6 min read
A new study of two supernova remnants, the debris left behind after stars explode, suggests the explosions came from stellar siblings that once orbited each other. The first star’s detonation sent its binary companion hurtling through space, and then, after traveling for thousands of years, the surviving star blew up too.
“Using 16 years of data from NASA’s Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, our analysis uncovered gamma rays associated with a supernova remnant that was hidden in the glare of its neighbor, the Jellyfish Nebula, one of the brightest gamma-ray-emitting supernova remnants known,” said Miltiadis Michailidis, a postdoctoral fellow in the physics department at Stanford University in California. “There are so many striking connections between the two remnants that we conclude they’re likely related, giving us the first known example of a binary system where both stars have undergone supernova explosions.”
Michailidis presented the findings Wednesday at the 248th meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Pasadena, California. A paper describing the results will appear in a future edition of Nature Communications.
The study focused on a faint supernova remnant called G189.6+3.3, which is mainly visible in X-rays. It is upstaged by its brighter and better-known neighbor, the Jellyfish Nebula (IC 443). The two star wrecks, both located in the constellation Gemini, appear to partially overlap as seen in X-rays. Recent X-ray evidence suggests that hot plasma likely associated with G189.6+3.3 may extend across the entire region, a hint that the overlap may be nearly total.
A massive star explodes when its energy-producing core runs out of fuel and collapses under its own weight, triggering an explosion that blows the star apart. The explosion’s shock wave encloses a hot cloud of debris that rapidly expands into space. So far, astronomers have cataloged about 300 supernova remnants in our galaxy.
The Fermi mission is part of NASA’s fleet of observatories monitoring the changing cosmos to help humanity better understand how the universe works. More than a decade ago, observations from Fermi’s LAT (Large Area Telescope) showed that the shock waves of supernova remnants accelerated particles to within a fraction of the speed of light, a process first proposed by physicist Enrico Fermi — the mission’s namesake — in 1949.
These high-speed particles, called cosmic rays, interact with interstellar gas to produce gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light. Protons make up 99% of cosmic ray particles. To prove that accelerated protons are responsible for the glow, astronomers search for a specific gamma-ray feature. When cosmic-ray protons smash into interstellar gas, they produce a short-lived particle called a neutral pion, which almost immediately decays into a pair of gamma rays. This emission occurs within a specific band of energies associated with the neutral pion’s mass and lies within the range detected by Fermi’s LAT instrument.
In 2013, Fermi observations proved that the Jellyfish Nebula, which is interacting with part of a glowing cloud of hydrogen gas known as Sharpless 249, produced gamma rays through this mechanism. Its neighbor, G189.6+3.3, was discovered in 1994 as part of an X-ray survey by the German-led ROSAT (Roentgen Satellite) mission.
A bright filament of gas lies between the overlapping remnants. New observations of this feature reveal that the shock wave from G189.6+3.3 slammed into dense interstellar gas there and dramatically slowed, key evidence that both remnants are interacting with the same cloud system.
Astronomers think the Jellyfish Nebula is also a candidate PeVatron, a cosmic particle accelerator capable of boosting protons to energies so high they could nearly escape our galaxy. Such particles can produce gamma rays with trillions of times more energy than visible light. Finding a second particle accelerator near the Jellyfish Nebula could offer scientists new clues for how supernova remnants develop into PeVatrons.
“The overlapping remnants, a connecting gas filament, and the availability of data from Fermi and other facilities motivated us to delve into this complex but little-studied region,” said co-author Marianne Lemoine-Goumard, an astrophysicist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) based at the University of Bordeaux. “With Fermi’s LAT instrument, we found gamma-ray emission associated with accelerated protons in the northern part of the fainter remnant. If both remnants are interacting with the same structure, then they must share a common distance from us.”
The team concludes the remnants lie about 6,000 light-years away, their explosion centers are separated by roughly 40 light-years projected onto the plane of the sky, and the original stars may have been 20 or more times the Sun’s mass.
Estimates of the remnants’ ages vary widely, but the team concludes that the age of the Jellyfish Nebula is 8,000 to 9,000 years, while G189.6+3.3 is between 20,000 to 110,000 years old. This means the delay between the explosions could have extended for up to 100,000 years.
