A handful of Great Britain’s gas power plants were paid almost £4m to generate electricity for just a few hours on Tuesday evening as millions of sweltering viewers turned to air conditioning, electric fans and icy drinks during England’s second World Cup game.
The heatwave has caused electricity prices across Europe to surge this week amid higher demand for cooling and a string of power plant outages due to the record high temperatures.
Photographer Shane Hynan explores the tension between the central role peat bogs play in Irish life and their wider environmental impact
“You can read Ireland’s history in the boglands. They hold millennia in their layers,” says photographer Shane Hynan of his project, Beofhód (meaningBeneath in English).
The boglands, known as portachs in Irish, cover roughly 1.2m to 1.5m hectares or about 14% to 17% of the country’s total land area. The raised bogs of the Irish Midlands are made of peat that forms at a rate of 1mm a year (0.04in) in low-lying, poorly drained basins or former lakes. As the historical geographer Kevin Whelan observes in the Atlas of the Irish Rural Landscape, “the bog has been etched as deeply into the human as into the physical record in Ireland – to an extent unrivalled elsewhere.”
Eddie and Con footing turf for domestic use, Knockirr Bog, County Kildare, 2022.
It was a chance discovery: two years ago, metal detectorist Stephen Newbury had been searching for small items outside the village of Lynsted in Kent when he unearthed a tiny metallic object.
The small bit of metal was obviously ancient, appearing to have been made from copper alloy, depicting a decorative motif featuring a horned character with hands upraised.
Little did Newbury know at the time that the discovery would challenge archaeologists’ existing understanding of one of England’s most famous Anglo-Saxon-era sites.
The Kent patrix, discovered by Stephen Newbury in 2024 (Image Credit: Kent County Council)
Discoveries at Sutton Hoo
Sutton Hoo in Suffolk, England, is the site of one of the country’s most intriguing archeological discoveries. In 1938, an undisturbed ship burial was unearthed at the site during excavations by avocational archaeologist Basil Brown, which contained a trove of artifacts dating to the 6th and 7th centuries.
Among these items was a famous helmet, believed to have been associated with Anglo-Saxon leader Rædwald of East Anglia. As both a decorative piece and a functional implement of armor, the remarkable artifact is one of the most distinctive unearthed from the Sutton Hoo site.
Replica of a 7th-century Anglo-Saxon helmet from Sutton Hoo, UK, located near the Sizewell C site (Public Domain).
Based on its crafting and style, archaeologists have long suspected the Sutton Hoo helmet may have origins near Uppland in eastern Sweden. However, the tiny square of bronze alloy recently uncovered in Kent is causing some archaeologists to rethink the origins of the famous implements of ancient Anglo-Saxon warfare unearthed at Sutton Hoo.
AFirst-of-Its-Kind Discovery
What Stephen Newbury discovered is more than just a tiny decorative scrap of metal: experts identify it as a small die stamp, known as a patrix, which would have been used in the decoration of armor like the varieties unearthed at Sutton Hoo beginning in the 1930s.
While also dated to the 6th or 7th century, the die unearthed at Kent marks an archaeological first—never has a similar object been found in England before now.
Given the similarities between the imagery the artifact conveys and the famous discoveries from Sutton Hoo, this raises an intriguing possibility: what if our presumptions about the likely origins of the famous discoveries at Suffolk in the 1930s are incorrect?
Ongoing Debate
Questions about the origins of the famous Sutton Hoo helmet have remained a matter of debate. Another recent discovery made on the island of Tåsinge, Denmark, suggests this also could be a promising location for the helmet’s origins, after the discovery of a similar patrix there in 2023.
Recent research at the National Museum of Denmark suggests that the appearance of an armored rider on a horse bears a noticeable resemblance to the famous Sutton Hoo helmet.
Peter Penz with the Tasinge patrix (Image Credit: The National Museum of Denmark).
Peter Pentz, a specialist in Viking history at the museum, says this “points to a possible Danish connection,” adding that not only might these artifacts all have a common location of origins, but that they may even have been crafted by the same individual.
Expanding the Story of Ancient English Metallurgy
Before metal detectorist Stephen Newbury’s chance discovery, the Sutton Hoo helmet was among the only known Anglo-Saxon era helmets found in England that featured this specific style of die stamping (known as pressblech foils, as recently detailed at The History Blog).
Given the rarity of their discovery in England, it had been presumed that the Sutton Hoo helmet and similar headgear like helmets unearthed with the Staffordshire Hoard in 2009 had likely been brought to England from Sweden or Denmark.
Now, with Newbury’s discovery of a patrix near Kent, the question of whether such ornate Anglo-Saxon helmets could have been English originals—a possibility that raises the further question of whether more advanced metallurgy was being undertaken in the country at that time.
Altogether, Newbury’s discovery only underscores the fact that sometimes even the tiniest discoveries can have a profound impact. In this case, it could lead to a fundamental reshaping of England’s ancient history and some of the country’s most famous archaeological discoveries.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached atmicah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
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