Folks with Nvidia-based gaming laptops can now use a new tool called NvpwrControl to unlock additional performance from their assuredly power-limited mobile GPU, as long as they're willing to accept the risks of cranking their GPU power limit by as much as 40 watts. The tool, spotted by VideoCardz, is available for download on GitHub, and it is labeled as 'experimental', so you'll want to be very sure you're willing to damage the reliability, if not the lifespan, of your fancy discrete GPU gaming laptop before using it.

If you've ever had a gaming laptop, you will know that the GPU model name can be deeply misleading. Whether it's NVIDIA using wildly different GPU configurations, AMD using confusing suffixes that don't exist in desktop GPUs, or Intel naming integrated graphics like a discrete GPU, all three vendors do things to keep the user guessing why their new gaming laptop isn't as fast as expected based on the name alone.

In Nvidia's case, the GPU models (aside from the RTX 30 Series) don't match at all between laptop and desktop, but even with the smaller size of the laptop GPUs, the chips are still sharply limited in performance by their stringent power limits. These limits top out at 150W, with an extra jolt, usually 25W, available from Dynamic Boost if the CPU isn't heavily loaded. This is, frankly put, not enough power for even the mobile GeForce RTX 5070 Ti to stretch its legs, to say nothing of the GeForce RTX 5080 Laptop or GeForce RTX 5090 Laptop. In high-intensity gaming situations, these GPUs can score pretty similarly due to having the same power limit.

That's what makes this tool attractive. By cranking the power limit, you can give these power-limited GPUs a performance boost. The developer doesn't provide any benchmarks, but I can say from experience that testing power limit adjustments on a power-limited GPU can give nearly linear performance gains, meaning that increasing the power limit from a stock 140W all the way up to 180W could potentially give a GPU performance uplift in the neighborhood of 25% or more, although it is impossible to verify this without testing.

There are quite a few caveats to this utility, though. For one thing, even the author describes it as 'experimental ', and for another thing, it's clearly AI-generated in the largest part. The developer is called "LevinAI", after all, and there are the hallmarks of generative AI all over the GitHub repository. Still, there are a few reports on both GitHub and Reddit suggesting that users have been testing it, and the developer claims that it works on his GeForce RTX 5070 Ti laptop, posting the proof below.

Other notable qualifiers include that it only supports Blackwell GPUs for now, and it only enables power controls when it can recognize the power policy layout and OEM baseline. If your GPU already ships with a wacky power configuration, this tool may not work for you. It's also not verified to work on every brand of laptop nor every model of GeForce RTX 50-series GPU, so we absolutely wouldn't try this unless you're willing to replace your Blackwell-based laptop.

The partially AI-generated project description (likely chosen as the author's native language appears to be Russian) explains that the developer investigated numerous layers of the software stack on top of the GPU to see where the power limit could be modified. The controls that NVIDIA exposes generally won't let the user raise the power limit above the value set by the OEM for fear of potentially damaging the hardware, since the power delivery and cooling mechanisms were likely not designed with the higher power draw and thermal output in mind.

The solution he found was apparently to modify a low-level NVIDIA power policy that isn't normally exposed to end-users. He says, "One of the important findings was that the power-management chain contains internal policy values that are not exposed through the normal consumer power-limit controls. This is the path that eventually led to a working experimental implementation." However, due to the method employed, the tool does require the user to disable Windows driver signature verification, which is yet another 'gotcha' of the mod.

As amusing as it is to see that the developer left his AI assistant's instructions for constructing his GitHub repository (which he didn't follow), it's a reminder both of the reliability concerns around "vibe"-coded software in production as well as of the incredible potential of AI software development. Since we spotted the story on this utility, the developer has already bumped the version from 1.5.0 to 1.8.0 with a new release on GitHub, suggesting that the pace of improvements is extremely rapid.

A few users on Reddit, where the author posted the above screenshot, lambasted the developer for taking ownership of what they claim is "100% AI generated work" and also for not structuring his code repository correctly (since all of the source is packed in a ZIP file, not properly viewable on GitHub). However, the majority of other users seem enthusiastic about his work, and several have already posted proof that it seems to work, with huge gains in 3DMark and other benchmarks.

Micron this week introduced its first 512GB DDR5-9200 memory module that is designed for servers used for applications that demand a lot of memory. The new modules — which are currently being validated by AMD and Intel with their next-generation server platforms — will enable server makers to build machines with up to 12TB of fast memory. What remains to be seen is the price of such modules and servers.

To build its 512GB DDR5 RDIMM, Micron uses advanced packaging that stacks multiple DRAM dies vertically and connects them using through-silicon vias (TSVs). The company does not disclose which memory devices and how many of them it uses, but claims that a single 512GB RDIMM consumes over 60% less operating power than four 128GB modules — based on 16.0W for one 512GB module compared with the 44.2W total for four 128GB modules — which suggests that we are dealing with fairly advanced ICs.

Micron's 512GB module is not the industry's first 512GB DDR5 RDIMM — that achievement belongs to Samsung — but it is certainly the industry's first 512GB module certified to operate with a 9200 MT/s data transfer rate with standard 1.1V voltage (which implies on usage of Micron's 16Gb DDR5-9200 devices made on its 1γ (1-gamma) fabrication process that uses EUV lithography and consumes 20% less power than predecessors, though we are speculating).

Truth to be told, 512GB DDR5 memory modules are rather niche products, which is perhaps why Samsung's 512GB RDIMMs formally introduced in 2021 have not become widespread even after AMD and Intel introduced processors with over 100 cores. Micron positions its 512GB DDR5 RDIMM primarily for servers running analytics, in-memory databases, simulations, virtualization, agentic AI, and other workloads demanding high-core-count processors and plenty of memory. As processors with 200 or more cores emerge, 512GB modules may become more relevant as 12TB of memory in a server running two 256-core CPUs means 24GB per core, which no longer looks particularly excessive for applications like in-memory databases, analytics, or caching.

Micron claims that in memory-constrained Spark Support Vector Machine (SVM) analytics workloads, systems featuring 512GB memory modules can provide up to 1.4 times the performance of configurations equipped with 256GB DDR5 modules, though the company does not disclose how much memory in total these systems use. Micron also says the higher-capacity memory can increase throughput and concurrency for memory-intensive database and caching applications such as RocksDB and Redis.

AMD and Intel are working with Micron to qualify the new modules for their upcoming server platforms. Micron plans to begin volume production of its 512GB DDR5 RDIMMs sometime in the second half of 2027 and intends to align the schedule with customer requirements.

One of the more pressing questions about Micron's 512GB DDR5-9200 memory modules is their price. A 256GB DDR5-6400 RDIMM currently retails for around $19,000. Given the unique proposition that 512GB modules have for memory-constrained applications, such modules can cost significantly more than 256GB memory sticks, which will not help their broad adoption.

With the ongoing memory shortage, smaller smartphone and laptop manufacturers are reportedly looking at new ways to tackle the problem. While some are changing how they design their products, others are placing orders months in advance and are even forced to test incoming memory chips to make sure they are not fake. A Reuters report suggests that more than the price, availability has become a bigger problem, with manufacturers struggling to secure enough chips in the first place. Still, device makers like Fairphone say that memory now makes up nearly 60% of a device's bill of materials.

Back in July, memory maker SK Hynix’s CEO Kwak Noh-jung said that 2027 will be the "worst year" for the ongoing memory shortage and expects the memory crunch to last until 2030. For smaller manufacturers, however, simply paying more for memory isn't always enough. The situation is particularly difficult for budget-oriented phones and laptops, where memory makes up a much larger portion of the overall product cost.

According to Raymond van Eck, CEO of repairable-phone maker Fairphone, memory can account for almost 60% of the bill of materials in phones costing around $400. That itself is worrying, as a recent Counterpoint Research report expects global smartphone shipments to fall 13.9% this year to 1.08 billion units, marking the largest annual decline on record.

Finnish phone maker Jolla has designed two motherboard versions, allowing it to switch between combined packages for discrete chips depending on availability. The company is also testing samples from every batch it receives to ensure new memory isn't being sold as refurbished hardware.

Similarly, laptop manufacturer Framework has been able to rely on its highly modular approach where customers can install memory salvaged from older laptops or opt for second-hand units, giving the company and its users another way to deal with limited supply. The company is also placing non-cancellable orders well in advance, even when it doesn't know the final price or exact delivery volume.

Back in July, it nearly doubled memory pricing for 32GB and 64GB variants of the Framework Laptop 13 Pro after receiving a cost update from its LPCAMM2 supplier. However, after sourcing new inventory at a reduced cost, the company recently announced a price drop for the same, including retroactive orders that have already shipped.

The GeForce RTX 5090 is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the best graphics cards. However, you'd better pray the serial number on the inside of the metal bracket does not fade over time, since that could be a reason for Nvidia to reject warranty claims. At least one Redditor has shared a case of Nvidia reportedly denying a warranty claim because the bracket's serial number was unreadable.

The Redditor Willing-Avocado-4830, based in the UK, began experiencing black-screen crashes with a GeForce RTX 5090 Founders Edition graphics card under heavy load. The user sent the card to Nvidia for a warranty claim. After 30 days of radio silence, the owner finally received an email stating that their RMA request was rejected with no apparent explanation for the denial.

Seeking clarification, the user reached out to Nvidia for further information. According to the Redditor's recount, Nvidia support purportedly rejected the RMA because the serial number on the graphics card's metal bracket had faded. Like many gamers, Willing-Avocado-4830 claims never to have modified or tampered with the graphics card after installation. The fading serial number does not appear to be an isolated incident. Several other owners have reported similar issues in the Reddit discussion.

The metal bracket on graphics cards is susceptible to dust buildup, oxidation, and corrosion over time. This can cause it to look dirty, stained, or sometimes slightly discolored compared to when it was brand new. These same phenomena could have affected the serial number's legibility, especially since it is printed with ink onto the bracket's surface rather than etched for better durability. For comparison, the last-generation GeForce RTX 4090 Founders Edition had its serial number laser-etched onto the metal bracket.

One Redditor said that someone in the Nvidia Discord channel recommended cleaning the area with isopropyl alcohol to restore the serial number's visibility. However, that may not work if the ink is no longer present, as previous reports suggest the hot air expelled by the Founders Edition cooler could be erasing the serial number.