In addition, the team conducted computer simulations of a million massive binary systems. They show that systems where the stars orbit close enough to exchange matter and interact during their lives can readily produce dual supernova explosions with similar separations and time delays as those found for the remnants. The team also estimated that the chance of randomly encountering this combination of observed spatial alignment and compatible distances to be less than 1%, strongly supporting a physical association.
“The evidence we’ve compiled — including observations across the spectrum, the chemical and physical properties of the remnants, simulations, and more — paints a compelling picture of a dual supernova event,” said Michailidis.
This study identifies a unique possible example of a binary system where both stars exploded as supernovae and left behind separate, detectable supernova remnants. Astronomers think that most massive stars form in binary or multiple-star systems. The Jellyfish Nebula/G189.6+3.3 complex offers astronomers a rare opportunity to study how massive binary stars evolve, exchange matter, explode, and experience velocity changes — called kicks — induced by the supernova blast. It also provides a powerful new laboratory for understanding how coupled supernova remnants behave, including how they accelerate particles, generate gamma rays, and shape their surrounding environments.
“Fermi’s gamma-ray observations of supernova remnants continue to reveal the dynamic lives of stars,” said Elizabeth Hays, the Fermi project scientist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “We can now connect the glowing remains of two massive stars to a powerful pair that evolved together over thousands of years.”
By Francis Reddy
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
Media Contact:
Claire Andreoli
301-286-1940
NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
The post NASA’s Fermi Mission Uncovers Possible Sibling Supernova Remnants appeared first on NASA Science.
Dogs may have more in common with humans than just sharing our homes and routines. A new study has found that the same biological signals linked to lifespan in people also appear in dogs, suggesting that both species may age in remarkably similar ways. The research comes from the Dog Aging Project, a long-term study […]
The post Dogs and humans age in similar ways, surprising study finds appeared first on Knowridge Science Report.
A recent clinical investigation into the impact of prone positioning on infants suffering from moderate to severe bronchiolitis has brought new insights into pediatric respiratory care. Bronchiolitis, an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract commonly caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), presents a significant healthcare challenge worldwide, particularly among infants. The study specifically targeted infants receiving high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy, a common supportive treatment designed to improve oxygenation and reduce respiratory effort. Despite its widespread use, the efficacy of adjunctive positioning techniques like prone positioning in this population has remained uncertain until now.
The trial explored whether placing infants in the prone position—lying on their stomachs—could influence clinical outcomes, specifically by reducing the escalation of care. Escalation of care represents clinical deterioration requiring increased respiratory support, such as moving from HFNC to mechanical ventilation or intensive care admission. The physiological rationale behind prone positioning lies in its known benefits in improving ventilation-perfusion matching, enhancing lung mechanics, and optimizing secretion clearance. These effects have been well-documented in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management, yet pediatric evidence remains limited.
In the conducted study, infants with moderate to severe bronchiolitis under HFNC support were randomized to receive either prone positioning or continue with standard positioning protocols. Researchers meticulously monitored clinical outcomes, including respiratory parameters, oxygenation indices, and the need for escalating respiratory support over the treatment course. The cohort was carefully selected to include infants representing a range of disease severities, thereby ensuring the findings would be broadly applicable to clinical practice.
Contrary to expectations driven by adult data and mechanistic theories, the results revealed no statistically significant reduction in care escalation rates associated with prone positioning in this infant population. The observed odds ratio exhibited a wide 95% confidence interval, indicating variability and uncertainty around the estimate. This statistical phenomenon suggests that while the study failed to demonstrate definitive benefit, it did not conclusively exclude the possibility that certain subgroups might still derive clinical advantage from this intervention.
The ambiguity exposed by the confidence intervals underscores the complex interplay of factors influencing respiratory mechanics and disease progression in bronchiolitis. The heterogeneity of this disease, rooted in diverse viral etiologies and varying host immune responses, may attenuate the effects of positional changes on lung function. Moreover, compliance with prone positioning protocols can be particularly challenging in infants, owing to safety concerns and caregiver adherence, potentially diluting any therapeutic effect.
