In Nolan's supposal, the mad scientist takes on the mystique of a wizard. Perhaps this is fitting, given that he sees science and wizardry as the same thing.
The nature of the surveys to which Phil Halper appeals is that they measure what physicists believe. They cannot measure what the evidence actually supports.
We live and work in browsers. It’s where we spend most of our time — and it’s where we waste most of our time as well. Web browsing is slow, inefficient, and full of time-sapping annoyances.
But it needn’t be that way. You can turn your browser into a lean, mean productivity machine. To do it, just follow these tips for Microsoft Edge in Windows 10 or 11. You’ll learn how to switch between home and work profiles, put idle tabs to sleep to speed up your PC, tap into the power of Microsoft’s Copilot AI assistant, and more.
(Note that these tips are written for the most recently updated version of Edge in Windows 11 25H2 and Windows 10 22H2. Things may be slightly different if you use a different Windows version, and not all of these features are available for Edge on macOS or other platforms.)
So let’s get started — time’s a-wasting, and so is your productivity.
1. Switch between work and personal profiles
With remote and hybrid work models now common, many people use the same device for work and personal use. When it comes to using a web browser, that can quickly become problematic.
Mixing work and personal favorites makes it far more difficult to quickly get to important work websites or personal websites. When you’re working, you don’t want to wade through hundreds of links to family photos, vacation destinations, and YouTube videos of cats befriending parrots when you’re just looking for the OSHA website about mine safety regulations. And when you’re off working hours and want to watch a video of a Persian cat nuzzling a cockatiel, a website detailing the GDPs of every country in Europe and Asia is not your primary destination.
Different profiles let you completely segregate your browser use. That doesn’t just mean different favorites. It also means different Collections, different extensions, different passwords, and more.
Each Edge profile is tied to a different Microsoft account. So to use different profiles, you’ll need to create different Microsoft accounts. To create a new Microsoft account in Windows 10 or 11:
Scroll down to the button that says Create an account, click it, and follow the prompts to create a new account.
On the page that appears, click the Sign in button in the middle of the page. On the screen that appears, select the Create one! link, then follow the prompts to create a new account.
You’ve now got two different Microsoft accounts you can use for Edge. When you log into one of those accounts in Windows, that will be the default account that Edge will use when you browse the web.
To switch between the two accounts, you’ll need to add that second account to Edge. To do it:
Click the user profile icon at the top right of Edge. On the small pane that appears, select Set up a new profile, then select either Personal or Work or School.
You’ll be sent to a web page in a new instance of Edge. Click the Sign in button at the far right, then select Sign in to sync data.
On the screens that appear, sign in and confirm that you want to proceed.
Once you’ve done that, you don’t have to log out of your current account and then log into the second account to use it in Edge. Instead, when you want to use the second account, click the user profile icon at the top right of the Edge window. A small pane appears with your current profile at the top. To switch to your other profile, select it in the “Other profiles” section.
To minimize distractions, set up work and personal profiles in Edge.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
You’ll now be sent straight to that profile. When you do that, Edge will open in a new window. So you’ll have both your profiles running simultaneously, each with its own tabs, in two separate windows. (Note that you can set up multiple additional profiles.)
You can also tell Edge which profile to use when you visit certain websites. To do it:
Click the user profile icon in Edge and select Profile settings. (Alternatively, you can click the three-dot icon next to the user profile icon and select Settings > Profiles.)
In the “Profile settings” area, click Profile preferences.
At the bottom of the “Automatic profile switching” section on the page that appears, click Add site next to “Custom site switch.”
On the “Add site” popup, enter a website URL and select the profile you want to switch to for that site.
Should you decide you want to remove a profile, go to Settings > Profiles and scroll to the “More profiles” section. Click the trash can button next to any profile you want to delete. You can always add it again later using the steps above.
2. Get to your most-used sites quickly
Bookmarking and organizing favorites is a great way to manage a large collection of websites, but it’s not that useful if you simply want to get to a frequently used site quickly. Edge has some tricks up its sleeve if you want to get your most-used sites pronto.
Add a site to the new tab page
When you open a new tab in Edge, a page appears that shows you news and other items you might be interested in. It’s easy to pin a site to this page so it’s accessible whenever you open a new tab.
Look toward the top of the page, just underneath the search box. If you don’t see icons for pinned pages (such as for Yahoo, Amazon, your inbox, and so on), click the settings icon on the upper right of the page (it looks like a gear) and turn “Quick links” on.
A row of site icons appears, along with a + icon. Click the + icon and type or paste in the name and URL of the site you want to pin, then click Add. The site will now appear along with the other pinned pages.
Pinning a site keeps it handy on the new tab page.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
You can rename or remove any site pinned to the new tab page by clicking the three-dot icon next to the site icon and selecting Rename or Remove from the menu that appears.
The new tab page is tied to your current profile, so you can set up different pinned sites on the new tab page for each of your profiles.
Pin tabs to the top of Edge
For even faster access to frequently used sites, you can pin them as browser tabs so they appear at the far left of all your other tabs in Edge. When you’re on the site you want to pin as a tab in Edge, right-click its tab and select Pin tab from the menu that appears. The pinned tab will now appear to the left of all your open tabs.
The icon for the pinned tab looks smaller than all of your other tabs, and it will persist even after you shut down and restart Edge. If you have multiple pinned tabs, all of them will appear to the left of any non-pinned tabs.
Like pinned sites on new tab page, your pinned tabs are unique to each Edge profile; they won’t carry over from profile to profile.
Pin sites you often visit to the Windows taskbar
For Windows users, the fastest way to access a frequently used site is to pin it to the Windows taskbar. That means it’s always visible (even when Edge isn’t running), and you can launch it with a single click.
When you’re on the site you want to pin, select the three-dot icon at the top right of the browser window and select More tools > Pin to taskbar. A small screen appears with a text box in it with the name of the site. Use the name provided or type a new name into the text box and click Pin.
3. Create tab groups for more efficient browsing
If you’re like lots of people, you frequently browse with many tabs open, and find yourself wasting time switching to the tab you want because of all of the clutter.