Surprisingly, Nvidia rejected a warranty claim solely because of a faded serial number on the graphics card’s bracket. The same serial number is clearly printed on a sticker on Nvidia's modular PCIe connector, which the chipmaker's technicians can verify when disassembling the GeForce RTX 5090. Moreover, you can pull the serial number from the graphics card through the command prompt with Nvidia SMI (System Management Interface), assuming the card is still working, which, in this case, it is. Willing-Avocado-4830 still had the original packaging and the original invoice from Nvidia U.K., so it would be easy to cross-reference the serial numbers.

Redditor hawok reportedly sent their GeForce RTX 5090 Founders Edition for RMA two months ago and encountered a similar situation. The serial number on the metal bracket was only partially visible. However, customer support seemingly accepted the RMA after the user sent photographs of the packaging that corroborated the serial number. It is unclear what Nvidia's policy is, or whether the chipmaker handles each case differently. We have reached out to Nvidia for clarification.

Some Redditors have suggested taking a photograph that shows the graphics card's serial number next to the packaging's serial number. Others jokingly recommend putting a piece of tape over the serial number. It might not be a bad idea, but you would need heat-resistant tape, something like Kapton tape.

GeForce RTX 5090 stock has practically disappeared from the U.S. market, with very few units starting at $6,500, 3.25X over the Blackwell flagship's MSRP. You cannot blame GeForce RTX 5090 owners for worrying. They already have a lot on their plates, dealing with the 16-pin power connector melting woes, and now also have to worry about fading serial numbers.

Intel won't launch a Nova Lake-S SKU with 12 Xe3P graphics cores, according to tipster Jaykihn, who originally flagged a beefed-up APU design with the Nova Lake architecture. The original SKU was said to come with 4 P-cores, 8 E-cores, and 4 LPE-cores, along with the 12 Xe3P cores, presumably offering an inexpensive onramp to a gaming desktop without a discrete GPU. Now, the leaker says that design is cancelled, and Intel intends to pick it back up with Razor Lake, the generation that will follow Nova Lake.

Originally, Intel's 12 Xe3P Nova Lake SKU was said to require 65W of dedicated power to drive the iGPU, necessitating the use of two VCCGT phases on the motherboard for integrated graphics. Intel's Arc B390 GPU, which is the 12 Xe3-core model available in Panther Lake and Arc G-series processors, has a thermal design that can sustain up to 80W. However, it's currently being used in Panther Lake machines and handhelds like MSI Claw 8 EX AI+ that have lower power targets.

The Xe3P architecture is slotted for use in Intel's Crescent Island AI accelerator, but it hasn't been announced for any other products yet. Xe3P supports a wide deployment of Xe cores (up to 32), a deeper XMX engine with support for low-precision data types like FP8 and FP4, an increased 512KB L1 cache per Xe core, and a new unified L2 cache (32MB on Crescent Island).

Even by desktop APU standards, an 80W iGPU is a beefy accelerator to have on the same package. In addition, Intel's Nova Lake stack is said to extend up to a 175W TDP with the rumored top-end 52-core SKU, meaning the full 12 Xe3P iGPU would likely only be possible lower down the stack (and maybe only in the 4 + 8 + 4 + 12 Xe design originally suggested).

Earlier in the year, rumors suggested Intel was working on a mobile APU to counter AMD's Strix/Gorgon Halo products, featuring a large pool of unified memory and a large iGPU, dubbed Nova Lake AX. Now, the rumor mill suggests Intel will recycle the Nova Lake CPU cores for Razor Lake AX on mobile while pushing a larger iGPU.

*Specs rumored, unconfirmed by Intel

Intel has told us that Nova Lake is one of the most important desktop CPU launches for the company ever, following on the heels of the mediocre Arrow Lake rollout. Perhaps the biggest addition to the lineup is rumored to be bLLC, or big last-level cache, which is said to show up on select SKUs to counter AMD's X3D assault among the best CPUs for gaming. The company has yet to confirm that bLLC is even possible with its current packaging capabilities, though enthusiast channel VP Robert Hallock hinted to Tom's Hardware that Intel has plans to address X3D in the next generation.

The main stack is rumored to climb up to 28 cores, with two additional dual-tile SKUs that can go as high as 52 cores. The dual-tile models look like a bid for HEDT, perhaps competing with AMD's Threadripper CPUs, though it's not clear how Intel will position its dual-tile models yet.

Earlier this month, a leaked slide gave us a glimpse into Intel's launch plans for Nova Lake. The slide suggested Intel will announce the main stack (up to 28 cores) in Q4 of this year, with the chips arriving in Q1 2027. Intel will apparently follow up later in the year with the 52-core model. This aligns with what we've heard from our sources about Intel's Nova Lake rollout.

Alongside Nova Lake, Intel will introduce the new LGA1954 socket, along with the flagship Z990 chipset. We've already seen multiple Z990 motherboards in the flesh, suggesting Intel is preparing for a Nova Lake release in short order.

It's back: one of the best deals on a brand-new, current-generation, mid-range graphics card that packs 12GB of VRAM. There is a little hoop to jump through via Newegg to receive the discount, but it's more than worth it to slash $70 off the card and bring the price back down to its all-time low. AMD's Gigabyte Gaming Radeon RX 9070 GRE GPU is available at Newegg for $499. All you need to do is click on the "Extra Discount Available" link and enter your email address to receive the promotional code. Once you do that, you bring the price of this graphics card all the way down from its $569.99 list price. It's a very grim time for shopping for PC component upgrades, so to see an actual deal on a GPU that takes it below its MSRP in today's inflated market is a rare sight indeed.

● Check out this deal at Newegg

The RX 9070 GRE was initially made available to the Chinese GPU market and received a few changes from the original RX 9070 XT. The available VRAM was cut from 16GB to just 12GB of GDDR6, but it still sports bandwidth speeds of 18 Gbps on a 192-bit bus, producing 432 GB/s of memory bandwidth in gaming and applications. The Radeon RX 9070 GRE is still built on AMD’s RDNA 4 graphics architecture and uses the same Navi 48 GPU as the Radeon RX 9070 and RX 9070 XT. The RX 9070 GRE features a cut-down version of the Navi 48 chip with 48 compute units compared to the RX 9070's 56. Using just 220W total power draw, the RX 9070 GRE has an Identical power footprint to the standard Radeon RX 9070 GPU, making it quite power efficient and not needing a huge power supply to run.

We benchmarked the Radeon RX 9070 GRE in our extensive review, putting it through its paces in our suite of games. We found the card averages a cool 120 FPS at 1080p settings and 86.6 FPS at 1440p across our 11-game raster-only test suite. This is a good GPU choice for 1080p and 1440p gaming, with the RX 9070 GRE packing ample VRAM for high settings at 1080p, but pushing ultra settings at 1440p may use up the 12GB of VRAM. AMD's Radeon RX 9070 GRE sits just behind Nvidia's RTX 5070 in our results chart that you can view below.

If you're actively looking for a new GPU in the current PC component market, you're more than aware of the considerable price hikes across the GPU lineups from both AMD and Nvidia. To see a graphics card on sale for under its launch MSRP is a very rare sight, and I personally did not expect to see this kind of deal again outside of a large sale event like Prime Day or Black Friday. So if you're looking for a competent card for 1080p and 1440p gaming, then jump on the Gigabyte Gaming RX 9070 GRE for just $499.99.

Nvidia's fastest gaming graphics card, the RTX 5090, has been on a tear of price increases over the past several weeks. However, over the past week, the available inventory has dwindled. Now, you can only find the RTX 5090 from third-party sellers at online retailers like Newegg and Amazon, commanding anywhere from $6,500 to $9,500 (or even higher) for Team Green's best GPU.

At Newegg, the cheapest RTX 5090 is the MSI Ventus 3X that's available from Slava Computers (a relatively new seller with 239 ratings and a 2.8 out of 5 rating at the time of writing) for $6,449. On Amazon, you can get the Asus TUF Gaming OC for $6,395 from Joes Tech Shop, a seller with an 81% positive rating. However, among the most recent reviews are a string of one-star reviews about orders never being fulfilled. The cost goes much higher, as well. The first result for "RTX 5090" on Newegg, for example, surfaces the MSI Ventus 3X OC for $8,699.

In June, the median price for an RTX 5090 was $4,299. At the beginning of September, we logged the lowest online price at $5,199 in our GPU price tracker. Now, in less than two weeks, the available stock has completely disappeared online, and the options available from third-party sellers have ballooned in price once again.

Naturally, we don't recommend buying from one of these third-party sellers. The RTX 5090 is selling at a vastly inflated price, but more importantly, we've seen no shortage of scams around high-ticket items like the RTX 5090. In January, 42 Amazon customers were duped into a scam involving a $999 RTX 5090, instead receiving a fanny pack in place of the GPU. Earlier this month, an online seller scammed two buyers with the RTX 5090, selling phantom graphics cards with the core and memory removed on the secondhand market for prices near MSRP.

The one exception to RTX 5090 inventory is Micro Center, which still has cards available around the average selling price. At a local Micro Center we checked, the cheapest in-stock option was $4,299. Micro Center has exclusively sold graphics cards in-person for several years, insulating it from online buyouts like what appears to be going on right now.

As usual, the reason why there's so much demand for the RTX 5090 is fairly obvious: AI. The RTX 5090 holds the GB202 GPU and 32GB of GDDR7 memory. For context, Nvidia's RTX Pro 5000 48GB comes with the same GPU with a third fewer shader units enabled, and lower memory bandwidth compared to the RTX 5090, and sells for between $7,000 and $9,000. In that context, the RTX 5090 starts to look attractive for building an AI server, even at $5,000 (or more) apiece.

At the same time, the RTX 5090 remains the fastest gaming graphics card on the market according to the testing in our GPU benchmark hierarchy. That's even more true now with Nvidia's launch of DLSS 5 Neural Rendering, which the RTX 5090 can fully capitalize on (though, thankfully, we've found playable performance on lower-end cards in our extensive DLSS 5 testing).

We've reached out to Nvidia for comment on whether it has any plans to stabilize inventory. We'll update this story when we hear back.

The GeForce RTX 5090 is undeniably one of the best graphics cards money can buy. Banking on the fact that many already use it for AI, Nvidia has bolstered it with even more memory and launched it as the new RTX 5500 Pro Blackwell Workstation Edition. It offers comparable specifications to the GeForce RTX 5090 but distinguishes itself with 84GB of GDDR7 memory, 2.6X more than the Blackwell gaming flagship.

