A Apple está testando uma nova interface na beta do macOS Golden Gate 27 que exibe uma série de atalhos da Siri AI sempre que o usuário seleciona texto em um app qualquer.
Descoberta pelo usuário identificado como “pdfu” em uma comunidade do Reddit, a novidade está claramente inacabada, o que explica o fato de ela vir desativada por padrão nas versões mais recentes do sistema operacional.
Como é possível notar abaixo, a interface assume a forma de um popover que aparece no canto superior esquerdo da seleção feita pelo usuário. Além disso, os atalhos são contextuais, o que significa que ações diferentes poderão ser sugeridas dependendo do conteúdo em destaque.
Caso o usuário esteja trabalhando em um texto, o recurso exibirá atalhos relacionados às Ferramentas de Escrita (Writing Tools), só para citar um exemplo. Ainda de acordo com as informações, o recurso também pode sugerir ações como enviar um email, adicionar um número aos contatos, exibir um endereço no app Mapas (Maps) ou rastrear um voo.
Para desativar a novidade (o que talvez se prove necessário, já que, como dito, ela ainda está inacabada e apresenta inconsistências), basta abrir o Terminal novamente, rodar o comando a seguir e reiniciar o Mac:
Como essa nova interface já está disponível (mesmo que escondida) nas betas do macOS 27, é bem possível que ela dê as caras em uma futura versão de teste do sistema — provavelmente em um estado bem mais polido.
Our poll results are in: virtually no TidBITS readers use clear or tinted icons on the Mac or the iPhone. But the real issue isn’t color—it’s that Apple’s mandatory squircle shape strips icons of their distinctive personalities, making them harder to differentiate.
If there’s extraterrestrial life anywhere in the galaxy, chances are, it could be on LHS 1140b.
Astronomers have found that the exoplanet 48 light years away is spewing helium into space, a strong sign that it harbors a robust atmosphere, they reported in a new study published in the journal Science.
And that’s not all: it’s also a rocky world like our own, and orbits within its star’s habitable zone, the region around a star where a planet can maintain liquid — and possibly life-harboring — water on its surface.
If their findings are borne out, then it’s the first ever Earth-like exoplanet we’ve seen with an atmosphere stable enough to support life — and could vindicate the belief that there’s a whole host of similar planets out there, rather than our own being a rare anomaly in the cosmos.
“When there’s one, there’s more in exoplanets,” Sara Seager, an astrophysicist at MIT who was not involved in the study, told the New York Times. “Hopefully this is the start of something new.”
“At this point, we have absolutely no evidence for life on the planet,” lead author Collin Cherubim, a planetary scientist at Harvard University, added to the newspaper. “But we think all of the really important, essential ingredients are there.”
Spotting exoplanets is rare. While we have catalogued millions of stars, we have only confirmed around 6,000 worlds outside our solar system. Finding ones with an atmosphere is even rarer, since their signals are faint compared to the light of the planet’s star. In many cases, the planets with atmospheres are gas giants, which are unlikely to support life.
A key detail is that LHS 1140b orbits a red dwarf. Planets around red dwarfs are easier to spot because the diminutive stars are fainter, meaning it’s more noticeable when a planet passes in front of them. But since they emit less heat, a potentially habitable planet needs to orbit much closer to to them than we do our Sun. That could be a problem because red dwarfs are believed to be highly volatile. A closely orbiting planet would be in danger of being battered by solar flares and other powerful outbursts, which could strip it of its atmosphere and sterilize developing lifeforms.
The astronomers, however, found that LHS 1140b has a helium-rich atmosphere despite being — or because it’s in — the star’s habitable zone, demonstrating that the volatility of red dwarfs may not be as much as a problem as once thought (though this one appears to be less active than its cousins). They used a theoretical computer model of exoplanet atmosphere evolution that tracked how lighter elements like hydrogen and helium would be ejected by the outbursts of its host star, Science explained. When they applied it to LHS 1140b, which was first discovered in 2017, it predicted that its upper atmosphere would be dominated by helium, a promising sign that it’s capable of supporting life.
“Twenty years ago we wondered whether other terrestrial-type planets even existed,” Robin Wordsworth, a professor of earth and planetary sciences at Harvard, said in a statement about the work. “Then we learned they’re common, and found some in the habitable zone.”