Physiologically, the application of high-flow nasal cannula therapy delivers heated and humidified oxygen at flow rates sufficient to generate a mild positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), which helps maintain alveolar patency. Prone positioning theoretically complements this by redistributing ventilation, reducing dorsal lung atelectasis, and improving secretion mobilization. However, the dynamic respiratory mechanics of infants, coupled with the distinct pathophysiology of bronchiolitis characterized primarily by airway inflammation and mucus plugging, may limit the translation of these theoretical benefits into clinical outcomes.
In reviewing the methodological aspects, the study was conducted with rigorous adherence to randomized controlled trial protocols. Blinding was implemented where feasible, and standardized clinical criteria dictated escalation of care, thereby minimizing potential biases. The statistical power and sample size calculations accounted for anticipated effect sizes based on previous smaller studies, yet the results accentuated the need for larger, multicentric trials to verify findings and identify responsive patient subsets.
The absence of clear benefit does not diminish the value of prone positioning as a component of critical care but rather refines its role within the therapeutic armamentarium for bronchiolitis. Clinical decisions must integrate a nuanced understanding of individual patient factors, balancing potential physiological advantages against logistical and safety considerations. Additionally, continued research investigating adjunctive therapies, including pharmacologic agents and alternative respiratory support modalities, remains imperative to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.
This investigation is particularly timely given the ongoing global burden of bronchiolitis and the frequent hospitalization of infants due to severe respiratory distress. Optimizing non-invasive interventions like HFNC and positioning could significantly impact healthcare resource utilization and patient morbidity if proven effective. Until then, prudent clinical judgment guided by evolving evidence must steer treatment approaches.
Future studies should employ advanced imaging and respiratory monitoring techniques such as electrical impedance tomography and lung ultrasound to elucidate the mechanistic effects of prone positioning on infant lung ventilation and perfusion patterns. Stratification by viral etiology, age, and baseline respiratory status could also uncover subpopulations more amenable to positional interventions. Furthermore, integrating caregiver education and safety protocols will enhance feasibility and adherence, potentially amplifying clinical benefits.
In summary, the recent multicenter randomized trial encompassing infants with moderate to severe bronchiolitis on high-flow nasal cannula support indicates that prone positioning does not significantly reduce the risk of escalation of care. Nevertheless, the wide confidence intervals highlight that this evidence is not conclusive, and further meticulously designed research is warranted. Advancing the understanding of respiratory mechanics and therapeutic positioning strategies in bronchiolitis remains a critical priority in pediatric medicine.
Corresponding author Dr. Florent Baudin emphasizes the necessity for ongoing critical appraisal and clinical trials to refine pediatric respiratory care practices. The study’s findings, presented at the International Congress of the European Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, contribute valuable data to the pediatric critical care community. Engaging clinicians, researchers, and healthcare providers in collaborative efforts will be essential to translate these insights into improved outcomes for infants affected by this common yet severe respiratory condition.
Subject of Research:
Prone positioning effectiveness in infants with moderate to severe bronchiolitis receiving high-flow nasal cannula therapy.
Article Title:
Not provided.
News Publication Date:
Not provided.
Web References:
Not provided.
References:
Not provided.
Image Credits:
Not provided.
Keywords:
Bronchiolitis, infants, prone positioning, high-flow nasal cannula, respiratory disorders, pediatric intensive care, respiratory support, lung mechanics, clinical research, acute infections, observational studies, medical treatments.
In the delicate realm of neonatal intensive care, managing infants suffering from hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) presents a multifaceted challenge. Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) has emerged as the cornerstone treatment for neonatal encephalopathy, significantly improving neurological outcomes by mitigating ongoing brain injury that occurs after asphyxia at birth. However, the sedation and analgesia required during TH add complexity to clinical care. Traditionally, morphine has been the analgesic agent of choice, but concerns over its respiratory depressant effects and potential neurodevelopmental consequences have prompted the search for safer alternatives. Enter dexmedetomidine, a potent alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist known for its sedative and analgesic properties without significant respiratory compromise. Yet, despite its promising pharmacological profile, the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of dexmedetomidine in neonates undergoing cooling therapy remain largely unexplored—until now.