The RTX Pro 5500 features the GB202 silicon, the powerhouse die that powers other high-end mainstream and professional Blackwell graphics cards, including the GeForce RTX 5090, RTX Pro 6000, and RTX Pro 5000. In fact, the RTX Pro 5500 uses the same die as the GeForce RTX 5090, which means 170 Streaming Multiprocessors (SMs) are enabled out of a possible 192. As a result, the RTX Pro 5500 has 21,760 CUDA cores and offers performance comparable to the GeForce RTX 5090. The differentiator is the memory subsystem, where the RTX Pro 5500 excels.

Nvidia equipped the RTX Pro 5500 with 84GB of GDDR7 memory. This is the second time Nvidia has launched a graphics card with 84GB of memory, with the first being the China-exclusive RTX Pro 6000D. The RTX Pro 5500's memory capacity lets the Blackwell graphics card sit comfortably between the RTX Pro 5000 and the upgraded RTX Pro 6000, with 72GB and 96GB of GDDR7 memory, respectively.

Nvidia RTX Pro 5500 Workstation Edition Specifications

Nvidia achieved the 84GB memory capacity by outfitting the RTX Pro 5500 with 28 GDDR7 memory chips in a clamshell configuration. Each side of the PCB houses 14 24Gb (3GB) GDDR7 memory modules. They run at 25 Gb/s across a 448-bit memory interface, delivering up to 1,400 GB/s of bandwidth, which aligns with Nvidia’s official specification of 1,398 GB/s. In other words, the RTX Pro 5500 shares the same memory subsystem as the RTX Pro 6000D.

Samsung, Micron, and SK hynix only produce standard 28 Gb/s memory packages. Therefore, Nvidia downclocks the RTX Pro 5500's GDDR7 chips for its own reasons, whether to meet thermal and power targets or avoid cannibalizing higher-tier SKUs. From a memory-bandwidth perspective, the RTX Pro 5500 is not particularly impressive. Its bandwidth is only 4% ahead of the RTX Pro 5000, and it lags 22% behind both the flagship RTX Pro 6000 and the GeForce RTX 5090, which fully leverage 28 Gb/s GDDR7 memory chips.

To sum it all up, if RTX Pro 6000D and GeForce RTX 5090 had a child, it would be the RTX Pro 5500. Nvidia's main motivation was to launch the RTX Pro 5500 to fill the large performance and pricing gap between the RTX Pro 6000 and RTX Pro 5000. Also, the chipmaker makes substantially more profit by putting recycled GB202 into an RTX Pro 5500 than into a GeForce RTX 5090. By giving the former more memory with similar core specifications as the latter, Nvidia seemingly hopes to win more customers over to the RTX Pro 5500.

We reached out to both Nvidia and PNY for official pricing on the RTX Pro 5500, but neither company has responded. For reference, the flagship RTX Pro 6000 retails for $15,599, while an RTX Pro 5000 72GB starts at $9,209. Given the RTX Pro 5500's role as a bridge between the two models, it is reasonable to expect its launch price to fall somewhere within this range.

With the latest ROCm updates, AMD finally brought robust, official PyTorch and HIP SDK support to Windows for consumer GPUs, fully supporting the Radeon RX 7000 and the RX 9000 series. For native, supported frameworks, AMD on Windows is finally a viable reality, but what happens when you want to run a proprietary application, an older repository, or a specialized AI tool that absolutely refuses to support anything but NVIDIA's CUDA? That's where a new project, Speedstu's "CUDA-for-AMD-Windows," could save the day. It proves that running rigidly CUDA-exclusive workloads on AMD hardware in Windows is possible without virtualization or dual-booting.

To be clear, this project is not a brand-new runtime. Instead, it is a highly automated and reproducible PowerShell setup that bridges the gap between ZLUDA, the well-known, formerly AMD-funded translation layer, and AMD's native HIP/ROCm SDK for Windows. Through a series of clever scripts, the toolkit automatically detects the user's GPU architecture, grabs a specifically pinned version of ZLUDA (v6-preview.69), and, at least in theory, seamlessly maps it to the ROCm math libraries already present in Windows.

The result is that the developer successfully intercepted and mapped the CUDA driver API as well as the cuBLAS, cuSPARSE, and cuFFT libraries directly over to their AMD equivalents. As a proof-of-concept, the author even trained a 2.2-million-parameter PPO reinforcement-learning network end-to-end using unmodified CUDA libraries on an AMD Radeon RX 9060 XT, which happens to be the only officially supported GPU at this time.

Even with AMD's official ROCm support on Windows, the local developer community frequently runs into dependency hell when trying out experimental GitHub repos or specialized AI tools that hardcode CUDA as a requirement. For developers who want to experiment with these CUDA-only tools natively on their Windows daily driver machines without dealing with WSL2 passthrough issues or waiting for the original author to write a HIP port, this project offers a highly desirable translation pipeline. It acts as a sort of hacky adapter for software that stubbornly demands an NVIDIA card.

Benchmark testing included in the project's documentation offers some interesting findings. In a controlled A/B test running a 2.2M-parameter reinforcement learning workload on a Radeon RX 9060 XT, the "public upstream path," which relies purely on official ZLUDA releases and AMD's stock HIP SDK 6.4, achieved a median throughput of 13,278 steps per second (SPS). By contrast, an optional "recovered custom overlay" apparently built from salvaged legacy ZLUDA binaries ran slightly worse at 12,876 SPS, making it roughly 3% slower. While the clean official setup is faster, the author notes that "a later rewrite removed LibTorch/ZLUDA from PPO and achieved substantially higher throughput," indicating that there is still a performance hit for this stack of translators.

Now, before anyone declares the CUDA moat officially drained, it is crucial to set realistic expectations. First, this is a solo open-source project, not an enterprise-grade solution. The author is extremely transparent about its narrow scope, as crucial machine learning libraries like cuDNN, TensorRT, and NCCL do not resolve yet. This means compatibility is strictly workload-dependent; if your specific AI tool relies heavily on cuDNN, this setup will fail. Furthermore, it's worth pointing out that ZLUDA itself is currently being maintained as a "weekend hobby project" after losing its commercial backing a second time. Relying on this pipeline for production-level work remains a massive risk. This repository is a tinkerer's tool, not a corporate IT deployment strategy.

Despite these limitations, "CUDA-for-AMD-Windows" is pretty exciting, as it proves that the barrier to entry for running CUDA-exclusive software on AMD GPUs isn't an insurmountable hardware flaw, but a relatively tractable translation tooling problem. Because the project is entirely open-source, its potential extends far beyond this initial proof-of-concept. With community contributions, we could see expanded hardware detection and clever patches to get more stubborn CUDA libraries resolving properly.

If you believe that the 8-pin PCIe power connector is entirely immune to the problems that have plagued the newer 16-pin connector, think again. A recent incident suggests that even the humble 8-pin is not entirely immune to failure. According to a Radeon RX 7900 XTX owner on Reddit, the 8-pin connectors on a Thermal Grizzly WireView monitoring device suffered overheating damage while connected to the graphics card.

The user said that they experienced frequent freezes and black screens before discovering the damage. The affected connectors were the 8-pin connectors on the GPU side of the monitoring device, with visible signs of burning and melted plastic. The user also confirmed that the connectors were fully inserted, although the exact cause of the failure is still unknown.

WireView is essentially an adapter that sits between a graphics card and the power cables, allowing users to monitor various values like power consumption, voltages, current in amperes, minimum and maximum power consumption, and more. Rather than connecting the PSU cables directly to the GPU, the power passes through the monitoring device, thus adding another set of connectors and electrical contacts to the power delivery path. A poor electrical connection, increased contact resistance, a damaged connector, or an issue with the adapter itself could have caused the overheating damage.

Thermal Grizzly previously pointed to improper seating, backplate interference, or incorrectly aligned or soldered contacts as possible causes of connector damage, although the company is yet to identify the cause of this particular incident. The company has reportedly contacted the affected user and asked them to get in touch with its support team so the company can investigate the damaged WireView adapter. The investigation could potentially help determine whether the failure originated from the adapter, the connectors, the GPU, or a combination of factors.

While we are on the subject of 8-pin power connectors, just days ago we saw a heavily modified RTX 5090 successfully running on traditional 8-pin connectors. The modders replaced the card's original 16-pin connectors with three 8-pin connectors soldered directly to the PCB, using heavy-gauge cables and modified sense pins. The card reportedly pulled as much as 900W and reached 3,400 MHz, demonstrating how capable 8-pin connectors can be when properly implemented. However, this was an extreme hardware modification, not a stock configuration.

When money is no object, but you still want to be slightly frugal, combo bundles like today's Newegg offering might pique your interest. Featuring some of the most powerful and extreme consumer PC components on the market, this selection of parts will make for a very powerful gaming machine and an even more powerful productivity workhorse. Right now, you can save $1,289 when you spend $2,999 on an AMD Ryzen 9 9950X3D2 processor along with an 8TB Samsung 9100 Pro SSD, MSI X870E Gaming Plus WiFi motherboard, and 32GB of V-Color Manta XSkyDDR5-6000 memory at Newegg. The normal price for all of these components reaches $4,288, plus Newegg also throws in a free Cooler Master Elite Liquid 240mm AIO CPU cooler, and you get a copy of Capcom's latest Onimusha hit game with the purchase of select AMD products (Ryzen 9 9950X3D2).

● Check out this deal at Newegg

This bundle includes most of the components you'll need to build a mightily impressive gaming and productivity PC. You'll still need to source a PC case, power supply, and graphics card to complete the build, though. This Newegg bundle includes AMD's halo processor - the Ryzen 9 9950X3D2 - stacking 3D V-cache on both the CCDs of the processor for some extreme cache memory performance.

In our testing of the Ryzen 9 9950X3D2 processor, we found the 16-core and 32-thread monster to match the 9800X3D in gaming performance, but excel in multi-threaded application performance. You can see below from our multi-threaded performance chart that the 9950X3D2 tops the table, but at a price. The 9950X3D2 is also very power-hungry and costs more than the other CPUs on the list.

The component bundle also features a massive 8TB Samsung 9100 Pro PCIe Gen 5.0 SSD. This is the most extreme size for a superfast SSD in both capacity and price. In our testing, the 8TB 9100 Pro beats the other 8TB competition in our PC Mark 10 storage tests, but isn't as fast as smaller 2TB capacity drives, as its controller is designed to operate optimally with up to thirty-two dies at 4TB. See our review for more details.

On its own, the 8TB 9100 Pro retails for a jaw-dropping $2,719.99, almost the cost of this entire bundle. So if you want superfast transfer speeds with 8TB of space, then this is the best way of getting one at a reduced price, especially in the current climate of storage pricing.