“The next question was whether any of them had managed to keep an atmosphere,” he added. “Now we know at least one has.”
Apple Intelligence on-device processing remains Apple’s most convincing argument in artificial intelligence. Rivals may lead in public model rankings, chatbot adoption and the speed of releasing experimental features, but Apple is building AI inside devices people already use for their most personal work.
That distinction changes the definition of winning.
Apple does not need every iPhone owner to open a separate chatbot app. It can place intelligence inside Messages, Mail, Photos, Notes, Shortcuts, Siri and third-party apps. Local models can operate on private information without automatically transferring that information to an external server.
The strategy appeared slow while the AI market measured progress through chatbot launches and model size. It looks more competitive as the industry confronts cloud costs, privacy concerns, unreliable connectivity and the difficulty of turning general-purpose AI into useful daily actions.
In his video “Apple Lost the AI Race,” Marques Brownlee captures the contradiction in one concise line:
“Apple lost the AI race. Actually, Apple won the AI race.”
The apparent reversal describes Apple’s current position well. Apple may have lost the first race for public perception. It is increasingly prepared for the longer contest over where AI runs, how it reaches users and who controls the personal data required to make it useful.
Apple Intelligence On-Device Changes the AI Relationship
Most popular generative AI products began as cloud services. A user sends a request to a remote model, the provider processes it in a data center and the answer returns through an app or browser.
That structure supports enormous models but creates dependence on internet access, server capacity and continuing infrastructure expense. It also means personal prompts leave the device, even when the provider uses strong security and privacy policies.
Apple Intelligence on-device begins from the opposite direction. The iPhone, iPad or Mac first attempts to handle the request locally using Apple Foundation Models optimized for Apple silicon.
That local model does not need to know everything available on the internet. It needs to understand the user’s request, work with relevant personal context and complete common tasks efficiently.
The difference is similar to owning a capable computer rather than renting every calculation from a distant server. Cloud systems remain useful for difficult workloads, but they no longer need to participate in every interaction.
For Apple, local processing is also a product advantage. The company controls the chip, operating system, model architecture, memory system and apps. Each layer can be designed around the others rather than assembled from unrelated services.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Privacy Becomes a Technical Feature
Technology companies frequently describe privacy as a policy. Apple is trying to make it part of the AI architecture.
When a request runs entirely on an iPhone, the associated data does not need to leave the device. A model can work with messages, appointments, photos or app content without uploading that personal context to a conventional cloud account.
That structure is especially relevant to Siri AI. A truly personal assistant needs access to information that users may never place willingly inside an ordinary chatbot: private conversations, travel plans, health-related details, work documents and relationships between people.
An assistant becomes more useful as it gains context. It also becomes more invasive when the same context is stored, analyzed or used for model training outside the device.
Apple Intelligence on-device allows Apple to expand personal context while maintaining a stronger boundary around it. The assistant can understand information locally, perform an action and discard temporary processing data without building a permanent advertising or training profile.
This is difficult for competitors whose businesses depend on cloud services, large-scale data collection or engagement inside separate AI products. Apple’s hardware business gives it different incentives.
Private Cloud Compute Extends the Model
Not every AI task can fit within the power and memory limits of an iPhone. Apple uses Private Cloud Compute when a request requires a larger model.
Private Cloud Compute is designed to extend the privacy architecture of Apple devices into the cloud. User information is processed only for the request, is not stored and is not made available to Apple for unrelated purposes.
Independent researchers can inspect software images used by the system, creating an unusual level of outside visibility into the cloud environment. Apple has also expanded the architecture while maintaining control over the software and privacy protections used for processing.
This creates a layered system rather than a simple choice between local and cloud AI.
Apple Intelligence first determines whether the device can handle the request. More complex work can move to Private Cloud Compute. External models may be offered separately when the user chooses to involve them.
The user does not need to understand the technical path behind every answer. The system chooses the smallest and most private environment capable of completing the task.
Apple Silicon Was an AI Investment
Apple’s control of its processors has become one of its largest advantages in the AI era.
The Neural Engine first appeared years before generative AI became a consumer obsession. It supported Face ID, photography, speech recognition and other machine-learning tasks. Apple continued expanding that hardware across the iPhone, iPad and Mac.
