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Active sodium loss in practical anode-free sodium batteries: mechanisms, challenges, and strategies

Energy Environ. Sci., 2026, 19,2788-2813
DOI: 10.1039/D6EE00760K, Review Article
Saisai Qiu, Haolin Zhu, Shijie Cheng, Jia Xie
Active sodium loss limits anode-free sodium batteries through sparse nucleation, fragile SEI reconstruction, and Na-deficit feedback. Coordinated control of nucleation, interphase, Na inventory, and operating conditions enables practical AFSBs.
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