Modders have slashed the cost of running FSR 4 on AMD’s RDNA 2-powered BC-250 by nearly half, with a new implementation cutting the upscaler’s processing time from 11.51 ms to 5.92 ms at 1440p. Detailed in a VideoCardz post, the latest work builds on the community’s ongoing effort to turn AMD’s unusual PlayStation 5-derived crypto-mining board into a capable Linux gaming machine, while moving the FSR 4 optimizations from a custom Mesa modification into a portable FidelityFX DLL.

According to testing shared by the developer, FSR 4.1.1 running at 2560 x 1440 with a 1706 x 960 Quality input required 11.51 ms using the original shaders, compared with 5.92 ms using the latest v4.0.0-rc9 release. At 4K, processing time reportedly dropped from 25.72 ms to 12.08 ms, while 1080p fell from 7.13 ms to 3.93 ms. The developer also reports that the optimized implementation produced byte-identical images to the original shaders in controlled testing, suggesting that the performance improvement comes from executing the same workload more efficiently, and not reducing image quality.

The BC-250 is particularly interesting in this context because it is based on much older RDNA 2 graphics hardware. FSR 4 relies heavily on machine-learning workloads and accelerated low-precision integer operations that are far better suited to newer AMD architectures. On the BC-250, those operations have to be handled through alternative instruction paths.

Earlier community work tackled the problem in Mesa, optimizing the INT8 dot-product operations used by FSR 4. Instead of relying on a much more expensive fallback sequence, the modified implementation used a more efficient mathematical path based around signed 24-bit integer operations. One representative shader reportedly fell from 64,269 instructions to 37,613.

The latest fork takes that work a step further by shifting the optimizations into a FidelityFX DLL. This removes the requirement to run a specially modified Mesa build, potentially making the optimized path easier to use with an existing OptiScaler installation or games with compatible native FidelityFX implementations.

Native Windows support, other GPUs, and frame generation have not yet been qualified, as the developer tested the BC-250 on Linux using standard Mesa and GE-Proton. The practical upper target for the board is roughly 1440p, as FSR 4 still consumes 12.08 ms at 4K even after the optimization.

The achievement is the latest chapter in the BC-250's unusual story. ASRock built the board for cryptocurrency mining systems around PlayStation 5-class AMD silicon, with six Zen 2 CPU cores and 24 RDNA 2 compute units enabled by default. With the mining market's collapse, individual boards began filtering onto the second-hand market for well under $150, and enthusiasts have since assembled a mature Linux gaming ecosystem around them, complete with custom firmware, GPU governors, CU unlock tools, cases, cooling solutions, and distro-specific fixes.

We recently put the BC-250 through its paces and found that community-developed tools can unlock all 40 physical RDNA 2 compute units on compatible boards, up from 24 enabled by default, while separate firmware work can restore the two disabled Zen 2 CPU cores and take the chip from six cores to eight.

The ecosystem still comes with limitations. In our testing, the BC-250’s aging Zen 2 CPU became a substantial bottleneck at 1080p and 1440p in some games, even with the GPU fully unlocked. The board also has only 16GB of shared GDDR6 memory, which caused some titles to crash due to memory issues at 4K and made frame generation harder at higher resolutions. While FSR 4 will not erase those limitations, halving the upscaler's per-frame cost gives a once-discarded mining board significantly more headroom to spend elsewhere.

For those seeking the highest performance for gaming, AMD’s Ryzen 7 9850X3D is currently the best CPU money can buy. If you’re planning to upgrade or build a new PC, now might be a good time to pick one up, as Newegg is selling the 9850X3D for $484, around $15 less than its launch price. The deal also includes a 240mm Cooler Master AIO liquid cooler, valued at $79.99, along with a copy of Onimusha: Way of the Sword worth $69.99, both included as free gifts.

• Check out the deal on Newegg

Announced at CES 2026, the Ryzen 7 9850X3D is essentially a higher-binned version of the Ryzen 7 9800X3D. It retains the same 8-core, 16-thread configuration and 4.2 GHz base clock as its predecessor, but gets a higher 5.6 GHz boost clock. The chip comes with the same 104MB of total cache, including 96MB of 3D V-Cache, which is the key ingredient behind its strong gaming performance. It also shares the same 120W default TDP and uses the AM5 platform with DDR5 memory support, making it compatible with a wide range of existing 800- and 600-series AMD motherboards.

In our in-depth testing of the Ryzen 7 9850X3D, we found that it was only 3.3% faster than the Ryzen 7 9800X3D. But a win is a win, and that performance edge puts the CPU at the top of our 16-game 1080p FPS performance geomean, beating the more expensive Ryzen 9 9900X3D and 9950X3D. Although it loses out to Intel in some productivity workloads, the less complex 8-core configuration packed into a single CCD results in lower power draw. As you can see from our results, the peak power consumption is around 170W, making it much easier to cool.

With the included 240mm AIO liquid cooler, you should be able to keep the Ryzen 7 9850X3D well under control during gaming and moderate workloads, although it may run warmer under heavy multi-core workloads. At its sale price of $484, you’re paying less than its actual launch price while getting two useful extras at no additional cost. That makes this a worthwhile deal for anyone looking to build a high-end gaming PC around AMD’s gaming-focused platform.

AZZA is one of those brands that has been around far longer than its shelf presence suggests. The company is the PC-components arm of Linkworld Electronic, and it has spent the better part of two decades selling cases, coolers, chassis fans and power supplies into the value end of the market, mostly through regional distribution rather than the big review-sample circuit. That low profile cuts both ways. AZZA has never had the marketing budget to overpromise the way larger brands do, but it also has never had to answer for its power supplies in public the way brands like Corsair or Cooler Master routinely do. Like almost every brand in this segment, AZZA designs none of their units themselves but buys platforms from (usually Chinese) OEMs and puts its own sticker on the side.

The PSAZ series is AZZA's mainstream ATX line, and the PSAZ-750G is the 750W Gold-badged member of it. The unit we have is marked ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1 Ready on the box, carries a native 12V-2x6 connector, and is rated for its full 750W at 40°C ambient. It ships with a 2-year warranty, which is a statement all by itself. The platform comes from Helly, a manufacturer that supplies a number of platforms and we meet their products frequently in mainstream units. What makes the PSAZ-750G interesting is not the specification sheet but the badge on it: the box, the label and the retail listings all carry the 80 PLUS Gold logo, and AZZA has not put a PSAZ unit through 80 PLUS certification since 2015. That claim, more than anything else, is what this review has to settle and determine whether it deserves a spot in our list of best power supplies.

Specifications and Design

In the Box

Packaging is plain and inexpensive, and honest about it. The sleeve is a flat slate-blue with the AZZA wordmark rendered as three large outlined chevrons on the left, a line drawing of the unit on the right, and the model and wattage stacked underneath. The badges run along the lower half - PCI-e 5.1 Ready, ATX 3.1, and the 80 PLUS Gold logo in its usual gold square. The unit sits inside between two moulded protective inserts, with the cables bundled beside it.

The bundle is as thin as it gets. There is the AC power cord, four mounting screws and four black zip ties. No Velcro straps, no cable combs, no pouch, no tester, and nothing in the way of printed documentation beyond what is on the box itself. At $78 for a 750W unit, none of that is unreasonable, but it is worth noting that the four zip ties are doing real work here. With a hardwired cable set there is no way to leave unused cables out of the case, so whatever routing tidiness you get, you will be building yourself.

The cables themselves are better than the accessory list implies. All of them are black nylon-sleeved rather than the flat ribbon type common at this price, sleeved right up to the connector housings, and the wire gauges look appropriate throughout. The 12V-2x6 cable is a native run from the PCB rather than an adapter, and it is printed with a 450W rating along its length, which is the single most important thing to know about this power supply before you buy it. That is enough for a mid-range card, and not enough for a 500W+ flagship, regardless of what the 750W on the box suggests. There is no dual-color keying on the connector, so seating it correctly is on you.

External Appearance

At 150 x 86 x 140 mm the PSAZ-750G is a standard-depth ATX unit, and 140 mm means it drops into essentially any case that takes an ATX supply, with enough clearance left over to deal with the fixed cable loom. The chassis is finished in a dark grey-brown matte paint and it is a better finish than the price would predict. The top face carries a slotted grille with wide diagonal bars over the fan, cut off at one corner by a plain triangular panel bearing the AZZA logo and a few thin pinstripes. It is a restrained, slightly industrial look, and the diagonal grille bars do restrict airflow area more than a wire or honeycomb grille would, which increases noise.

The side panel carries the only color on the unit: a grey hatched rectangle with the AZZA wordmark in outline and 750W set in a bright cyan that matches the box. The top side holds the specifications label, and it is worth reading. It lists the ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1 Ready marks and, again, the 80 PLUS Gold logo.

The rear face is a hexagonal honeycomb exhaust panel with the AC receptacle, the main I/O rocker, and a second, smaller square button beside it. That button is the hybrid fan mode switch: press it and the semi-passive behavior is disabled, so the fan runs continuously from idle rather than waiting for load. It is a feature several units at three times this price still omit, and it is faintly odd to find it here. The front face is solid, with the fixed cable loom leaving through a single rubber-grommeted opening. There is no modular bay, no LED, and no other features.

Internal Design

Cooling comes from a 120 mm Yate Loon D12BH-12, a ball-bearing fan rated at 12V and 0.60A. Yate Loon publishes this model at 2300 RPM, 89 CFM and 41 dB(A) at full speed, which puts it firmly in the high-airflow, high-noise half of the catalogue. Ball bearings are a durability advantage over the sleeve-bearing fans that usually appear at this price, and given the 2-year warranty that matters - a fan that outlasts the coverage period is the minimum bar. What it is not is a quiet fan, and the platform leans on it hard, as the hot-box results below make clear.

The platform is a Helly design and is similar to the platform Phanteks AMP GH series is using - but that is where the similarities end. The layout is clean and reasonably modern, with the main PCB carrying the primary and secondary stages and a pair of small vertical daughterboards near the front handling the minor rails. Heatsinks are generously sized for the class, dark-anodised finned extrusions rather than the bent aluminium strips that budget platforms often make do with, and the board is well populated with silicone glue on the taller components. The main transformer is marked ATX3.0 on the bobbin, which is a small reminder of how recent the 3.1 revision on the box actually is.