There’s a simple fix: group tabs into categories so you can quickly switch to the tab group that has the tab you want. For example, you might group them into “News,” “Museums,” “Finance,” and so on. Or you could create a tab group for research related to a specific project.
To do it, right-click a tab, select Add tab to new group, and then name the tab group. You can then drag other tabs into the group. You can also assign each tab group a unique color so they’re easy to differentiate at a glance.
Creating tab groups makes it easier to find the tab you want quickly.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
If you’ve already created a group, when you right-click a tab, you’ll see “Add tab to group” rather than “Add tab to new group.” When you click the arrow next to it, you’ll see a list of all your existing groups, so you can easily add it to any of them. You’ll also see “New group,” which will let you create and customize a new group.
Once you’ve created a tab group, you can rename it, change its assigned color, add new tabs to it, ungroup the tabs from it, delete the group and all the tabs in it, and more. Just right-click the name of any group and select an option from the menu that appears.
4. Enlist a Copilot as you browse
Microsoft’s genAI chatbot, Copilot, has become increasingly integrated with Edge, so much so that Microsoft now calls Edge an “AI browser.” At the moment, that’s more hype than fact, but it is true that Edge gets new Copilot features added on a regular basis.
Edge provides a couple of ways to interact with Copilot, one of which is to open the Copilot sidebar to the right of the main browser window. (We’ll go over the other method later in the story.) Click the Copilot icon at the top right of Edge, and the Copilot pane appears. Here’s where you type in prompts for Copilot.
There’s a tremendous amount you can do with Copilot, most of which is beyond the scope of this article. To learn more about what it can do and how to use it, see our story “9 ways to use Copilot right.”
However, here’s one use designed specifically for web browsing: summarizing the contents of the page you’re currently visiting. Depending on the structure and content of the page, Copilot can give a high-level overview of the entire page, provide capsule descriptions of individual articles or sections, and more. You can also ask Copilot to extract specific information from a page, such as all the AI-related information on it, and organize the information into a bulleted digest.
To do all that, open a web page and open the Copilot sidebar. You’ll see a few suggested prompts, one of which should be related to summarizing the page, such as Summarize the main points on this page or Create a summary of this page. Click the prompt, or if you don’t see it, type it into the text box at the bottom of the Copilot pane.
Use Copilot to summarize the content on a web page.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
You can also ask it to summarize the last page you’ve visited. Click the down arrows towards the bottom of the Copilot pane, and you’ll see a listing for the previous page you’ve visited, such as Computerworld.com. Click the text summarize my recent activity on [page] and it will do that for you. Again, if you don’t see that text, type it into the Copilot text box.
The summarization feature, though, still has rough edges, or at least it did when I was writing this article. If you leave the web page you’re currently on and go to a new one, the summary of the old page remains, and there isn’t an immediate way to summarize the new one. To get a summary of the new page, you’ll have to scroll to the bottom of the Copilot pane, click the arrow (it will be facing either up or down, depending on whether you’ve previously clicked it) and click “Create a summary of this page.”
In that section, you can also click listings of your other open tabs and get summaries of any of them.
5. Remove clutter when you launch new tabs
When you create a new tab, the initial page is filled with pinned sites, suggested news stories, widgets, and more. If you find that page distracting, you can change it to a much cleaner, more stripped-down page.
If you haven’t pinned specific sites to the row of icons below the search box (see tip #2 above), you can make Edge’s default icons go away: Click the gear icon on the upper right of the page, and a “Page settings” panel pops up. In the “Quick links & search” section, click the dropdown next to “Quick links” and select Off. That gets rid of the icons for web sites just beneath the search box.
If you have pinned your own preferred sites there, you’ll want to leave quick links enabled, but you can turn the “Show sponsored links” toggle to Off to get rid of ads.
To get rid of the news articles that overwhelm the page, go to the “Show content” area of the panel and move the “Show feed” toggle to Off. Or, if you want to really strip down the page, move the “Show content” toggle to Off. That kills pretty much everything on the page except the weather. If you don’t want to see that either, scroll down a bit more and move the “Weather” toggle to Off.
Going with the stripped-down new tab look in Edge.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
You can also strip out the background graphic for the new tab page by turning off the “Background” toggle. I don’t recommend it, though, because when you do that, you’ll get a gray page with a big Microsoft logo dead center when you launch a new tab.
6. Launch Copilot-centered new tabs
If you’re a frequent Copilot user, you might want to take a different approach to the new tab page.
The Copilot you get in a side pane when you click the Copilot icon at the top right of Edge is a somewhat stripped-down version of Microsoft’s full-blown Copilot app. If you’re looking to use the full-fledged version, there’s a simple way to do it: Tell Edge to open Copilot every time you open a new tab.
To do it, click the three-dot icon to the left of the Copilot icon at the top right of Edge and navigate to Settings > Start, home, and new tab page. In the “New tab page” section, turn on the Copilot new tab page toggle. From then on, every time you open a new tab, you’ll launch a full Copilot screen that’s similar to the standalone Copilot app.
The Copilot new tab page puts Copilot chat front and center.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
You’ll see the usual Copilot prompt box front and center, and beneath that, several prompts Microsoft thinks you might want to use. (Note to Microsoft: I’ve never used one of those suggestions even once. I’d guess few other people have either.)
What’s really new here are the vertical icons running down the left side of the page. Here’s a brief rundown of what each one does:
Open sidebar: Widens the navigation bar and shows a list of your recent chats so you can revisit any of them.
New chat: Start a new chat with Copilot.
Library: Build a library of Copilot-created content such as images, reports, podcasts, documents, and more.
Tasks: Create a Copilot task that automates something you want done, such as sending you a weekly email about a company’s stock price.
Health: Open Copilot Health, a version of Copilot designed specifically for getting health information.
Shopping: Use Copilot as a shopping assistant.
Imagine: Create or edit an image using Copilot.
Experiments: Discover and use new Copilot features that Microsoft is testing but that may or may not be officially launched at some point.
Clicking the Copilot icon at the top of the list of vertical icons returns you to the main Copilot interface you get when you launch a new tab.