A groundbreaking clinical trial, aptly named the DICE trial (Dexmedetomidine use in Infants undergoing Cooling due to neonatal Encephalopathy), spearheaded by Baserga et al., has cast new light on this issue. Published recently in Pediatric Research, the trial meticulously investigates both the safety parameters and PK behavior of dexmedetomidine when administered to cooled neonates. This research addresses a critical void in pediatric pharmacology, potentially reshaping sedation practices in neonatal intensive care units worldwide.
Therapeutic hypothermia involves lowering the infant’s core temperature to 33.5°C for 72 hours, slowing metabolic processes and reducing neuronal damage after birth asphyxia. While TH improves survival and reduces disability rates, it also complicates drug metabolism due to the altered physiologic state induced by hypothermia. Infants undergoing TH frequently require continuous sedation to prevent shivering and alleviate stress, conditions that exacerbate brain injury if unmanaged. The sedative agent must provide effective analgesia without impeding vital respiratory functions or prolonging recovery. Morphine, despite being widely utilized, is not an optimal candidate due to dose-dependent respiratory depression and a potentially detrimental impact on developing neural circuits.
Dexmedetomidine’s mechanism of action involves selective stimulation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the locus coeruleus region of the brainstem, leading to decreased norepinephrine release and hence sedation and analgesia. Unlike opioids, it typically does not cause respiratory depression, making it an attractive alternative for fragile neonates on TH. However, neonates present unique challenges due to immature hepatic enzyme systems and renal functions, making PK predictions complex. Additionally, TH alters enzyme activity and systemic circulation, affecting drug clearance and distribution.
The DICE trial comprehensively evaluates dexmedetomidine’s PK parameters, including clearance rates, volume of distribution, and half-life in cooled neonates. Infants receiving dexmedetomidine during TH were closely monitored for any adverse events, sedation depth, and plasma drug concentrations using highly sensitive assays. This allowed the researchers to generate detailed PK profiles, vital for establishing dosing regimens that ensure efficacy and safety.
One of the study’s pivotal findings is that the clearance of dexmedetomidine is significantly reduced during the hypothermic phase compared to normothermia. This decrement underscores the importance of dose adjustment since standard dosages could lead to drug accumulation, increasing the risk of bradycardia or hypotension. Conversely, as rewarming commences, clearance values gradually return toward normal, necessitating further dose modulation to maintain therapeutic plasma levels.
Safety endpoints reported by Baserga and colleagues are particularly encouraging. Adverse effects typically associated with dexmedetomidine, such as profound bradycardia and hypotension, were infrequent and generally mild. Continuous cardiorespiratory monitoring revealed stable parameters in the majority of subjects, with no episodes of respiratory depression. Importantly, sedation scores indicated adequate analgesia and sedation quality, thereby validating dexmedetomidine’s dual role without the respiratory risks posed by opioids.
Beyond PK and safety, the trial explores the pharmacodynamic implications of dexmedetomidine during TH. The sedative’s anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties may synergize with hypothermia’s benefits, although this hypothesis requires further investigation. Animal model data suggest that alpha-2 adrenergic agonism may attenuate excitotoxic injury and oxidative stress, pathways central to neuronal death in HIE. Should future studies confirm these effects in humans, dexmedetomidine could transform neonatal encephalopathy management by enhancing neuroprotection beyond sedation.
Another critical aspect highlighted by the research is dexmedetomidine’s impact on intensive care workflow. Its relatively predictable sedation profile and minimal respiratory depression could reduce the need for mechanical ventilation, thereby lowering the risk of associated complications. Enhanced safety margins facilitate more tailored sedation strategies and potentially shortened intensive care stays, lifting both clinical and economic burdens on neonatal units.
The DICE trial’s results yield a compelling argument for revisiting current sedation protocols in TH-treated neonates. The detailed PK modeling and robust safety data provide clinicians with a scientific foundation for incorporating dexmedetomidine into standard care. Yet, the authors prudently emphasize the need for larger randomized controlled trials to conclusively determine long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes, optimal dosing schedules, and comparative efficacy versus morphine.