Transient filtering runs to four Y capacitors, three X capacitors and two common-mode chokes, which is a complete filter by any reasonable standard and better provisioned than several units we have looked at this year. Inrush is handled by an NTC thermistor with a relay for bypass. Two bridge rectifiers sit on their own dedicated heatsink, feeding an APFC stage built around two Oriental Semiconductor OSG55R190F MOSFETs. The bulk capacitor is a 560 µF, 420V Ltec from its HP series, rated at 105°C. That is a low-cost Taiwanese part rather than a premium one, and it is the first place the budget shows. Capacity is adequate for 750W, the temperature rating is right, but the pedigree is not. The APFC coil beside is unshielded, which is a cost decision rather than a functional problem, though it does nothing for radiated noise.

The primary inversion stage uses two PIP PTA25N50 MOSFETs in a half-bridge LLC resonant arrangement, the standard modern topology at this power level. On the secondary side, the 12V rail is rectified by four Fuxin FXN0204C MOSFETs in synchronous rectification, with the 3.3V and 5V rails generated by DC-to-DC converters on the two vertical daughterboards.

Secondary filtering is a mix of Ltec electrolytics and a smaller number of APAQ polymer capacitors, both Taiwanese. This is the part of the component list that will decide how the unit ages: Ltec electrolytics are not terrible parts, but they are at best ordinary ones, and they will spend their life sitting next to secondary heatsinks that may hit well over 70 °C in a normal system. A 2-year warranty against that combination is not a comfortable pairing.

Cold Test Results (25°C Ambient)

Cold Test Results (25°C Ambient)

For the testing of PSUs, we are using high-precision electronic loads with a maximum power draw of 2700 Watts, a Rigol DS5042M 40 MHz oscilloscope, an Extech 380803 power analyzer, two high-precision UNI-T UT-325 digital thermometers, an Extech HD600 SPL meter, a self-designed hotbox, and various other bits and parts.

At 25°C ambient the PSAZ-750G averaged 90.6% at 230 VAC and 88.6% at 115 VAC across the nominal load range. The curve peaks at about 92% at 230 VAC around 300W and holds 90.2% at a sustained 750W, with the 115 VAC line topping out at 90.3% and finishing at 87.3%. Those are respectable numbers and the shape of the curve is healthy, with no full-load collapse. They are also, and this is the point, not Gold. 80 PLUS Gold requires 90/92/89% at 20/50/100% load on 230 VAC and 87/90/87% on 115 VAC. We measured 90.1/91.8/90.2% and 88.7/89.9/87.1% respectively. The unit clears the 20% and 100% checkpoints on both inputs and misses the 50% checkpoint on both, by 0.2 and 0.1 points. It is a near miss rather than a fraud and CLEAResult tests at 23 °C so it could possibly pass, but there is no 80 PLUS entry for the PSAZ series after 2015 to argue otherwise. There is no Cybenetics listing either.

Acoustically the cold run is the best part of this review. The fan stays completely stopped up to roughly 40% load, giving a genuine 300W fanless window that covers desktop work and a good deal of gaming outright. It starts at 31.6 dB(A) and ramps gently to about 33 dB(A) at half load, at which point it becomes the quietest thing in most builds. Past 450W the curve steepens noticeably, reaching 38 dB(A) at 600W and 42 dB(A) at a sustained 750W. That is audible but not intrusive, and it is a reasonable trade for a good thermal result. The heatsinks reached 66-68°C at full load. Nothing here is under severe stress.

Hot Test Results (~45°C Ambient)

Hot Test Results (~45°C Ambient)

Inside the hotbox at roughly 45°C ambient, five degrees above the unit's own 40°C rating, efficiency falls by roughly a point and a half. It was not an unexpected result but it is severe for a 750W unit. The averages come to 89.4% at 230 VAC and 87.5% at 115 VAC, with the curve peaking near 90.8% and finishing at 88.5% and 85.6% respectively at full load. Nothing in the electrical behavior suggests the platform is in deep trouble but we can see the signs of thermal degradation at full load.

The thermal and acoustic picture is where the platform shows its limits. The fan leaves its passive mode in the hot box very quickly, starting at about 33.6 dB(A) from 200W, then climbing steeply and continuously: 43 dB(A) at 500W, 48.6 dB(A) at 600W, and 52.2 dB(A) at a sustained 750W. That last figure is loud in the plain sense of the word, well past the point where the PSU is the loudest component in a mid-tower and into the range where it likely is the loudest thing in the room. It is also the fan doing exactly what it should, because the internal temperatures need it. The heatsinks reached 94°C at full load, which is on the high side for a 750W unit. Those are not typically failure temperatures, but they are high enough to matter for the Ltec secondary electrolytics sitting beside them over a several-year ownership period.

PSU Quality and Bottom Line

Power Supply Quality

Voltage regulation is the strongest result on the sheet. Across the 20% to 100% load span the 12V rail moved by just 0.9%, with the 3.3V and 5V rails both at 1.4%. Sub-1% on 12V is genuinely good, better than several other Gold units, and it is the credit side of the DC-to-DC secondary arrangement. The minor rails are looser, but both stay comfortably inside the ±5% ATX window and neither matters much to a modern system.

Ripple suppression is adequate rather than good. The 12V rail peaked at 52 mV at full load and 50 mV in the 12V-weighted cross-load test, against a 120 mV ATX limit. The 3.3V and 5V rails topped out at 26 and 28 mV against their 50 mV limits. Those are passes with about 57% headroom on 12V and roughly 45% on the minor rails, so nothing is close to the edge. They are also roughly double what a well-filtered enthusiast platform delivers, and the 12V figure more than doubles between 50% and 100% load, which points at secondary filtering that is sized to the requirement rather than beyond it. For the hardware a 750W unit at this price will actually feed, it is sufficient.

During our thorough assessment, we evaluate the essential protection features of every power supply unit we review, including Over Current Protection (OCP), Over Voltage Protection (OVP), Over Power Protection (OPP), and Short Circuit Protection (SCP).

All protection mechanisms were present and triggered correctly. With the unit hot, OCP tripped at 146% on the 3.3V rail (29.2A), 140% on the 5V rail (28A), and 128% on the 12V rail (79.4A), with OPP shutting the unit down at about 130% of rated output, or roughly 975W. The 12V threshold is the sensible one of the three. The minor-rail thresholds are loose enough that the 100W combined budget is the real constraint there, not the protection.

Bottom Line

The PSAZ-750G is a competent budget power supply carrying a claim it cannot support. The Helly platform underneath is more modern than the price suggests and used by several manufacturers at this price point. Inside, we have a half-bridge LLC primary, DC-to-DC minor rails, a complete transient filter, generously sized heatsinks, a ball-bearing fan and a native 12V-2x6 connector. Regulation on the 12V rail is genuinely good at 0.9%, ripple is comfortably inside specification everywhere, protections all work and trip at sane thresholds, and the 300W fanless window at room temperature is real. There is nothing broken here.

The efficiency claim, however, is one that does not survive contact with the bench. Our numbers put the unit 0.2 points under the Gold requirement at 50% load on 230 VAC and 0.1 under it on 115 VAC, clearing every other checkpoint. CLEAResult tests at 23°C, so a good sample could plausibly clear the bar on the official bench. On the other hand, other units using the same platform passed our testing, even if they were fully modular (typically hardwired cables increase efficiency slightly). AZZA has not certified a PSAZ unit since 2015, there is no official 80 PLUS entry for this particular model, no Cybenetics listing and no PLPP listing, yet the Gold logo is printed on the box, on the label and in the retail listings. The unit performs like a borderline Gold supply. It is being sold as a certified one. Those are not the same thing, and the second is the vendor's choice, not a measurement artifact.

Most of the remaining compromises are ordinary for the money. Hardwired cabling at 750W in 2026 is behind the market but forgivable at $78, but the Ltec capacitors is what a $78 budget buys. One thing is harder to wave through. That is the 2-year warranty, which is half or less of what every serious competitor offers; set against heatsinks that reached 94°C at full load in the hot box, with ordinary electrolytics sitting beside them, it reads as the manufacturer telling you how long it expects the unit to be its problem.

Against named rivals, the placement is straightforward. The Phanteks AMP GH series runs a related Helly platform, which is worth keeping in mind - the design itself is not the problem here; the specification is. The MSI MAG A750GL PCIE5 is fully modular, genuinely 80 PLUS Gold certified, and backed by a 10-year warranty, and it is better than the AZZA on every axis except price. The Cooler Master MWE Gold 750 V4 at $119 MSRP is quieter under sustained load, carries verified Gold efficiency and a 10-year warranty, and gives up only a little on 12V regulation, where the AZZA's 0.9% is the better figure.

The PSAZ-750G beats them on nothing but cost, but it beats them there by a wide margin. So the recommendation is narrow but real. If you are building a mid-range machine on a tight budget, the card you are pairing it with draws under 450W, and you can live with 2 years of coverage and a fixed cable loom, the PSAZ-750G will do the job, and it will do it quietly at the loads you will actually run. If any of those three conditions do not hold, the extra money for a certified, longer-warrantied, fully modular unit is the better spend, and it is not a close call. Buy it for what it measures, not for the badge on the box.

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Thermalright is a CPU cooling company that happens to sell power supplies. Established in Taipei in 2001, it spent its first two decades building a reputation on air coolers - the Ultra-120 eXtreme and the HR series were enthusiast reference points long before the current wave of tower coolers - then drifted out of the conversation for years before the Peerless Assassin 120 dragged it back to the top of every budget build list in 2021. Its catalog has expanded aggressively since: case fans, all-in-one liquid coolers, thermal compounds, chassis, and, since 2022, power supplies. That last category deserves a different kind of scrutiny than the rest. Much like most brand names, Thermalright does not build power supplies; it commissions them, and a heatsink company's engineering credibility transfers to a PSU exactly as far as the OEM behind it allows. Every Thermalright power supply has to be judged on its platform rather than its badge.

The KG series occupies the value end of Thermalright's power supply range, and the TR-KG750 reviewed here is its 750W entry. How does it hold up against the best power supplies on the market? On paper, the specification is current, with ATX 3.1 and PCIe 5.1 compliance, a native 12V-2x6 connector, full modularity, 80 PLUS Gold certification at 115 VAC, a 120 mm fan inside a 140 mm-deep chassis, and a five-year warranty. The label on the PSU itself answers the platform question without much digging. The manufacturer of record is Somore Tech Co., Ltd., the production is credited to Jiushouyangguang Power Supply (Shenzhen), and the internal designation printed beside the 80 PLUS badge is HKCMAX-750 - this is an HKC platform, and the silkscreen on the main board dates the design to April 2023. There is no Cybenetics entry for the model at the time of writing, so the 80 PLUS report is the only third-party data available on it. At a retail price of $91, it undercuts essentially every name-brand 750W Gold unit on the US market, which is the whole of its pitch.