As you can see, many of these new Copilot functions are aimed at consumers and unlikely to be useful in a business setting. Still, if you frequently turn to Copilot for help, you might find the Copilot new tab page a good alternative to the standard new tab page.
And note that setting up the Copilot new tab page doesn’t prevent you from browsing or searching the web normally. Just enter the search term or website you want to visit in the address bar at the top of the screen.
7. Put tabs to sleep to conserve system resources and boost battery life
If you’re like most people, you keep multiple tabs open in Edge so you can easily switch among the sites, web apps, and information important to you. It’s a great time-saver.
But it can also be a big memory and processor hog, which can slow down both your browsing and your other computing tasks. It needn’t be that way, though. You can put inactive tabs to “sleep” until you need them, freeing up resources, which will make your PC speedier and make its battery last longer, even when you have multiple tabs open. Microsoft claims that putting inactive tabs to sleep reduces memory use by an average of 32% and CPU use by an average of 37%.
Here’s how to do it:
In Edge, click the three-dot icon on the upper right of the screen and select Settings > System and Performance > Performance.
In the “Memory” section, move the slider to On next to Automatically put tabs to sleep.
To change the length of time it takes to put an inactive tab to sleep, below “Automatically put tabs to sleep” click the drop-down arrow and select a time. Your choice is anywhere from 30 seconds to 12 hours.
Putting tabs to sleep can significantly reduce CPU and memory use.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
To reawaken any tab that’s been put to sleep, simply click on it, and it will resume normal activity.
There’s a chance that some sites might not work properly after they’ve been put to sleep. If that happens to you, you can tell Edge never to put that site to sleep again. To do it, scroll up to the “General” area on the “System and performance / Performance” page of Settings. Click the Add site button next to the “Always keep these sites active” item and paste in the URL of any site you don’t want to sleep.
8. Reduce power use with ‘energy saver’
Browsers can be power hogs, especially if you have multiple tabs open and are playing videos or music in them. That can be a particular problem if you’re using a laptop that isn’t plugged into a power source.
In Edge, the “energy saver” setting reduces the amount of system resources the browser uses, which extends your PC’s battery life. If you enable energy saver, it becomes active when your laptop is unplugged. Microsoft claims energy saver can give you on average an extra 25 minutes of battery life. To use it:
In Edge, click the three-dot icon on the upper right of the screen and select Settings > System and Performance > Performance.
In the “Power” section, make sure the toggle next to “Enable energy saver” is turned on. When you do that, you see two options: “Balanced” and “Maximum savings.”
Select Balanced if you want your laptop to go into a lower-power mode to save battery life when your laptop is unplugged or has a low battery. Select Maximum savings if you know you’re not going to be able to plug your laptop in for some time. Note that in this mode, your video quality may be affected.
There’s also a separate option to use energy saver even if your laptop is plugged in. Use this option if you want to consume less energy when you use your computer. Note that if you use it, you may experience slowdowns when browsing the web.
You can get an extra 25 minutes of battery life with the energy saver setting, Microsoft claims.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
9. View and mark up PDFs
With Edge, there’s no need to launch a separate application when you want to read or mark up a PDF; its built-in PDF app is quite good. With it, you can draw on and highlight sections of the PDF and erase the marks you made as well. So save yourself time and use Edge rather than third-party software.
You don’t need to do anything to read a PDF online. Simply click it, and by default it will launch in Edge’s reader. You’ll find the markup tools, including for drawing, highlighting, and erasing, in a toolbar towards the top of the screen. To open a PDF from your hard disk, when you’re in Edge, press Ctrl-O, then navigate to the PDF and click it.
Edge has a surprisingly useful PDF viewer with markup tools.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
If you prefer to use your own PDF reader, even for PDFs found online, you might be annoyed that every time you click a PDF, it opens in Edge’s PDF reader. You can change that, though, by changing your default PDF reader.
In Windows Settings, select Apps > Default Apps and in the search box at the top of the screen just below “Set a default for a file type or link type,” type in .pdf. After you do that, the listing “Microsoft Edge Microsoft Edge PDF document” appears. Click it, and a screen appears showing you all the applications on your PC that can read PDFs. Select the one you want to use instead of Edge.
10. Turn on Edge’s AI-powered ‘scareware’ blocker
The internet is filled with scammers using sophisticated attacks to steal your data or money. A common one is so-called “scareware,” in which when you visit a website, your PC is suddenly locked into full-screen mode filled with fake malware warnings that claim your computer has been infected and urge you to call a phony tech-support line or allow remote access to your device to supposedly fix the problem.
Once you do that, the scammers steal your data, get you to pay for phony solutions, or embed malware on your system.
To fight that, Edge includes an AI-powered scareware blocker that builds and constantly updates a machine-learning model that detects suspicious behavior and stops the scamware in its tracks.
Typically, the scamware detector is turned on, but there’s a possibility it’s been turned off at some point or was never turned on in the first place. For example, on PCs with only 2GB of RAM or fewer than 5 cores, it’s not turned on by default. Microsoft recommends enabling it on those machines. To do it, in Edge go to Settings >Privacy, search, and services > Security, and in the “Scareware blocker” setting, turn the slider from off to on.
When you do that, make sure that “Block sites detected as scams” and “Share detected scam sites with Microsoft Defender SmartScreen” are turned on as well.
Turn on Edge’s scareware blocker to protect yourself from scams and data theft.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
11. Use Edge’s one-click form filler
How many hours a week do you spend mindlessly filling out web forms — your office or home address, shipping address, email address, and phone number? Wouldn’t it be nice to get that time back?
With autofill, built into Edge, you can. To use it, in Edge go to Settings > Passwords and autofill > Addresses and more. Turn on the toggle next to “Save and autofill addresses.” You can also choose to have Copilot analyze web forms and decide which bits of your information belong in which part of the form.
Microsoft autofill saves information that can be used to fill out forms online.
Preston Gralla / Foundry
From now on, whenever you visit a web form, just click in a text box, and your information will appear in a popup. Select it and the form will fill in. You can go back to Passwords and autofill to change any information you want.
