature—a characteristic feature in Mammuthus primigenius—provides insights into the age and health status of the individual, while microscopic analyses of growth increments may yield data on environmental fluctuations and dietary intake. The care taken in meticulously extracting and preparing these finds at the Bavarian State Collections of Natural History underscores the scientific potential locked within these ancient relics.

Attention to the depositional environment has also yielded critical stratigraphic information. The wet-soil conditions responsible for the near-perfect conservation of the bones also hint at palaeo-hydrological dynamics of the region during the Ice Age. These insights are invaluable for reconstructing the geomorphology of prehistoric landscapes and understanding how megafaunal species interacted with their habitats, maneuvered across glacial terrains, and responded to rapidly changing environmental parameters.

In summary, the Taimering mammoth discovery challenges and enriches prevailing narratives about Ice Age Europeans and their megafauna. It bridges gaps between palaeontology, archaeology, and palaeoecology, providing a multidimensional view of an ancient world teetering on the edge of monumental climatic upheaval. This research not only celebrates a spectacular scientific find but also sets a new standard for interdisciplinary collaboration in Quaternary science, offering promising avenues for further revelations about the complex interplay between humans and their environment tens of millennia ago.

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Subject of Research: Animals

Article Title: A cold case from the last Glacial Maximum: A partial mammoth skeleton from southern Germany (Danube Valley, Germany) – Part 1: Traces of human activity and archaeological context

News Publication Date: 3-Jun-2026

Web References:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105839

Image Credits: Credit: BLfD

Keywords: Woolly mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius, Ice Age, Last Glacial Maximum, archaeology, palaeontology, human activity, butchering marks, Mammoth Steppe, palaeoecology, radiocarbon dating, Bavaria, Central Europe.

The European Commission (EC) took the wraps off a sweeping new package outlining measures to boost the continent’s ambitions around semiconductors, AI, cloud and open source, as part of a bid to strengthen the bloc’s digital autonomy.

EC stated measures in the four areas will help Europe “become an AI continent”, established as a leader in research, development and adoption of AI.

It hopes the package will fast track ambitions around technology sovereignty and protect European digital independence, as part of a long-standing goal to reduce reliance on the US and Asia.

Starting with chips, the EC said it wants to secure the semiconductor base for Europe’s AI ambitions through the Chips Act 2.0, which is designed to speed up permitting, deepen cooperation with “like-minded partners” and introduce a new excellence label for Europe’s semiconductor regions.

It is an update of the original Chips Act, in force since 2023, which represented Europe’s response to vulnerabilities in the semiconductor supply chain.

Secondly, a new Cloud and AI Development Act is designed to aid the buildout of new data centres, streamline conditions for deploying facilities across the European Union (EU) and introduce a single EU-wide framework to assess cloud and AI sovereignty. The wider aim is to triple the region’s data centre capacity in the next five to seven years.

Through open source, the EC wants to strengthen digital autonomy, scaling up alternatives in priority areas, invest in skills, startups and digital infrastructure while support greater use of open source in public administration.

Finally, the EC put the focus on digitalising Europe’s energy system, pledging to define a roadmap in the sector to ensure data centres are integrated, while building sovereign and secure AI models.

Technological sovereignty
Ursula von der Leyen, president of the commission, said Europe “cannot afford to depend on others for the technologies that keep our hospitals running, our energy grids stable and our services secure”.

“This is about protecting our citizens, defending our interests and making our own choices. Europe has the talent, the research excellence, the industrial base and the Single Market. Together, we must turn these strengths into technological sovereignty.”

Before the package is put into force, the proposal will be negotiated by the European Parliament and Council of the EU. The commission will also launch a consultation process with member states.

Investment will be made through existing grants until 2028, while future funding is to be confirmed in the next EU budget. The EC has previously estimated a combined public-private investment of €120 billion by 2035 to rejuvenate the continent’s chip industry.

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Europe is rapidly rewriting its security architecture. Faced with Russian aggression, mounting doubts about long-term American commitment and growing pressure to shoulder more of its own defense burden, European states […]

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Ofcom called for a concerted effort from mobile operators, local authorities and other entities to improve coverage across the UK, as it published a study highlighting widespread mobile signal issues uncovered on the country’s railway network.

Its research assessed coverage on 24 segments of the UK’s key railway lines. A good performance was deemed to be a download speed of at least 5 Mb/s, 1.5 Mb/s upload, and a response time of 50 milliseconds or less.

It found EE met those standards on 42% of the lines, Virgin Media O2 hit 20%, Vodafone scored 17% and 3 UK 21%. The latter two are now the same company.

Ofcom noted the research “highlights the core problem that mobile signal from masts on the ground often isn’t strong enough around train lines and that some carriage types are difficult for signals to pass through”.

It also found on-board Wi-Fi by train companies was little help, performing well 1% of the time. This was blamed on “outdated technology” and speed caps.

Goals
Alongside the train-specific research, the regulator published a report detailing general aims to improve the quality of mobile coverage in the country.

Here, Ofcom called for a “national effort” to improve services, noting the roles of the mobile industry, local authorities, central government, building developers and landowners.

Highlighting a binding £11 billion investment commitment from VodafoneThree related to merger clearance, Ofcom expects “other networks to respond with their own investment, and collectively this will be a key driver of improvements”.

Ofcom also pointed to issues with infrastructure planning applications in some areas and the advantage of having dedicated indoor coverage systems within sites such as shopping centres.

On train-specific problems, it noted “competition between mobile networks alone won’t be enough to improve mobile signal on trains, and government is currently considering options for how it can help”.

“As well as providing technical advice to Government to help inform its approach, we’ll also look at whether more spectrum – the airwaves all wireless technology relies on – is required”.

Challenges
A statement issued by trade association Mobile UK on behalf of the country’s three mobile operators welcomed the Ofcom research, explaining it “highlights the unique structural and capacity challenges of delivering consistent connectivity on moving trains”.

Noting building the advanced infrastructure required needed “the right enabling environment” the organisation urged government action through the country’s Mobile Market Review and “planning reform to establish a supportive policy and regulatory framework”.

“Dedicated public investment is also critical to tackle complex trackside blackspots, as commercial rollout alone cannot bridge the gap on the rail network,” the statement added. “We look forward to working with Government and Ofcom to achieve this, balancing the need for major investment with Ofcom’s vital role in maintaining low costs for consumers.”

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