Specifications and Design

In the Box

The TR-KG750 arrives in a compact cardboard box wrapped in a black-to-bronze gradient sleeve, with a three-quarter render of the unit dominating the front and the wattage set in large gold type beside it. The badge strip along the bottom edge is short: 80 PLUS Gold, ATX 3.1, PCIe 5.1, and the model number.

The bundle is as thin as they come. Under the protective packaging the supply is accompanied by a multilingual user’s guide, the AC power cord, a small bag of mounting screws, and four zip ties. That is the entire accessory list: no Velcro straps, no cable combs, no storage pouch. Four zip ties for an eight-cable modular supply is a token rather than a provision, and it is one of the few places where the price makes itself felt before you take the lid off.

The cables are all-black flat ribbon types throughout, with no sleeving anywhere in the set. They are all uniform, adding points to the aesthetics of the unit. The 12V-2x6 cable is native - a single run from the modular panel to the graphics card, with no adapter or splitter involved - but its plug does not use the dual-color keying the ATX 3.1 specification encourages, which makes an incompletely seated connector easy to spot at a glance.

External Appearance

At 150 x 86 x 140 mm, the TR-KG750 is a standard-width ATX unit with a short 140 mm body, which is about as compact as a 750W supply practically gets and leaves useful slack for cable management even in a mid-tower. The chassis is finished in a matte black with a fine texture, and the top panel carries a stamped fan grille in a diamond-and-chevron pattern - four angled spokes radiating from a central square, framed by long slotted vents - with the Thermalright wordmark pressed into a raised panel at the edge. Four exposed screws sit at the corners, one of them beneath the warranty-void sticker.

The rear face is a large square perforated exhaust panel with the AC receptacle and a rocker. The front face hosts the modular connector bay, cleanly silkscreened into four labeled groups: MOTHERBOARD for the split 24-pin, SATA/PATA for the peripheral cables, CPU/PCIe for the four eight-pin sockets, and a dedicated 12V 2x6 socket in the bottom corner. A scratch-off authenticity tag with a QR code sits alongside the panel.

The specification label occupies the top face rather than a side panel, which is the more useful placement for a bottom-mounted supply sitting under a windowed case, and both side panels are given over to a large bronze-gradient decal carrying the wattage, model number, and 80 PLUS Gold badge. That decal is the only decoration, and the finish underneath it is unremarkable but honest - evenly applied, no orange peel, no sharp edges. The label repeats the rail ratings, the CCC certificate number, and the internal model designation, and it is where the platform gives itself away. Build quality overall is what the price suggests: the steel gauge is adequate, the panels line up, nothing rattles, but there is none of the extra finishing that separates a $90 unit from a $150 one.

Internal Design

Cooling is handled by a 120 mm Yate Loon D12SH-12 rated for 12V at 0.30A. Yate Loon is a long-established Chinese fan maker, and the D-series is its bread-and-butter sleeve-bearing line, which makes this the single most consequential cost-saving in the unit. Sleeve bearings are quiet, like fluid-dynamic alternatives at equivalent speed, but wear faster and are more sensitive to heat and mounting orientation - all three of which matter in a supply that, as the test results show, runs its fan constantly and pushes it hard as soon as ambient temperature rises. The five-year warranty covers the fan, but it is not a part most owners will enjoy chasing a replacement for.

The platform is HKC’s, supplied to Thermalright under the internal designation HKCMAX-750, and the main board is silkscreened as ATX32 Main BD Rev1.2. A row of wattage selection pads along the board edge runs from 500W to 850W, with the 750W position populated, confirming this is a single design scaled across a whole product family rather than a layout drawn for 750W specifically. Component density is fair, the soldering is tidy, and some black silicone anchors the larger parts. Only two heatsinks are fitted - a small one carrying the input bridges and a taller, simple finned unit shared by the APFC and primary switching stages - and everything on the secondary side relies on the PCB and a tiny sheet heatsink soldered to it.

The transient filtering stage starts at the back of the AC receptacle and continues on the main PCB. In total, there are four Y capacitors, two X capacitors, and two filtering inductors, with an MOV and an NTC thermistor also present - a complete filter with nothing omitted, if not a generous one. Two input rectifying bridges follow on their own small dedicated heatsink. The APFC stage uses two MOSFETs and a boost diode sharing the tall heatsink, paired with a large open-frame filtering coil, and the bulk capacitor is a Nichicon 450V/560 uF part from the 105C-rated GN(M) series. That capacitor is comfortably the best component in the unit and practically the only one sourced from a manufacturer with a genuine reliability record. The primary inversion stage is a half-bridge arrangement built from two 65R160FR MOSFETs on the shared heatsink, feeding the main transformer.

The secondary side is where the cost engineering becomes plain. The 12V rail is rectified by six Perfertway PWC012N04ES MOSFETs mounted directly on the main PCB with no heatsink of their own, and the 3.3V and 5V rails are derived from DC-to-DC converters that also live on the main board rather than a vertical daughterboard. As a layout, this is conventional and modern. The problem is provenance: essentially every active device in the conversion path - the bridges, the APFC and primary MOSFETs, the six synchronous rectifiers - comes from manufacturers with no established track record in this application. Secondary filtering is a mix of Teapo parts and capacitors branded NICON that, despite carrying a series designation borrowed from Nippon Chemi-Con’s catalog, do not appear to be a genuine Nippon Chemi-Con nor a Nichicon product, and polymer capacitors handle high-frequency filtering on the modular board. None of this is unusual at the price. It is worth stating plainly, though, that the "all Japanese" capacitor language attached to some retail listings for this model describes the bulk capacitor and nothing else.

Cold Test Results (25°C Ambient)

Cold Test Results (25°C Ambient)

For the testing of PSUs, we are using high-precision electronic loads with a maximum power draw of 2700 Watts, a Rigol DS5042M 40 MHz oscilloscope, an Extech 380803 power analyzer, two high-precision UNI-T UT-325 digital thermometers, an Extech HD600 SPL meter, a self-designed hotbox, and various other bits and parts.

At 25°C ambient, the TR-KG750 averaged 89.5% at 230 VAC and 88.5% at 115 VAC across the nominal load range, peaking at 91.2% and 90.3%, respectively, at 50% load and settling to 89.2% and 87.9% at a sustained 750W. The curve is well shaped, with the usual broad plateau between 40% and 70% load and no collapse at the top end. What it does not have is margin. Against the 80 PLUS Gold thresholds at 115 VAC - 87% at 20% load, 90% at 50%, and 87% at 100% - our measured 87.2%, 90.3%, and 87.9% clear the bar by 0.2, 0.3, and 0.9 percentage points. The unit’s own 80 PLUS report reads slightly kinder at 90.2%, 91.4% and 88.3%, but the conclusion does not change: this is a Gold unit by a narrow margin.

Acoustically, there is no great news. The Yate Loon spins whenever the supply is powered but remains quiet across the first half of the load range. The ramp through the middle of the range is gentle enough, but it steepens past 70% load, reaching 42 dB(A) at 600W and almost 51 dB(A) at a sustained 750W. That is loud for an efficient 750W unit at room temperature. Thermally, the platform is comfortable at 25°C. The primary and secondary heatsinks stabilized at around 60°C. Those are unremarkable numbers, with the small heatsinks and mediocre efficiency being the obvious culprits.

Hot Test Results (~45°C Ambient)

Hot Test Results (~45°C Ambient)

Inside the hotbox at roughly 45°C ambient - five degrees beyond the unit’s own 40°C rating - efficiency averaged 87.6% at 230 VAC and 86.6% at 115 VAC, an almost uniform 1.9-point loss against the cold run. Full load is where the degradation concentrates: 85.8% at 230 VAC and 84.5% at 115 VAC, both 3.4 points down on the 25°C figures. A drop of that size is larger than we like to see, and it puts the unit well outside Gold territory under heat, although it is being measured beyond its rated envelope and the shape of the curve essentially holds throughout. The supply completed every load step without shutting down.

Heat turns the fan from merely constant into genuinely intrusive. The floor rises to 37 dB(A), which is audible but not dramatic. It maintains reasonable noise figures up to 525W and then the curve breaks: between 525W and 600W the fan jumps almost ten decibels to 56 dB(A), settling at 58 dB(A) at a sustained 750W. A step that abrupt points to a coarse thermal control scheme rather than a tuned curve, and at 58 dB(A) the power supply is likely to be the loudest component in almost any system. The internal readings explain the urgency: the primary heatsink reached well over 100°C at full load. Those are very high figures for parts of uncertain pedigree and for a 750W PSU, and while the unit held together for the duration, sustained full load at 45°C is not an environment we would ask this platform to live in.

PSU Quality and Bottom Line

Power Supply Quality

Voltage regulation is adequate rather than tight. Between 20% and 100% load, the 3.3V rail moved 1.2%, the 5V rail 1.4%, and the 12V rail 1.8%. The 12V figure is the one that matters, and it is the loosest of the three, sliding from 12.11V at 151.5W to 11.89V at 744.5W. That sits comfortably inside the ±5% ATX window and will not trouble any component, but it is roughly double what a well-tuned modern LLC platform delivers, and most of the drop arrives between 50% and 75% load rather than being spread evenly across the range.

Ripple suppression follows the same pattern of simple adequacy. On the 12V rail we measured 24 mV at 20% load rising to 62 mV at full load, against the 120 mV ATX limit - a comfortable pass with roughly 48% headroom, though the jump from 38 mV at 75% load to 62 mV at 100% is steeper than the rest of the curve. The minor rails run closer to their ceilings: 34 mV on 3.3V and 38 mV on 5V against a 50 mV limit, leaving 32% and 24% headroom respectively. Cross-load behavior was unremarkable, with 60 mV on 12V under the 12V-heavy test and 34 mV on 5V under the minor-rail test. None of this is a problem for the hardware a 750W supply will realistically feed, but the minor rails have less room than we would expect from a DC-to-DC design.

During our thorough assessment, we evaluate the essential protection features of every power supply unit we review, including Over Current Protection (OCP), Over Voltage Protection (OVP), Over Power Protection (OPP), and Short Circuit Protection (SCP).