Those investments now provide a large installed base of devices designed to run machine-learning workloads locally. Recent Apple chips combine CPU, GPU, Neural Engine and unified memory in one architecture that can move information efficiently between different types of processing.
The same design helps foundation models run without requiring the power consumption or separate memory systems associated with conventional data-center hardware.
Apple also controls the operating systems that schedule those workloads. A model can be optimized for the exact processors, memory limits and energy behavior of supported devices.
Competitors can build excellent models, but they often need to support hardware from several manufacturers with inconsistent capabilities. Apple can decide that an AI feature requires a specific generation of silicon and design the complete experience around it.
Developers Gain a Local Model
The Foundation Models framework extends Apple Intelligence on-device beyond Apple’s own apps. Developers can use the system model through native Swift tools rather than shipping a separate large model or paying for every cloud request.
An app can generate structured content, interpret natural language or use tool calling while keeping supported processing on the device. Apple handles model delivery and system integration.
This can reduce operating costs for developers. A cloud-based AI feature creates an ongoing expense each time a user submits a request. Local inference uses hardware the customer already owns.
It can also improve reliability. Features may remain available without an internet connection and respond without waiting for a remote service.
The framework encourages a quieter form of AI adoption. Apps do not need to add a prominent chatbot tab or redesign themselves around a conversational interface. Intelligence can appear inside existing workflows as a useful capability.
That is where Apple’s strategy may reach scale. Millions of apps can incorporate small AI functions that users experience as normal software behavior rather than as visits to an AI destination.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
The Installed Base Is Apple’s Distribution Advantage
The AI race is often discussed as a contest between models. Consumer adoption also depends on distribution.
Apple can deliver new intelligence features through operating-system updates across the iPhone, iPad, Mac and Vision Pro. Users do not need to create another account, choose a provider or transfer their personal information into a new service.
Siri already occupies the system interface. Apple Intelligence can work across first-party apps. Developers can connect their own features through Apple frameworks.
The scale is difficult to reproduce. A model provider may have stronger benchmark scores but still need users to download an app and consciously open it. Apple can introduce AI during actions people already perform: replying to a message, locating a photo, organizing a note or completing a shortcut.
This does not guarantee success. Apple must make Siri AI reliable, keep feature availability consistent and prove that local models can deliver enough capability to satisfy users accustomed to powerful cloud assistants.
The distribution advantage only becomes meaningful when the experience works.
Winning Without Building the Loudest Chatbot
Apple has made mistakes during its AI transition. Siri improvements arrived later than promised, regional regulations delayed features and competitors established powerful consumer brands before Apple completed its new system.
Those setbacks explain why the claim that Apple lost the AI race became persuasive.
They do not settle the outcome.
The first stage rewarded companies that released chatbots quickly and demonstrated increasingly large models. The next stage may reward systems that can integrate AI into ordinary life without demanding constant cloud access, high subscription costs or broad collection of personal information.
Apple Intelligence on-device is built for that stage. It uses hardware already in the user’s hand, protects more personal context locally and gives developers access to intelligence without requiring every interaction to become a server transaction.
Apple does not need to win every benchmark or release the most talkative assistant. It needs AI to become a reliable part of the devices people already trust.
Brownlee’s title works because both statements can be true. Apple lost the visible sprint that defined the early generative AI market. By concentrating on local processing, silicon, privacy and operating-system integration, it may already be positioning itself to win the race that follows.
The researchers behind the historic discovery, which they are calling “a major milestone in the search for life on other planets,” said the detection of an atmosphere on an Earth-like rocky exoplanet offers the strongest evidence to date that worlds with similar compositions and temperatures to Earth that are also capable of supporting life could exist beyond our solar system.
Models Predicted First Earth-like Rocky Habitable Zone Exoplanet Atmosphere
In a statement announcing the detection of an atmosphere around a habitable-zone rocky exoplanet, the discovery was motivated by theoretical predictions suggesting that LHS 1140 b may contain an atmosphere. The planet was even more tantalizing because its orbit around its host red dwarf star allows for liquid water on its surface, a key ingredient for life as we know it.