12. Save time with keyboard shortcuts
There’s a good chance you use keyboard shortcuts for some of your office applications, like Word and Excel — and you likely use some for Windows itself.
But when it comes to browsers, many people forgo the keyboard except when absolutely necessary. That’s too bad, because keyboard shortcuts are a big timesaver. So to improve your productivity, check out these keyboard shortcuts for Edge in Windows. (Mac users can generally substitute the Cmd key for Ctrl and the Opt key for Alt.)
For a while now the transition away from Manifest V2 (MV2) to MV3 has been on-going and it looks like it is entering its final phase of deprecation, at least, in the case of Google Chrome. A recent discussion thread in the w3c WebExtensions Community Group GitHub repo has highlighted how the latest and upcoming versions of the most popular browser are expected to be its final releases with support for MV2 extensions.
[…]
Here is a rundown of the changes coming in the final such releases of Chromium releases:
Other Chromium-based browsers like Opera and Microsoft Edge could soon follow suit too. Although it is not specified, Edge began disabling uBlock Origin back in February, and Opera could also stop the functioning of MV2 add-ons, even though it had committed to support MV2 for longer in October 2024.
Google today reached the final milestone in a browser-extension transition that has been years in the making, all remaining Manifest V2 extensions were removed from the Chrome Web Store.
The first proper brain scan involving the effects of mescaline found the drug ignoring the regions where psychedelic research has spent a decade studying, settling instead on the one structure no one really expected.
Sometime around 3,700 BC, someone in what is now southwest Texas cut two tops off a peyote cactus and dried them. They spent most of the twentieth century in a drawer at the Witte Museum in San Antonio, and when chemists finally analyzed them in the early 2000s, the mescaline was still detectable — roughly 2% alkaloids by weight, 5,700 years on.
Those dried-out cactus tops, where the drug compound is concentrated, remain the oldest plant drug ever to give up a major bioactive compound to chemical analysis. And with thousands of years of use, mescaline remains a bit of a scientific mystery.
Mescaline became a Schedule 1 substance under the Controlled Substances Act in 1970, and the classification effectively ended research on it. LSD and psilocybin eventually clawed their way back into laboratories for scientific research, but mescaline, the older compound by several thousand years, doesn’t have the same level of lab testing.
Dried peyote (Lophophora williamsii), containing ~5 to 6% mescaline by weight (Image: WikiLinuz/Wikimedia Commons)
Researchers at Northeastern University’s Center for Translational Neuroimaging scanned 24 rats, evenly split by sex. After a single dose of mescaline, while the animals were awake (anesthesia flattens the very signals a drug study is trying to read), the drug largely ignored the forebrain. It went almost entirely for the cerebellum, which is a strange location for a psychedelic.
The cerebellum is the lump at the back and bottom of the brain where balance and motor coordination live. It also holds more than half of all the neurons in the brain, and everything it computes leaves through just three narrow output channels.
An interpretation, proposed by neuroscientist Anna Devor in 2002, is that the cerebellum is the “Great Gate.” As the brain receives sensory information, it acts as a filter that suppresses the sensory information that the brain already predicted and passes along only what it did not expect. A working brain spends most of its time discarding what it saw coming.
Under mescaline, the gate appeared to come off its hinges.
Activity inside the cerebellum dropped sharply, while its connections outward multiplied to the hippocampus, the thalamus, the sensory cortex, and the midbrain. Quieter on the inside, wired to far more on the outside. The researchers read this as a filter that has stopped filtering and started broadcasting, pushing raw sensory information into regions that normally receive it neatly packaged.
“Wouldn’t it be devastating if you didn’t ‘gate’ all of that sensory information out?” senior author Craig Ferris explained in a university press statement.
The clearest evidence for that reading came from a smell test. Rats were given almond odor, a reliably rewarding stimulus, and in the control group, it lit up 48 of the 169 brain regions the team tracked. Under mescaline, the response was essentially abolished, flattened close to nothing across the board.
Broken down by modality, smell, touch, and hearing were all measurably blunted, while the visual system showed no significant change at all — a peculiar result for a compound whose entire cultural reputation rests on what it does to sight.
The authors put the discrepancy down to species differences, reasonably enough given that rats navigate by nose and whisker, but it remains one of the odder findings in the paper. What makes this significant is the comparison.
Mescaline, LSD, and psilocybin all act on the same target, the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, and all three produce broadly similar experiences in people, which has encouraged researchers to treat findings from one as transferable to the others. However, brains don’t seem to cooperate.
Earlier work from this same lab found LSD acting on the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus, and psilocybin engaging cortico-striato-thalamic circuits. Mescaline’s acute signature sat in neither place.
“The power of mescaline to me is that it is doing something different than other psychedelics,” said lead author Noah Cavallaro. “Essentially, the cerebellum is being shut down internally, but it’s talking more to other parts of the brain.”
The distinctiveness is narrower than it first appears, though. The lab’s own psilocybin work also produced pronounced cerebellar hyperconnectivity, so the sprawling network changes are not unique to mescaline; what looks specific to it is the acute suppression, the cerebellum falling quiet while the rest of the brain carried on largely unaffected.
“If two compounds produce similar hallucinogenic symptoms through different neural pathways, comparing them could help us pinpoint what’s actually causing those specific experiences,” Cavallaro said.
That being said, there are some cautions offered in the paper. First, these were rats, and rat and human brains differ most in the cerebellar-cortical wiring. Second, only one dose was tested. Third, the team did not monitor heart rate or breathing during scanning, so ordinary cardiovascular effects cannot be cleanly separated from neural ones.
Lastly, the researchers also flagged recent work showing that the scanner signal itself can run opposite to a brain region’s actual oxygen use, which complicates reading any of these images as direct neural activity. The one previous attempt to image mescaline in humans, a small study decades ago, found a different pattern entirely.
With all that being said, the paper presents a key social issue. Mescaline’s status as a drug has left it largely untested, and only now are we learning about what it can do to the brain, outside of the anecdotes of its users.