All protection mechanisms were verified and triggered correctly during testing. With the unit hot, OCP tripped at 140% on the 3.3V rail (28A), 142% on the 5V rail (28.4A), and 136% on the 12V rail (85A), with OPP shutting the supply down at 134% of rated output, or approximately 1005W. Those are generous thresholds, more generous than most mainstream 750W units carry, and they mean the platform will ride out the transient excursions a modern graphics card throws at it without any complaint - which is precisely what ATX 3.1 compliance is meant to guarantee.

Bottom Line

What the TR-KG750 is, stated plainly, is an HKC platform wearing a Thermalright badge at a $91 price, and most of what follows from that is predictable. The specification sheet is current - ATX 3.1, PCIe 5.1, a native 12V-2x6 connector, full modularity, a compact 140 mm chassis - and the engineering is competent in the sense that nothing is missing or obviously wrong. The transient filter is complete, the topology is a modern half-bridge LLC with DC-to-DC minor rails, and the Nichicon bulk capacitor is a real Japanese part. Measured performance is broadly consistent with the class: regulation within 2% on every rail, ripple with meaningful headroom on 12V, and protection thresholds more generous than most.

The problems concentrate in two places. The first is efficiency, where the unit clears its 80 PLUS Gold thresholds at 115 VAC by a small margin. Certification is a floor, and this unit sits on it. Under heat, the margin vanishes entirely - 84.5% at 115 VAC and full load - and with no Cybenetics listing, there is no other independent data to weigh against ours. The second is acoustics, and the fault there is part control, part hardware. The Yate Loon is quiet enough through the first half of the load range, but the curve steepens past 70%, and the supply reaches almost 51 dB(A) at a sustained 750W at room temperature. In a warm case, it is worse: a ten-decibel step between 525W and 600W, and 58 dB(A) from there to full load. That is a coarse fan profile rather than a tuned one, and there is no fanless mode to fall back on at idle. It was little choice, as the heatsinks are too small to combat such thermal needs. Builders who care about a perfectly quiet machine can stop reading here.

Underneath those sit the component choices. The Nichicon bulk capacitor aside, the secondary filtering is Teapo and NICON, and every active device in the conversion path - bridges, APFC and primary MOSFETs, the six synchronous rectifiers - comes from manufacturers with no track record to point at. That is not automatically a defect; plenty of anonymous silicon runs happily for a decade. But it is unverifiable, and heatsink temperatures well over 100°C at 45°C ambient leave less comfort than we would like, as does a sleeve-bearing fan if asked to run continuously in that heat. The five-year warranty is doing real work in the value case here, and it is the correct length for this class rather than a generous one.

At $91, the TR-KG750 is around $30 cheaper than the Cooler Master MWE Gold 750 V4, and that comparison is the instructive one. The Cooler Master is quieter by a wide margin, holds tighter regulation, runs a cooler secondary side under heat, and carries a ten-year warranty; the Thermalright answers with a lower price, and concedes almost everything else. Set against the Thermaltake Toughpower GX3 850W or the MSI MAG A850GLS, the picture is similar - more wattage and better-documented platforms, for more money. The TR-KG750 earns its place on price alone. If the budget is fixed near $90 and the machine lives under a desk rather than on it, this is a defensible purchase with a current feature set and adequate measured performance behind it. If there is $30 of headroom, or if noise matters substantially, have a look at higher price tags.

MORE: Best Power Supplies

MORE: How We Test Power Supplies

MORE: All Power Supply Content

With its built-in USB / HDMI hub and a small fan to keep temperatures in check, Sharge's Disk Pro SSD is one of the more interesting (and generally useful) external storage drives in recent memory, easily earning a spot on our Best External SSD list. And the company is following that success up with a more DIY-focused Disk Pro 2, which lets you install your own M.2 drive (supporting 2230, 2242, and 2280 sizes and capacities up to 8TB), while adding greater fan flexibility, media card slots, and an HDMI port that's capable of more bandwidth – depending on the model you choose.

Sharge is offering the Disk Pro 2 in two varieties. There's the Lite model, with HDMI 2.0 (4K@60 Hz) and a 5W minimum operating power, and the Disk Pro Ultra (which we have in for testing) with HDMI 2.1 (4K@144 Hz or 8K@30 Hz), a lower 1.5W minimum power draw, and a faster card reader. Below is the full list of differences, according to the product page. The company even lists the internal chips, some of which you can see through its transparent top.

The Ultra model is likely to appeal more to professionals and gamers, offering faster card transfers and higher monitor refresh rates. But the main limitation here is the overall bandwidth, as both models are capped at a 10 Gbps interface, just like the original Disk Pro. That makes either model better as kind of a travel-friendly Swiss Army hub than something you'd want to use as your primary hub / dock all the time. Because any modern M.2 drive can saturate all available throughput by itself, before you connect any video or USB devices. But there's no denying the utility of carrying around a pocket-friendly SSD that also lets you connect to a monitor or TV, plug in a couple extra peripherals, and empty your SD cards without an extra hub, adapters, or cables.

At 3.65 x 2.33 x 0.531 inches (92.6 × 59.2 × 13.5 mm) without the cable, the Disk Pro 2 is slightly thicker and longer than the original Disk Pro, but still smaller than some standalone drives. Again, with its size and transparent top, it reminds me of an old-school cassette tape.

One thing that has definitely improved over the original Disk Pro is that Sharge has made the USB-C cable removable. This is good in part because you don't have to worry about the cable breaking over years of use. But also, particularly if you're going to use the drive's hub capabilities, you might want something longer than the included cable's sub-nine-inch length. And when necessary, you might want to plug the drive into a USB-A port. So having the option of using different cables is a big plus.

The cable is also designed to function as a lanyard, which can be handy. But it's held in place solely by the USB-C connection, so I wouldn't trust it for much more than hanging the hub up somewhere at home, so you know where it is when you need it.

In terms of ports, starting from the bottom edge, you get the main USB-C port, capable of passing through up to 80W of power, a full-size HDMI port (2.1 on the Ultra model we're testing or 2.0 on the lite model), a USB 3.0 Type-A port, and a 10 Gbps USB-C port that can handle up to 100W of power input (and pass through up to 80W for charging a laptop or other device). The previous Disk Pro included a second USB-A 2.0 port here as well, but it's been ditched in favor of the removable USB-C cable, which I think is well worth the sacrifice.

On the opposite (top) edge, Sharge has added an SD card slot and a microSD card slot. These are capabilities the original Disk Pro didn't have, which make the newer model a lot more versatile for content creators. Just remember the Ultra model offers up faster read and write speeds for the card slots.

Around back, there's not a lot to see save for the fan intake, but the back is also magnetic, letting you snap the drive onto smartphones that support MagSafe devices or Qi2 magnetic peripherals — it's just a physical mount, though, not receiving power. I've also found this feature handy for sticking the drive to a refrigerator or other iron surface so I always know where it is when I need it.

It's also worth pointing out that the fan in the Disk Pro 2 is smaller than on the Disk Pro. But there are larger cutouts for air intake on the sides for when the hub is lying on a table or desk, and the Pro offers a three-mode switch (off, on, and turbo), whereas the original's switch had two settings (auto and on). I appreciate the active cooling, and it will certainly be helpful if you're using most of the hub's ports and the SSD at the same time. But if you're mostly using the Disk Pro 2 solely for basic, bursty storage tasks, the 10 Gbps interface and an efficient SSD aren't likely to get warm enough to require active cooling. Of course, that will heavily depend on which drive you install in the enclosure, as well.

Testing with Lexar's 710 SSD

Sharge sent along its Disk Pro 2 Ultra with a Lexar 710 M.2 SSD (a PCIe 4.0 drive that's capable of about 5x the bandwidth of the hub itself), and installing it is about as straightforward as you'd expect. Use the small included screwdriver to remove a tiny screw on the side, and the SSD cover lifts off. Loosen the drive anchor post, install the SSD, tighten the post, put the cover back on, and reinstall the cover anchor screw on the side.

You can, of course, install your SSD of choice, and below the 10 Gbps interface cap, your performance will vary by drive. Still, since the company sent along the Lexar drive, we ran a couple of our external storage benchmarks, and the Disk Pro 2 Ultra performed well for an SSD in this class, just like the original Disk Pro.

Trace Testing - PCMark 10 Storage Benchmark

PCMark 10 is a trace-based benchmark that uses a wide-ranging set of real-world traces from popular applications and everyday tasks to measure the performance of storage devices.

The Sharge Disk Pro 2 Ultra does exceptionally well here, beating everything save for Corsair's USB4-based EX400U. Impressively, the 10 Gbps drive even beat the 10 Gbps X10 Pro on this test, proving available bandwidth isn't everything when it comes to drive responsiveness.

In this real-world bulk transfer test, Sharge's Disk Pro 2 Ultra lands in a comfortable fourth place, behind 40 Gbps and 20 Gbps drives, and one spot behind the 10 Gbps Crucial X9 Pro drive on reads. But on writes, Sharge's enclosure, running the Lexar SSD, again beats everything in this chart save for Corsair's USB4 drive.

Synthetic Testing CrystalDiskMark

CrystalDiskMark (CDM) is a free and easy-to-run storage benchmarking tool that SSD companies commonly use to assign product performance specifications. It gives us insight into how each device handles different file sizes. We run this test at its default settings

Lastly, in this best-case-scenario synthetic test, the Disk Pro 2 lands in fifth place when it comes to reads, but fourth place on writes.

Again, the Disk Pro 2's performance on benchmarks will depend largely on what drive you put inside it. But it's clear that the SSD enclosure is capable of performing well, despite its 10 Gbps bandwidth limitations.

Pricing and Bottom Line

If all you really care about is dropping in a drive and moving some files around, there are plenty of cheap 10 Gbps enclosures, often on sale for $20 or less. But if you travel a lot with tech and like the idea of a drive enclosure that includes a data and video hub with PD power passthrough, the Disk Pro 2 offers a lot to like, with the Ultra version we tested capable of handling video output bandwidth as high as 8K at 30 Hz (or 4K at 144 Hz). And the inclusion of card reader slots makes the enclosure even more useful for creators on the go.

It's far from cheap, at $109 for the Ultra version we tested or $79 for the Lite version, which is still capable of 4K video at 60 Hz, but won't play as well with phones, due to a higher minimum power draw. But Sharge's devices often go on sale, and when this was written, the Late model was selling for $66.51 and $80.91, directly from the company. This is technically a pre-order price, as the enclosures are expected to start shipping on October 15th.