This research emerges amidst a broader paradigm shift in neonatal critical care, where individualized pharmacotherapy and precision medicine are gaining ground. Neonatal drug development historically suffers from a paucity of rigorous studies, often leading to off-label medication use based on extrapolation from adult data. The DICE trial represents a milestone by focusing exclusively on neonates under a specialized treatment modality, thereby refining our understanding of drug behavior in this vulnerable population.
The adoption of dexmedetomidine could align with evolving ethical standards prioritizing minimization of harm and maximal comfort in neonatal intensive care. Parents and clinicians alike are increasingly motivated to seek sedation regimens that preserve neurocognitive potential while ensuring humane care during painful and distressing therapeutic procedures.
In conclusion, the DICE trial spearheaded by Baserga et al. denotes a landmark advance in neonatology. By delineating the pharmacokinetics and safety profile of dexmedetomidine in infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy, this study charts a promising path forward. The synergy between TH and dexmedetomidine could herald a new era of neuroprotective sedation strategies that not only alleviate pain and discomfort but also contribute to improved neurological outcomes in the most fragile patients. As further validation studies emerge, dexmedetomidine stands poised to become an indispensable therapeutic tool in the neonatal intensive care arsenal.
Subject of Research: Safety and pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine use in neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia due to neonatal encephalopathy.
Article Title: Dexmedetomidine use in Infants undergoing Cooling due to neonatal Encephalopathy (DICE trial): safety and pharmacokinetics.
Article References:
Baserga, M.C., Bahr, T.M., Yang, M.J. et al. Dexmedetomidine use in Infants undergoing Cooling due to neonatal Encephalopathy (DICE trial): safety and pharmacokinetics. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05184-0
Image Credits: AI Generated
DOI: 16 June 2026
Keywords: neonatal encephalopathy, therapeutic hypothermia, dexmedetomidine, sedation, analgesia, pharmacokinetics, neonates, neuroprotection
In an era where neonatal care constantly strives for innovation, a groundbreaking advancement has taken center stage with the introduction of a novel preterm standardized parenteral nutrition (PN) system. This new system, clinically evaluated in a recent study published in Pediatric Research, ushers in a paradigm shift in the targeted delivery of macronutrients to preterm infants—a population that demands precise nutritional management for optimal growth and development. The intricate balance of nutrients essential for these vulnerable neonates has historically posed significant challenges, but this standardized approach promises to bridge crucial gaps in clinical practice.
Parenteral nutrition, an intravenous delivery of nutrients, is a life-sustaining intervention for preterm infants who are unable to meet their nutritional needs through enteral feeding. Traditional PN protocols often suffer from variability in nutrient composition and administration, which can lead to suboptimal growth trajectories and metabolic imbalances. The new standardized system, as clinically evaluated in this study, aims to provide a meticulously engineered nutrient profile tailored specifically to the metabolic and developmental requirements of preterm neonates. This innovation underscores a movement towards precision nutrition grounded in robust clinical evidence.
At the core of this novel PN system lies its standardization—a concept that harmonizes nutrient delivery to ensure consistency. The researchers hypothesized that standardized nutrient solutions, formulated on current knowledge of preterm infant metabolic demands, can improve outcomes by reducing the risk of both undernutrition and overnutrition. The system’s capacity to deliver targeted macronutrients—proteins, fats, and carbohydrates—reflects a comprehensive understanding of neonatal physiology and the critical role that early nutrient supply plays in brain development, organ maturation, and long-term health.
The clinical evaluation involved a rigorously designed trial, assessing physiological parameters and growth indices in preterm infants receiving the new PN regimen. Key endpoints included tolerance, biochemical markers of nutrient metabolism, and growth velocity compared to historical controls receiving conventional PN strategies. The outcomes demonstrated a notable enhancement in targeted nutrient delivery accuracy, with significant improvements in protein and energy intake metrics. This elevation in nutrient provision was correlated with improved early growth patterns, a crucial determinant of neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants.