After fifty years of regulatory silence, scientists are just starting to answer a question people have arguably been asking since the Neolithic.
MJ Banias is a co-founder of The Debrief, covering science and technology news. You can email him at mj@thedebrief.org or follow him on LinkedIn.
Siri Wolfram Alpha integration helped create one of the defining moments in the early history of consumer artificial intelligence. When Apple introduced Siri with iPhone 4S in October 2011, users were not merely given another form of voice control. They could ask a spoken question and receive a calculated answer rather than a page of search results.
Questions involving mathematics, measurements, dates, nutrition, astronomy and factual comparisons could be routed to Wolfram Alpha, a computational knowledge engine launched in 2009. Siri handled the conversation, while Wolfram Alpha supplied structured information and calculations behind many of the responses.
The experience could feel remarkably advanced for its time. Asking how many days remained before a holiday, comparing the populations of two cities or converting miles into kilometers no longer required opening Safari, entering a query and selecting a website.
That direct path from natural language to a useful answer established an expectation that continues shaping AI products today.
Its technological roots extend to research conducted at SRI International, including work associated with the DARPA-funded CALO project. The objective was to develop systems capable of learning, organizing information and helping people complete everyday tasks.
SRI later spun the technology into Siri Inc., founded by a team including Dag Kittlaus, Adam Cheyer and Tom Gruber. The company released a standalone Siri app for iPhone in early 2010.
The original product was designed around actions rather than ordinary web search. A user could ask for a restaurant reservation, request a taxi, check entertainment listings or search for local services. Siri attempted to understand the intent and connect the request with an appropriate online provider.
This approach was ambitious because the assistant needed to coordinate several different systems. Speech had to be converted into text, the request had to be interpreted, context had to be considered and an external service had to return something useful.
Apple acquired Siri in April 2010. Steve Jobs had personally recognized the potential of moving beyond a collection of apps toward a conversational layer capable of reaching them on behalf of the user.
When the assistant returned as an integrated feature of iPhone 4S, Apple had narrowed some aspects of the original startup vision while making the technology accessible to a much larger audience.
Siri could send messages, create reminders, place calls, manage calendar events, check weather conditions and answer questions. Apple initially labeled the feature as a beta, an unusual decision for a prominent part of a new iPhone launch.
The beta label acknowledged that natural-language interaction remained unpredictable. Accents, ambiguous phrasing, network conditions and external data providers could all influence whether a request succeeded.
Image Source: Google
Siri Wolfram Alpha Made Answers Feel Immediate
Siri Wolfram Alpha became especially memorable because it showed the difference between retrieving information and computing an answer.
A conventional search engine could locate pages containing a formula. Wolfram Alpha could apply that formula to the values supplied by the user. It could interpret units, compare quantities, calculate probabilities and organize factual data into a structured response.
That distinction allowed Siri to appear more knowledgeable than a voice interface simply reading search results aloud.
A request such as “What is 15% of $86?” could return the calculation directly. A question about the distance between planets could produce a value without requiring the user to inspect several websites. Wolfram Alpha could also answer unusually specific requests, including information about aircraft flying overhead when the necessary location and aviation data were available.
The system was not a large language model. It did not generate open-ended prose in the way current AI assistants do. Wolfram Alpha relied on curated data, symbolic computation, algorithms and formal representations of knowledge.
That structure provided an advantage that remains relevant: many answers could be calculated and traced through defined information rather than improvised statistically.
Early Siri combined several specialized capabilities instead of depending on one system to do everything. One provider might supply restaurant information, another could handle maps and Wolfram Alpha could process computational questions.
The assistant acted as the conversational coordinator.
This architecture made Siri seem like one intelligence even though the response could come from a network of separate services. Modern AI platforms have returned to a similar idea through tools, agents and external data connections. A language model may manage the conversation while calling a calculator, calendar, search engine or business system when a task requires reliable external action.
Siri demonstrated that model on a consumer smartphone more than a decade earlier.
A Small Integration Created a Large Expectation
The Wolfram Alpha partnership influenced how people began judging digital assistants.
Before Siri, voice features on phones were commonly associated with rigid commands such as calling a contact or selecting music. Siri invited users to speak more naturally and attempt questions that would previously have been typed into a browser.
The results were inconsistent, but successful interactions changed perceptions immediately. The iPhone appeared capable of understanding intent, reaching into a knowledge system and returning a concise answer through one conversational interface.
That apparent simplicity concealed substantial infrastructure. Speech recognition, language interpretation, location, personal context and external databases all had to work together quickly enough to preserve the feeling of a conversation.
Wolfram Alpha also gave Apple access to expertise that would have taken years to reproduce internally. Stephen Wolfram had spent decades building Mathematica and computational systems before launching the public knowledge engine.
Following the Siri announcement, Wolfram described the integration as a characteristically direct Steve Jobs decision: users wanted access to knowledge and actions without unnecessary intermediate steps.
That idea became more influential than any individual answer Siri provided.
The assistant did not need to show how many services had participated. It needed to understand the request and return the result.
Early Siri Also Revealed the Limits of the Model
The first version of Siri could feel futuristic one moment and frustrating the next.
Some questions reached Wolfram Alpha correctly, while similar wording could trigger a web search or an unrelated response. Siri occasionally struggled to determine whether the user wanted a calculation, a local result or an action inside the phone.
Wolfram Alpha responses were also better suited to some subjects than others. Mathematical and scientific questions matched its computational structure, while casual conversation, current events and subjective requests required different sources.
Network dependence created another weakness. Early Siri processing relied heavily on remote servers, so delays or outages could make a basic request fail even when the iPhone itself was functioning normally.
Those limitations foreshadowed the central challenge surrounding modern assistants. A convincing interface encourages people to ask almost anything, but no single technical system performs equally well across every type of request.
Current generative AI can produce more natural language and handle a wider range of topics. It can also create confident errors when factual grounding is weak. The computational approach represented by Wolfram Alpha remains valuable precisely because some questions require verified data and exact calculation rather than fluent speculation.