There are also enclosure / hub combos on Amazon and Newegg that promise similar functionality for less. But the ones I saw have generally poor reviews, are larger than the Disk Pro 2, and none of them look as pleasing or are as feature-packed as Sharge's design, with its transparent cover, active cooling, and MagSafe-compatible back. For those looking for portable connectivity and up to 8TB of storage in one device on the go, the Sharge Disk Pro 2 is in a class of its own, and easily earns a spot on our best SSD and hard drive enclosure list.

Discrete graphics card shipments for desktop PCs in Q2 2026 totaled 12.5 million units, the highest number since Q1 2022 despite record-high prices and cratering shipments of desktop CPUs, according to findings from Jon Peddie Research. The result highlights a broader trend that shows that unit sales of standalone GPUs for gaming have so far remained immune to rising prices, perhaps because gamers are expecting even higher prices in the coming quarters.

The industry shipped 12.5 million standalone graphics cards for desktop PCs in the second quarter of 2026, up around 5.9% sequentially and 7.8% year-over-year. 12.5 million add-in boards (AIBs) is the highest number of graphics cards sold in one quarter since the first quarter of 2022, when the industry shipped 13.38 million AIBs.

It is particularly noteworthy that 2026 is shaping up to be better for unit sales of desktop graphics boards than 2025 despite raising prices. For the first half of 2026, 24.3 million desktop AIBs were shipped, up significantly from 20.8 million graphics cards supplied in the first half of 2026. JPR analysts also note that only around 14 million desktop PCs were sold during the quarter, which — given an unusually high 89% attach rate — largely means that the majority of AIBs shipped during the quarter were aimed at gamers buying in retail and not at PC makers.

"Defying common wisdom, high-end AIB sales spiked as prices increased," said Jon Peddie, president of JPR. "Our theory is consumers rushed to buy AIBs before the prices went any higher, as the war in Iran is driving prices up in all segments."

Having shipped about 11.25 million discrete GPUs for desktop computers in Q2 2026, Nvidia remained the undisputed leader of the market with around 90% market share. AMD controlled roughly 8% of the market, shipping about one million discrete desktop GPUs, while Intel's share increased to 2% on shipments of several hundred thousand units. Meanwhile, Jon Peddie Research notes that market share changes were negligible during the quarter: AMD’s overall AIB market share decreased by -0.16% from the previous quarter, Intel's market share increased by 0.3%, and Nvidia's market share decreased by -0.1%.

For Nvidia, the quarter was particularly good as it sold the highest quantity of discrete GPUs for desktop PCs in a single quarter since Q3 2017, when it sold approximately 11.72 million units. By contrast, sales of AMD's standalone graphics cards have been floating below or around one million units per quarter for nearly four years now, with only three quarters being exceptions (Q3 2023, Q4 2023, Q4 2024). Still, one million is higher than the around 700 thousand discrete desktop GPUs the company sold in Q2 2025.

In total, Nvidia shipped approximately 17.365 million discrete graphics processors in the second quarter: roughly 11.25 million units went to desktops, and around 6.115 million units were installed into notebook and compact PCs. Since both AMD and Intel have quietly quit the market for standalone GPUs for mobile PCs, their shipments to this market segment were essentially zero.

AMD has officially launched the Ryzen 5 5500F and Ryzen 5 7500, two strong contenders for the best CPUs on the market if you're on a budget. Both are hexa-core chips, with the Ryzen 5 5500F featuring AMD's Zen 3 execution cores and the Ryzen 5 7500 using the newer Zen 4 execution cores. The Ryzen 5 5500F and Ryzen 5 7500, priced at $99 and $189, respectively, are available at U.S. retailers starting today.

The Ryzen 5 5500F, despite its similar model name to the Ryzen 5 5500, belongs to a different family in AMD's portfolio. The Ryzen 5 5500F hails from the Ryzen 5000 series (codenamed Vermeer), which uses a multi-chiplet architecture. Meanwhile, the Ryzen 5 5500 comes from the Ryzen 5000G series (codenamed Cezanne), which uses a monolithic die design.

Therefore, it is more sound to call the Ryzen 5 5500F a lower-binned version of the Ryzen 5 5600, rather than an iGPU-less variant of the Ryzen 5 5500, which lacks integrated graphics to begin with. The distinction matters because the Ryzen 5 5500F is closer to the Ryzen 5 5600, albeit with a 500 MHz lower boost clock speed and half the L3 cache.

The Ryzen 5 5600, which launched at $199, now retails for around $159, making the new Ryzen 5 5500F approximately 38% more affordable. Meanwhile, the Ryzen 5 5500, which debuted at $159, has lost substantial value over the years. OEM tray versions of the Ryzen 5 5500 now start at just $74, so it is still the most cost-effective entry point into the AM4 ecosystem. Compared to the Ryzen 5 5500, the Ryzen 5 5500F carries a 34% price premium. The latter justifies its higher cost with a slightly higher boost clock speed, which translates to better gaming performance, and support for PCIe 4.0, unlocking faster SSDs and graphics cards.

Ryzen 5 5500F and Ryzen 5 7500 Specifications

When it comes to the Ryzen 5 7500, little mystery surrounds its place in AMD's product stack. True to its name, the Ryzen 5 7500 is the same processor as the Ryzen 5 7500F, which launched three years ago, but with integrated Radeon graphics. This small addition suits users who need basic display output and do not plan to spend money on a discrete graphics card. Apart from the integrated graphics, all core specifications remain identical between the two models.

As a result, the difference between the Ryzen 5 7600 and the Ryzen 5 7500 stands. The former boasts a 100 MHz higher base and boost clock, so performance is somewhat better in certain processor-intensive workloads or gaming scenarios. However, most users may not notice the difference.

The Ryzen 5 7500F hit the market at $179, but over time its retail price has dropped to about $157. In contrast, the Ryzen 5 7600 has held its value over the years, falling only slightly from its original MSRP of $229 to around $226. As a result, the Ryzen 5 7500 positions itself as a mid-point option, priced 16% lower than the Ryzen 5 7600 and 20% above the Ryzen 5 7500F.

The Ryzen 5 7500 makes sense in this market because not everyone is a gamer, so integrated graphics mean you do not have to spend a fortune on a discrete graphics card at today's ridiculous prices. However, because it runs on AMD's AM5 platform, the Ryzen 5 7500 is still bound by the sky-high cost of DDR5.

We reported on the new Apple A20 Pro system-on-a-chip (SoC) for smartphones yesterday, an integral attraction within Apple’s first foldable, the iPhone Duo, and in the iPhone 18 Pro devices. Now the first A20 Geekbench 6 benchmark results are starting to pop up online, and they’re very impressive, particularly in single-core performance. If the result spotted by Longhorn is a typical one, the 4,719 single-core and 12,677 multi-core scores mean the new A20 is around 25% faster than its predecessor. Its single-core score can also make some of the best PC CPUs look anemic.

Apple’s official performance claims are interesting, as usual, but we’re always happy to see the third-party performance indicators start to emerge ahead of independent reviews. Heralding its new 2nm silicon yesterday, Apple might have actually understated the boost the A20 can deliver, with the official line about this “desktop-class” processor being the “fastest CPU in a smartphone,” and a claim that it is ‘just’ 20% faster than the previous gen. However, Geekbench isn’t the best indicator of real-world performance, and this is just a sample of one to sprinkle salt upon.

What are numbers without relevant comparisons, though? For more perspective on Apple’s newest silicon, which might also be thrown into a new Neo laptop (or desktop) in the coming months, check out the table below.

Above, we’ve pitted the Apple A19 Pro from last year’s iPhone 17 Pro as the second comparison column entrant. Apple has worked on multiple angles to deliver improvements over last year. It says that it has both new super-cores and efficiency cores in play. Then there’s the refined 2nm process and the faster clocks, too.

For some wider context, we’ve also tabulated one of Apple’s newest M5 computer chips, a modern Qualcomm Snapdragon Elite X2 laptop chip, and the AMD Ryzen 9 9950X3D2, for a fun desktop PC angle. Less fun is the comparison with the Asus Zephyrus G16 2024 laptop I’m using now, with an AMD Ryzen AI HX 370 chip. Its Geekbench 6 scores of roughly 2,800 / 14,500 are easily outclassed by Apple’s new smartphone processor in 1T tests, but retain a little dignity by winning by ~1,800 points in nT tests.

Apple is opening up pre-orders for its new iPhones with A20 silicon shortly, with retail release on Friday, September 18. It usually lifts review embargoes a few days before retail. We should therefore see a broader range of benchmarks and tests from good sources in the coming week.

Modders at the YouTube channel TecLab have created what is being called the world’s first RTX 5090 powered by traditional 8-pin PCIe connectors. Not only were the modders able to successfully power up the graphics card, but they also proved that the older connector is still quite capable of handling the extreme power demands of a modern high-end GPU.

The card chosen for the experiment was a Galax GeForce RTX 5090D HOF OC LAB XOC, which is a top-of-the-line model that features a beefy cooler as well as dual 16-pin power connectors. The modders essentially dismantled the entire graphics card along with the dual 16-pin power connectors, stripping it down to just the bare PCB. Next, three 8-pin power connectors were installed at the rear, with each connector soldered directly to the power regulators on the PCB using heavy-gauge cables. Additionally, the sense pins had to be rewired to ensure that the card could reach its maximum power load without any restrictions. To keep the temperatures in check, they used a liquid cooling system with a GPU block.

An 8-pin PCIe power connector is officially rated for 150W, although its actual maximum capacity is much higher. During the one-hour livestream, the modders tested the GPU by gradually increasing the power draw, starting at 400W and going all the way up to 900W using three 8-pin power cables. At its peak, the modified RTX 5090 pulled more than 120A, with clock speeds reaching as high as 3,400 MHz. Notably, the mod was limited to only the hardware level, with no software or BIOS tweaks performed.

To further test the capability of the 8-pin connectors, the modders tested the modified RTX 5090 with just two cables. The overall power draw dropped to 66A, while clock speeds remained at a respectable 3,200 MHz. Going a step further, the card was tested with just one cable, which surprisingly only dropped the figures down to 65A and 3,100 MHz.

Despite the PCI-SIG (PCI Special Interest Group) revising the 16-pin power connector (12V-2x6) to improve reliability, reports of melting GPU connectors continue to haunt gamers. The issue is particularly more common among high-performance models, though not limited to Nvidia RTX 50 and RTX 40 series, as certain AMD Radeon graphics with the 16-pin connector are also at risk. TecLab's experiment shows that GPU manufacturers may want to reconsider the tried-and-tested 8-pin connector and explore whether it could still be a viable option in high-end graphics cards.