ASU researchers found that genetics alone cannot explain the origins of eusociality. Inside an ant colony, queens reproduce while workers care for young and maintain a society built around shared labor. For more than six decades, evolutionary biologists have debated whether this extraordinary arrangement, known as eusociality, arose partly because ants, bees, and wasps share [...]Scientists have discovered China’s first known freshwater cave snail, an eyeless species so rare that only three living adults have been found. Deep inside a mountain cave in southwestern China, scientists found an animal that appears built for a world where sunlight never reaches. The tiny freshwater snail has no eyes, almost no color, and [...]Some stick insects have reproduced without sex for around one million years, yet they still carry a fully functioning genetic system associated with sexual reproduction, according to surprising new research. The discovery challenges a common assumption about evolution: that biological systems that are no longer useful will gradually break down or disappear. The research, led […]
The post A Million Years Without Sex Leaves Stick Insects with a Surprising Genetic Secret appeared first on Knowridge Science Report.
Researchers at the University of Copenhagen found that a signaling mechanism in the cells’ ‘antennae’ may help explain why some fetuses develop disease in both the heart and other organs. About two of every 100 babies worldwide are born with congenital heart disease, but the biological processes responsible for these conditions are not fully understood. [...]Analysis of living vertebrates shows that changes in brain evolution helped drive major shifts in reproduction across dinosaurs and birds. A bird egg can look surprisingly oversized for the body that produced it. That puzzle becomes even stranger when viewed through deep time: the largest known bird eggs exceed the largest eggs found from nonavian [...]
Scientists and citizen volunteers discovered two new snail species in northwestern Montenegro, revealing the region’s hidden biodiversity and strengthening calls to protect Komarnica Canyon within the Durmitor World Heritage Site rather than build a hydropower plant. Two previously unknown snails have been added to Europe’s documented wildlife. Named Cochlostoma komarnica and Cochlostoma dobrido, the species [...]Weather extremes may be contributing to an unusually quiet summer for Britain’s ecologically important social wasps. A summer picnic often feels complete only when a wasp arrives to investigate the food. Common social wasps are familiar warm-weather visitors, whether they are circling outdoor meals or building an unwanted nest in the loft. Summer 2026, however, [...]
Snails are well-known for their mucus. The slime is highly valued as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging ingredient in certain skin care products, and snails can secrete different kinds of mucus with properties tailored to specific functions. A team of German scientists has determined a recipe for how snails achieve that so-called tunability: Collagen and calcium work in tandem to achieve the varying mechanical properties, according to a new paper in the journal Science.
Snail mucus is mostly water; it's the mucins (glycoproteins) and complex carbohydrates that give it that slimy, viscous texture. In addition to cosmetics, the mucus holds great potential for drug delivery. In 2020, scientists found that combining snail slime from a common garden snail with gold nanoparticles helped accelerate wound healing and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties in mice. Most relevant to this latest paper is a 2023 study on garden snail slime that identified three distinct types of secreted mucus: a hydrating version to protect its skin, one that acts as an adhesive glue, and a third that serves as a lubricant so the snail can more easily glide across a surface.
The team focused their research efforts on the grove snail/lemon snail (Cepaea nemoralis), which they deemed well-suited as subjects because the snails secrete five different kinds of mucus with distinct functions. As with the garden snails, there is one that acts as a lubricant to help with locomotion and an adhesive mucus to help the snail stick to various surfaces. Then there's a mucus layer known as the epiphragm that the snail secretes when it hibernates in winter, which contains calcite and effectively seals the shell to protect the snail from predators and harsh environmental conditions.
© Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
Snails are well-known for their mucus. The slime is highly valued as an anti-inflammatory and anti-aging ingredient in certain skin care products, and snails can secrete different kinds of mucus with properties tailored to specific functions. A team of German scientists has determined a recipe for how snails achieve that so-called tunability: Collagen and calcium work in tandem to achieve the varying mechanical properties, according to a new paper in the journal Science.
Snail mucus is mostly water; it's the mucins (glycoproteins) and complex carbohydrates that give it that slimy, viscous texture. In addition to cosmetics, the mucus holds great potential for drug delivery. In 2020, scientists found that combining snail slime from a common garden snail with gold nanoparticles helped accelerate wound healing and exhibited anti-inflammatory properties in mice. Most relevant to this latest paper is a 2023 study on garden snail slime that identified three distinct types of secreted mucus: a hydrating version to protect its skin, one that acts as an adhesive glue, and a third that serves as a lubricant so the snail can more easily glide across a surface.
The team focused their research efforts on the grove snail/lemon snail (Cepaea nemoralis), which they deemed well-suited as subjects because the snails secrete five different kinds of mucus with distinct functions. As with the garden snails, there is one that acts as a lubricant to help with locomotion and an adhesive mucus to help the snail stick to various surfaces. Then there's a mucus layer known as the epiphragm that the snail secretes when it hibernates in winter, which contains calcite and effectively seals the shell to protect the snail from predators and harsh environmental conditions.
© Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces
An international research team has uncovered how LUCA, the last common ancestor of all life on Earth, split into the first two branches of organisms—bacteria and archaea—allowinglife to thrive innew conditions and spread to other biomes.
Scientists from the Institute of Molecular Evolution at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (HHU) led the research, revealing their findings in a recent paper published in Science Advances, investigating these early cells’ metabolisms.
The team discovered that the chemical reactions and energy sources behind these two types of cells told unique stories of separate evolutions, in new work that sheds light on the primordial processes that gave rise to some of Earth’s first free-living cells.
Roughly four billion years ago, life on Earth emerged as the first cells formed, most likely at hydrothermal vents, before evolving to explore new biomes.
“We would see two very different kinds of cells emerging, pioneer bacteria and pioneer archaea, making their first attempts at life outside the confines of a hydrothermal vent,” said lead author Natalia Mrnjavac, a biologist at the University of Düsseldorf.
The new study investigated protein structures, chemical reactions, and genomes involved in the evolution of these early free-living cells.
“These comparisons are giving us unprecedented insights into the phase of evolution when metabolism catalysed by enzymes was arising from spontaneous reactions catalysed by metals in the Earth’s crust,” said senior author William Martin, a Düsseldorf biologist.
Among the new work’s major findings is a consideration of the entire set of 420 chemical reactions involved in metabolism that produce amino acids, RNA bases, and vitamins from the raw materials of hydrogen, ammonia, and carbon dioxide.
These reactions are preserved for modern researchers inside the genetic code, allowing the team to make a surprising discovery: about half of LUCA’s reactions were catalyzed by environmental metals instead of enzymes produced by the organism itself.
“Metals that naturally occur in hydrothermal vents can replace a surprisingly large number of enzymes in metabolism,” said co-author Harun Tüysüz, an inorganic chemist from the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung and the IMDEA Materials Institute in Madrid.
In this study, the team reconstructed catalysis evolution from metal-only to a metal-enzyme hybrid present in LUCA, and finally to the divergence of the bacterial and archaeal lineages. This evolution helped life move on from the hydrothermal vents inhabited by the first cells by replacing the inorganic catalysts provided by that environment with new enzymes.
“We can see cases where the ancestors of bacteria and archaea independently evolved structurally distinct enzymes to catalyse the same essential metabolic reaction,” Mrnjavac explained, adding that “such parallel inventions could have paved the way to the independent emergence of free-living bacteria and archaea.”
A primary question involves what supplied the energy driving metabolic reactions in early life on Earth. A compound named ATP is the primary metabolic driver in most organisms today, but it comes from enzymes and is not present in hydrothermal vents. The researchers identified a new energy source in palladium, a natural catalyst used by chemists and also plentiful in hydrothermal vents.
“When we react phosphite, a form of phosphorus that naturally occurs in hydrothermal vents, with organic compounds, we get metabolic phosphorylation reactions overnight in water. Phosphite and palladium replace ATP and enzymes; it’s amazing, and it makes early evolution a lot easier to grasp,” Schlikker said.
Understanding the interconnection between so many reactions presents a significant mathematical challenge. For this reason, the team included not just biologists, but network scientists tasked with ordering the reactions by their complexity, which the researchers hoped would indicate the sequence in which they evolved. Using a machine learning algorithm, the team discovered that a clear order did appear to exist.
“The new data leave only one conclusion,” Martin concluded. “The bacteria and archaeal lineages made the transition to the free-living state independently. Only free-living cells are alive.”
“Let’s call it by name,” Martin added. “We are looking at one origin of the genetic code, but two origins of life.”
The paper, “Intermediate Stages in the Origin of Metabolism at a Phosphorylating Hydrothermal Vent,” appeared in Science Advances on August 5, 2026.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org.
Ancient DNA may give some slightly more muscles today.Arizona honeysweet survives brutal heat by cooling its leaves below desert air.Researchers say breakthrough offers hope for new medicines but also raises urgent biosecurity questions
Scientists have made the first viruses designed by artificial intelligence in a milestone that raises hopes for new medicines but also concerns over how to ensure the technology remains safe.
The viruses are specific kinds known as bacteriophages, which only infect bacteria and are used around the world to treat patients with persistent infections. In lab tests, a cocktail of the AI-designed viruses killed E coli bugs that were resistant to natural bacteriophages.
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© Photograph: Samyukta Lakshmi/Bloomberg/Getty Images
© Photograph: Samyukta Lakshmi/Bloomberg/Getty Images
© Photograph: Samyukta Lakshmi/Bloomberg/Getty Images
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