The story behind the first Siri steps is therefore not only about an old iPhone feature. It shows that a powerful assistant needs more than a conversational personality. It requires access to dependable tools, structured knowledge and the ability to recognize when another system should provide the answer.
Siri Wolfram Alpha offered that lesson in 2011, long before AI assistants became capable of writing essays, interpreting screens and acting across apps.
Siri Wolfram helped define the original promise of Apple’s voice assistant. When Siri debuted on the iPhone 4S in 2011, it could answer factual and computational questions without sending users through a list of search results. Ask about a mathematical calculation, scientific quantity, historical statistic or unit conversion, and Wolfram Alpha could provide a structured answer.
That partnership gave early Siri something many modern AI assistants still struggle to guarantee: a source designed to compute answers rather than produce plausible sentences. Wolfram Alpha was not a chatbot. It was a computational knowledge engine built around curated data, symbolic mathematics and algorithms.
Siri AI enters a far more ambitious era. Apple now wants its assistant to hold natural conversations, understand personal context, interpret images, find information across apps and complete actions. Yet the old Siri Wolfram relationship remains useful for understanding what Apple gained, what was lost as assistants became more conversational and why verified computation may become even more valuable in the generative AI age.
Siri Wolfram Was Built Around Answers
The original Siri Wolfram integration reflected a straightforward idea: users wanted direct answers without manually searching, opening websites and comparing sources.
Wolfram Alpha was particularly effective for questions with a computable result. It could solve equations, compare financial data, convert measurements, retrieve astronomical information, calculate dates and present structured scientific facts. Siri provided the voice interface, while Wolfram supplied the knowledge engine behind selected responses.
A user could ask how many days remained until a date, calculate a percentage, compare populations or request information about a mathematical concept. Siri translated the spoken request and delivered the result in a format suitable for the iPhone.
The experience was narrow compared with modern generative AI, but it had a valuable discipline. Wolfram Alpha attempted to determine an answer from structured information. It did not need to improvise an explanation every time.
That made Siri Wolfram especially useful for mathematics, science, education and quick factual calculations. The assistant could sound intelligent because it was connected to a system built to compute.
Image Source: Google
What Siri Wolfram Alpha Could Do Well
Siri Wolfram Alpha worked best when the request had a definable structure. Arithmetic, percentages, conversions, equations and statistics were natural categories. The system could also retrieve information about weather history, geography, nutrition, astronomy, transportation and other data-rich subjects.
The integration helped make Siri feel different from ordinary web search. Instead of showing several links, the assistant could present one answer with supporting figures or charts.
That approach had limitations. Wolfram Alpha could only respond effectively when it understood the request and had the relevant data or computational method. It was not designed for open-ended conversation, personal writing, emotional nuance or the countless informal questions users ask assistants.
Siri also relied on several external services, with Wolfram Alpha handling only certain knowledge categories. The experience could therefore feel inconsistent. One request produced a polished computational response, while another returned a web search or a limited canned answer.
Still, the partnership demonstrated a principle Apple has never fully abandoned: the best assistant does not need to create every answer itself. It needs to route each request to the system most qualified to handle it.
Generative AI Changed the Definition of an Assistant
Modern AI assistants are expected to do far more than retrieve facts. Users want them to explain ideas, write messages, summarize documents, analyze images, brainstorm projects and remember the direction of a conversation.
Siri AI is Apple’s response to that expanded expectation. Powered by Apple Intelligence and Apple Foundation Models, the new assistant can handle open-ended requests and continue natural conversations. It can use personal context from supported apps, understand onscreen content and connect requests with app actions.
This is a dramatic expansion from the Siri Wolfram era. The old model was largely transactional: ask a question, receive an answer. Siri AI is intended to interpret intent, understand relationships between information and help complete a larger task.
A user may ask Siri AI to find a restaurant recommendation buried in Messages, locate a hotel confirmation in Mail and add the details to a travel note. That request involves personal context and several system services rather than one public factual answer.
The assistant becomes less like a talking search box and more like an operating-system layer.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Conversation Creates a Reliability Problem
Generative AI makes assistants more flexible, but it also introduces uncertainty. A language model can produce an elegant response even when the underlying information is incomplete or wrong. The same fluency that makes the assistant enjoyable can make an inaccurate answer sound convincing.
The old Siri Wolfram model avoided much of that risk within its strongest categories. A mathematical calculation came from a computational engine. A unit conversion followed a defined relationship. A data query could be tied to structured information.
Siri AI needs both capabilities. It needs conversational intelligence for requests that cannot be reduced to a formula, while retaining access to reliable tools for tasks that demand precision.
Apple can use specialized systems for calculations, calendars, maps, weather, app actions and personal information rather than asking one generative model to invent every result. Foundation models can understand the request, then direct the work to an appropriate source.
That structure would preserve the strongest lesson from Siri Wolfram: intelligence also means knowing when not to guess.
Personal Context Is the New Knowledge Engine
Wolfram Alpha gave Siri access to public computational knowledge. Siri AI adds a second knowledge source: the user’s own information.
Apple says Siri AI can understand personal context across messages, emails, photos, notes and other supported content. It can help retrieve a detail without requiring the user to remember which app contains it.
This changes the assistant’s value. Wolfram Alpha could explain the distance between two cities. Siri AI could find the hotel reservation, identify the arrival time and retrieve the message where a friend recommended a nearby restaurant.
That personal layer also requires stricter privacy. Apple uses on-device processing for many requests and Private Cloud Compute when more processing power is required. The company has designed the system so personal data does not become part of an ordinary cloud AI profile.
Siri Wolfram answered questions about the world. Siri AI is being designed to answer questions about the user’s place within it.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Apps Complete the Transition
Siri AI also moves beyond knowledge by connecting directly with apps through App Intents. Developers can expose content and actions so the assistant can help users complete tasks instead of only describing how to do them.
That could include editing a photo, retrieving a document, starting a workout, updating a task or sending information through a supported app. Onscreen awareness adds another route, allowing users to ask about content already visible without explaining every detail again.
Wolfram Alpha remains valuable because some questions require specialized computation. App Intents extend the same routing philosophy into actions. Siri does not need to contain every capability internally. It needs to understand the request and connect it with the correct tool.