One of the paramount technical achievements of the study was the formulation of nutrient solutions that maintain biochemical stability during storage and infusion, an often-overlooked determinant of clinical efficacy. Utilizing advanced compounding techniques and novel stabilizing agents, the standardized PN solutions resisted degradation and precipitation, ensuring homogeneity throughout administration. This technical refinement minimizes the risks of infusion-related complications, such as electrolyte imbalances and catheter occlusions, highlighting the clinical practicality of the innovation.
Furthermore, the system incorporates a modular design enabling flexibility to adjust macronutrient profiles on a per-patient basis without compromising the standard formulation’s integrity. This capacity for customization is particularly vital given the heterogeneity within the preterm population, where gestational age, birth weight, and comorbidities profoundly influence nutritional requirements. The ability to balance standardization with individualized care positions this PN system as a versatile tool adaptable to various neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings worldwide.
The study’s comprehensive nutrient profiling was informed by evolving insights into neonatal metabolism, where carbohydrates fuel energy demands, proteins support growth and organ function, and lipids supply essential fatty acids critical for brain development. By synchronizing these macronutrients to mirror physiological needs, the standardized system optimizes metabolic efficiency and reduces metabolic stressors, potentially mitigating complications such as parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) and metabolic acidosis.
Critically, the study underscored a reduction in clinical variability among care providers, an important factor in neonatal outcomes. Standardized protocols mitigate human errors and inconsistencies, ensuring that every preterm infant receives a comparable, evidence-based nutrient regimen. This standardization fosters enhanced interdisciplinary communication and simplifies the education and training of NICU staff, promoting safer and more reliable nutrient delivery.
Beyond immediate clinical benefits, the introduction of this standardized PN system invites broader implications for research and practice. It sets a precedent for the development of standardized therapeutic interventions that incorporate comprehensive biochemical understanding with clinical pragmatism. As the neonatal care community contemplates the balance between innovation and accessibility, this model of preterm nutrition may inspire similar approaches in other critical care domains.
Importantly, neonatal nutrition impacts long-term health trajectories extending into adulthood, influencing risks of chronic diseases, cognitive function, and overall quality of life. By refining nutrient delivery during this pivotal developmental window, the standardized system holds promise to favorably alter life courses for the most vulnerable newborns. The commitment to targeted, scientifically rigorous nutrition reflects a forward-thinking investment in lifelong health.
The researchers also acknowledged limitations and avenues for future exploration, including the need for larger multicenter trials to validate generalizability across diverse populations and healthcare systems. Exploring the interactions between early nutrition and genomic or microbiome factors remains a compelling frontier. Such integrative approaches may unlock even greater precision and personalization in neonatal nutrition strategies.
In conclusion, the clinical evaluation of this novel preterm standardized parenteral nutrition system marks a seminal advancement in neonatal intensive care. By combining rigorous biochemical formulation with an adaptable, standardized framework, the system elevates the precision and reliability of targeted macronutrient delivery. This innovation embodies a critical step towards optimizing early-life nutrition, with profound implications for survival, growth, and neurodevelopment.
As neonatal care continues to evolve, embracing standardized yet flexible approaches will be vital in meeting the complex needs of preterm infants. The research by Brennan et al. exemplifies how translational science can transform clinical paradigms, delivering tangible benefits at the bedside. Moving forward, widespread adoption and ongoing refinement of such systems have the potential to revolutionize neonatal nutritional care on a global scale, fundamentally improving outcomes and empowering caregivers.
With its promising results, this study stands as a beacon of hope within neonatal medicine, underscoring the power of targeted nutrition and precision medicine in the earliest stages of human life. The future of preterm care is being shaped here—where science, technology, and compassionate care converge—to offer a healthier start for the world’s tiniest patients.
Subject of Research: Preterm standardized parenteral nutrition system for targeted macronutrient delivery in neonatal care.
Article Title: Clinical evaluation of a novel preterm standardised parenteral nutrition system for targeted macronutrient delivery.
Article References:
Brennan, AM., Fenton, S.E., Panaite, L.S. et al. Clinical evaluation of a novel preterm standardised parenteral nutrition system for targeted macronutrient delivery. Pediatr Res (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-026-05167-1
Image Credits: AI Generated
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-026-05167-1
Login