Although thousands of exoplanets have been confirmed since 1995, including habitable-zone rocky worlds similar in size and composition to Earth, the team notes that determining whether any of these potential Earth analogs maintain an atmosphere. Like water, an atmosphere is considered a likely necessity for life to emerge.
“An atmosphere is essential for a planet to support life as we know it,” explained Collin Cherubim, the lead author of a study detailing the findings, who recently earned his Ph.D. in Earth and Planetary Sciences from Harvard University.
Robin Wordsworth, the Gordon McKay Professor of Environmental Science and Engineering and Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences at Harvard, said that as recently as twenty years ago, astronomers still didn’t know if other, terrestrial-type planets “even existed.” However, he explained, they quickly found that this type of planet was common, including some orbiting within their star’s habitable zone.
“The next question was whether any of them had managed to keep an atmosphere,” the professor added.
Infrared Observations Confirm Historic First
Before performing any direct observations, the team used computer models to predict what they might find on LHS 1140 b. As noted, those models predicted an upper atmosphere rich in helium. The models also suggested that the atmospheric helium was slowly escaping into space.
To test the model’s predictions, Cherubim and colleagues gained access to the Warm Infrared Echelle (WINERED) Spectrograph on the Magellan Observatory in Chile. The team noted that this powerful telescope allowed them to observe an alignment of LHS 1140 b and another planet transiting its star “on the same night.”
When analyzing the data, the team found that one of the planets appeared to lack any measurable atmosphere. However, as their models had predicted, helium was actively escaping from LHS 1140 b. The finding confirmed that this rocky exoplanet orbiting within its star’s habitable zone was actively maintaining an atmosphere.
David Charbonneau, the head of the Harvard Department of Astronomy and an astronomer at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, and Cherubim’s co-advisor with Wordsworth, was initially skeptical because the entire concept was based on a mathematical prediction of a phenomenon astronomers had never witnessed directly. However, Professor Charbonneau ended up praising the student’s determination and follow-through, which led to the historic detection.
“Collin analyzed the planets we knew about and predicted that this one would have a helium atmosphere,” Charbonneau said. “Then he organized telescope time, got the data, and the detection was statistically rock solid.”
“Hopefully it’s just the First of Many More Observations to Come”
When discussing the implications of the findings, Cherubim noted that “this is the first time anyone has found an atmosphere on a rocky planet in the habitable zone of another star.” Professor Wordsworth agreed, once again noting that until now, planets in these categories with atmospheres had been purely theoretical.
“Now we know at least one has,” the professor said.
The data also suggest that LHS 1140 b’s atmosphere has likely survived for more than three billion years, roughly three-quarters of Earth’s existence. This durability makes LHS 1140 b an excellent candidate for future exoplanet atmosphere studies.
More broadly, the team said that using ground-based observatories to search for escaping gases, such as the helium detected leaving LHS 1140 b, “may become an important tool for studying atmospheres on rocky exoplanets.” They also note the potential value of atmospheric detection for astrobiologists searching for signs of life in the cosmos.
As for Cherubim, he plans on following up his historic discovery with a more detailed analysis of the planet’s atmospheric composition. He also said he would like to investigate the possible presence of surface oceans or other planetary characteristics typically associated with habitability and life. The entire team also said they would like to use Cherubim’s model to search for similar Earth-like, habitable-zone rocky exoplanets.
“This has been a model validation, and hopefully it’s just the first of many more observations to come,” Cherubim said.
Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.
Our modern society depends heavily on communications and power networks that are highly susceptible to interference from solar storms, making these volatile space weather events a paramount concern for scientists.
Now, it turns out there may be more to fear than previously realized. Scientists are discovering that there may be no ceiling to the devastating effects solar storms may have on Earth, overturning what little sense of security may exist as a mere mathematical anomaly.
In a recent paper published in Nature, a NASA-led team discovered that the potential impact of solar storms on our technological infrastructure could be substantially more severe than currently recognized.
Solar Storms Reconsidered
According to new research, any past limitations perceived regarding the impact of solar storms on our planet are purely an illusion, which arises from imprecise data collection.
Previous observations of electric currents in the Earth’s upper atmosphere during solar storm events suggested a ceiling to how far they could increase. Yet the new paper claims that uncertainties in solar wind data are falsely giving rise to this idea.