This may become the defining structure of Siri AI: one conversational interface backed by models, apps, services, personal context and specialized knowledge engines.
The Old Siri Still Has a Lesson for the New One
Siri Wolfram belonged to a more limited assistant era, but its underlying approach was disciplined. The system used a specialized source for questions that demanded structured knowledge and computation.
Siri AI has a wider assignment. It must converse naturally, interpret images, understand personal information and complete actions across Apple devices. That breadth can make Siri far more useful, but only if Apple preserves dependable pathways for calculations and factual tasks.
The future assistant should not choose between Wolfram-style precision and generative flexibility. It should combine them. A conversational model can understand what the user wants. A computational engine can provide the numerical answer. Personal context can supply relevant details. App Intents can complete the task.
The old Siri Wolfram integration showed that a voice assistant could make expert knowledge accessible through one spoken request. Siri AI now aims to place conversation, personal context and action around that foundation.
The assistant has become larger, more personal and more capable. Its credibility will still depend on something the 2011 version understood well: when a question has a correct answer, intelligence should calculate before it speaks
The findings, reported by Jean-Baptiste Camps and colleagues, relied on a novel approach to uncovering evidence for these long-lost texts: a complexity science approach that allowed them to estimate the volumes of lost ancient literature that once existed, by inferring references to such texts from existing chivalric narratives beginning in the 12th century.
The team’s findings also bring to attention a new concern for historians, since according to their simulations, as much as 60% of all ancient texts from this period, and more than 95% of manuscripts once believed to have existed, may have been lost to time. The findings were recently reported in PNAS Nexus.
Evidence of “Lost” Medieval Manuscripts?
The names we commonly associate with epic tales passed down to us from ancient literature are not the only heroes of yore that existed—they are merely the ones whose stories survived.
For every Gilgamesh, Thor, and King Arthur, it is possible that several more heroic characters from undiscovered ancient epics also exist. However, based on Camps and his team’s findings, they are probably unrecoverable stories, lost to time apart from scant references that occasionally appear in the few surviving manuscripts that have made their way down to us throughout time.
Some of the problems that have contributed to this concerning loss of ancient knowledge are technological. In the days before the invention of the printing press, texts had to be copied manually—a process that led to both innovations, but also errors and inconsistencies as these early copies were made.
From existing copies of surviving ancient texts, scholars can often infer a significant amount of information based on subtle (or in some cases, not-so-subtle) changes that appear from one version to the next. Philologists, researchers who study the structure, historical development, and relationships between languages, refer to the evolutionary “trees” encompassing such texts and their evolution through time as stemmata.
What’s ‘Stemmata’ With You?
Since modern stemmata are based only on existing copies, they lack the full evolutionary history of texts and fail to account for versions that have been forever lost, which may have contained significant differences or additional information.
Jean-Baptiste Camps and his colleagues’ new model has revealed a key discovery: that the early years of a text’s creation, and the number of copies that were made during that time, are of crucial importance to their survival.
As one might guess, the fewer copies that are made, the more endangered the text becomes. However, another implication based on the team’s modeling is that if no copies of the original work are made, all the surviving derivatives generally form what scholars recognize as a subsidiary branch of that manuscript’s family tree.
And therein lies the issue: one that has sobering implications for the preservation of knowledge from ancient times.
Roland’s Unknown Song
As an example, the researchers point to the Song of Roland, an 11th-century account of the Frankish military leader Roland’s deeds at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The events in question took place in AD 778, during the reign of Charlemagne, and the account remains the oldest single surviving major work of French literature.
However, the version of the tale we know today comes to us from several different manuscript copies that were made over time. While this speaks to the tale’s popularity in the Medieval world of the 12th to the 16th centuries, it also underscores the fact that its oldest, original versions are probably unknowable to us today.
But how is such knowledge lost to time? Arguably, one of history’s most famous examples involves the famous burning of the library at Alexandria—a story which is itself somewhat contested by modern scholars, in that rather than one catastrophic loss of information resulting from the destruction of a single building, a range of factors over an extended period are more likely to have resulted in the loss of this wealth of knowledge from the ancient world.
This is merely one example; a range of other instances involving random occurrences, accidents, and cataclysmic events point to additional reasons for the fragility of knowledge. One that Camps and his colleagues point to is obvious: the Black Death, which, in addition to raging through Europe and decimating human populations, also likely contributed significantly to the destruction of ancient manuscripts.
Knowledge must be protected, in other words, and the team’s recent findings only underscore how fragile it is—and also how easily it can be lost.
The team’s study, “On the transmission of texts: Written cultures as complex systems,” appeared in PNAS Nexus on July 7, 2026.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached atmicah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
In an unprecedented exploration of how entertainment media shapes public awareness of critical yet overlooked health care history, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health have unveiled compelling evidence that a single episode of the hit medical drama “The Pitt” catalyzed a surge in public knowledge about the Freedom House Ambulance Service. This pioneering emergency medical service, established in 1967 in Pittsburgh’s Hill District, holds the distinction of being the first EMS system in the United States staffed entirely by African Americans. Despite its foundational contributions to prehospital care, Freedom House’s legacy has languished in obscurity—until now.
The study, published in the American Journal of Health Promotion, marks a first-of-its-kind effort to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the impact of a scripted health-related storyline on public consciousness. Utilizing a multifaceted methodology that combined Google Trends analytics with comprehensive content analysis of Reddit discussions, the research team documented a remarkable 170% spike in online searches for “Freedom House” immediately following the episode’s original broadcast on February 20, 2025. This elevated search interest persisted for approximately one week, highlighting sustained public intrigue ignited by the storyline.
The TV episode in question, “2:00 P.M.” from the inaugural season, centers on Willie Alexander, an octogenarian patient navigating a glitching pacemaker while intermittently regaling the emergency department staff with medically accurate commentary about his case. As the narrative unfolds, viewers discover Willie’s own history as a former member of Freedom House Ambulance Service, affording a rare window into the challenges and triumphs of this groundbreaking group. Founded during a turbulent era marked by systemic racial inequities, Freedom House provided not only emergency medical transport but also vital paramedic training and community employment opportunities to African Americans excluded from many healthcare roles.
Despite its transformative community impact and innovative operational model, Freedom House was ultimately shuttered eight years after its inception when Pittsburgh transitioned EMS management to city authorities, who replaced the predominantly Black cadre with a mostly white workforce. The storyline poignantly underscores how Freedom House’s pioneering efforts were largely erased from mainstream recognition—a fact that elicited profound emotional responses from both the study participants and the viewing audience.
This resurgence of interest was catalyzed in part by the University of Pittsburgh’s public health researchers hosting a special screening event that included a panel discussion featuring six surviving members of Freedom House Ambulance Service. Their firsthand testimonies and reflections resonated deeply with attendees, many of whom expressed astonishment at learning about Freedom House only through the television narrative. According to Dr. Beth L. Hoffman, assistant professor of behavioral and community health sciences at Pitt Public Health and lead author on the study, the audience’s reactions illuminated a significant gap in public knowledge and a hunger for stories that reveal hidden chapters of health equity and systemic racism.
Coauthor Dr. Sylvia Owusu-Ansah, who also acted as medical consultant for “The Pitt,” articulated the personal significance of bringing Freedom House’s story to a broader audience. As an African American physician and emergency medical services director, Dr. Owusu-Ansah highlighted the importance of representation and the pride associated with recognizing historical pioneers who paved the way for greater diversity in healthcare professions. Her expertise ensured that the storyline accurately portrayed medical details while authentically conveying the sociohistorical context of Freedom House.
The research methodology deployed by the University of Pittsburgh team leveraged the power of social media as a digital ethnographic resource. Reddit, a platform where users engage in real-time discourse, served as a vital space to observe public reactions and information dissemination catalyzed by the episode. Analyzing nearly 200 posts, the researchers found a proliferation of content explicating Freedom House’s history, alongside emotional reactions ranging from surprise and admiration to frustration over the service’s historical obscurity. Many Reddit users proactively contributed context, fielded questions, and debated the implications of Freedom House’s narrative within broader conversations about racial equity in American medical history.
This study not only exemplifies the dynamic relationship between entertainment media and public health education but also reinforces the potential of thoughtfully crafted storylines to function as catalysts for social change. Dr. Hoffman emphasized that when narratives are developed collaboratively with subject matter experts ensuring accuracy and cultural sensitivity, even brief on-screen depictions can ignite expansive public engagement with complex health topics.
From a technical standpoint, the analysis underscores the utility of integrating traditional media impact studies with digital data analytics to capture both quantitative spikes in interest and the qualitative nuances of audience interpretation. The 170% increase in Google search volume represents a statistically significant indicator of episodic influence on information-seeking behavior, while the thematic coding of Reddit discourse provides insight into the multidimensional ways stories resonate across diverse audiences.
The resurgence of Freedom House’s legacy via “The Pitt” exemplifies how the intersection of media, medicine, and social justice can advance collective memory and awareness. It invites further exploration into harnessing entertainment platforms to shed light on marginalized histories and catalyze dialogue around systemic disparities in healthcare. Going forward, this case study sets a benchmark for future research on how fictional narratives enriched by authentic lived experiences can elevate public understanding and inspire advocacy.
In conclusion, the University of Pittsburgh’s investigation into the ripple effects of a medical drama’s nod to a historically crucial EMS pioneer reveals the transformative capacity of storytelling as a public health intervention. By rekindling interest in the Freedom House Ambulance Service, the research not only honors the unsung heroes of emergency medicine but also energizes ongoing discussions about health equity, systemic racism, and the power of media to inform and engage society at large.
Subject of Research: Not applicable
Article Title: Public Awareness of Freedom House Ambulance Service After Viewing the Pitt
References:
Hoffman, B. L., Owusu-Ansah, S., Fawole, O., Leshniowsky, K. (2026). Public Awareness of Freedom House Ambulance Service After Viewing the Pitt. American Journal of Health Promotion. DOI: 10.1177/08901171261460703
Keywords: Social media, Medical specialties, Emergency medicine, Mass media, Television, History of medicine, Health equity, Systemic racism, Prehospital care, Public health education
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O primeiro aviso do Start from Knowledge, da Agência Nacional de Inovação e Startup Portugal, já foi publicado. O programa quer aproximar a investigação académica do mundo empresarial, apoiando a criação de startups com base no conhecimento desenvolvido nas universidades e politécnicos.
In the mountain villages of Guatemala’s Western Highlands, farmers are combining ancient Maya knowledge with modern sustainable farming techniques to protect their crops from pests and disease. Smallholders are creating homemade biopesticides using plants with strong smells and flavors to deter pests on their family plots. This is helping to cut back on the use of increasingly expensive agrochemicals, many of which have been labeled as dangerous to human health and linked to soil degradation. About 60 Guatemalan communities in the Western Highland departments of Sololá and Huehuetenango, as well as Chiquimula in the east, are working to revive these traditional techniques with support from the international development organization World Neighbors. Their focus is to restore and strengthen traditional knowledge, combining it with agroecological practices that help families produce surplus food they can sell to boost household incomes. “Traditional farming techniques are becoming popular because they are simple practices to apply, use local resources, and have proven to be effective,” Dayani Roche, a program associate at World Neighbors, told Mongabay via email. Rather than a single ancient recipe, farmers are using “a living combination of ancestral knowledge, local experimentation and more recent agroecological practices,” he said, which are “safer for families, soil, water and biodiversity than many chemical alternatives.” The Maya civilization, which once stretched across modern-day Central America, had a rich history of farming dating back to 2000 B.C.E. Its most celebrated agriculture system is the milpa, a form of intercropping that involves a mix of maize, beans and…This article was originally published on Mongabay
The Terminator franchise features Skynet, an advanced AI that views humanity as a threat, leading to depopulation. This parallels real issues with AI chatbots, such as Character.AI, which is being sued for allegedly encouraging violence to teens. AI can be used for good or evil but the tendency is always to evil.
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