The researchers say that the distance of the spacecraft taking solar wind measurements is the issue. Those spacecraft are millions of miles closer to the Sun than the Earth is, meaning that by the time those winds reach Earth, they have weakened considerably. Additionally, instrument error and the effects of the local plasma and field conditions all come into play.
All this, the researchers say, creates a mismatch between the measured strength of the wind and its effects on our planet’s electrical currents.
Correcting For Distance
The new findings contain one significant difference from existing research: they relied on observation platforms much closer to Earth to collect data, which included spacecraft such as NASA’s MMS and THEMIS.
Launched in 2007, THEMIS consists of five satellites that target the Earth, rather than the Sun, to study our planet’s magnetosphere and auroras. MMS consists of four spacecraft that also study the Earth’s magnetosphere.
Existing charts show the impact of solar winds on Earth leveling off at a certain threshold, which scientists had believed was the maximum saturation possible. However, in new solar wind strength data collected much closer to Earth, more accurately reflecting power at the time of impact, this saturation point disappeared. Instead, this data revealed that there is no ceiling on how heavily solar storms can charge the Earth’s electrical currents.
Solar Storm Impacts
Another crucial element in the NASA-led research is the statistical concept of regression to the mean, which holds that extreme measurements often change as more data come in. In this case, as more data on solar storm impacts on Earth recorded from various distances were collected, the plating effect disappeared. The authors note that similar effects occur in other areas of research, such as climate studies and chronic medical pain.
These new findings present a major challenge to our understanding of space weather. Scientists will now need to conduct many further observations to determine if any such ceiling exists. The threat to our infrastructure may be severe, as satellite communication underpins our modern society, not to mention the power grid, which keeps our world running.
For now, NASA continues to monitor solar storms to prepare for their potentially dangerous effects on our infrastructure, and in light of the new research, the potential for future challenges ahead may be greater than previously realized.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
An international team led by Juan Diego Soler at the University of Vienna used two of the world’s most advanced radio telescopes to map neutral atomichydrogen gas across the nebula’s outer shell at unprecedented resolution. The new maps provide a clearer view of the celestial feature, and reveal a previously uncatalogued second bubble—a shell with much less mass than earlier estimates—and a four-light-year filament of gas extending from the structure.
The Orion Nebula’s Miscalculated Bubble
Neutral hydrogen emits a faint radio signal at a wavelength of 21 centimeters, making it possible to trace otherwise invisible gas between the stars. Soler’s team solved this by combining data from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico and the FAST telescope in China. The VLA provided high resolution, while FAST picked up faint, widespread signals. Together, they produced the first detailed hydrogen map of the extended Orion Nebula, at the same scale as earlier ionized carbon maps.
Earlier calculations based on ionized carbon estimated that the front half of the shell was about 1,100 times the mass of our Sun. The hydrogen observations paint a different picture, suggesting the shell actually weighs in at closer to 100 solar masses. “Measuring mass is fundamental,” Soler said, “because it tells us about the efficiency of these newly formed stars shaping their environment with wind and radiation.”
A shell with only a tenth of the previously assumed mass significantly alters calculations of how efficiently newly formed stars shape their environment. The researchers note that molecular hydrogen, which is not detected in either the hydrogen or carbon data, may account for some of the missing mass.
A Second Bubble
The hydrogen maps also revealed an uneven distribution of gas, indicating a second, smaller cavity within the main shell. The team searched catalogs of known stars and young stellar objects in the region but found no candidate at the bubble’s center. The source responsible for creating the cavity may not be the type of object included in current catalogs.
Daniel Seifried at the University of Cologne, a co-author on the study, pointed to what that means for the models astronomers build to explain regions like this one. “These stunning observations serve as a reference for many modern astrophysical simulations investigating the evolution of gas and stars in the Milky Way. These are the kind of images that challenge the theoretical models and numerical simulations that we use to understand how massive stars affect their immediate surroundings.”
Previous models generally treated Orion’s shell as the product of a single expanding bubble. The discovery of a second cavity, with no obvious source at its center, instead suggests the nebula was shaped by multiple episodes of stellar feedback.
An Unexpected Filament
The new maps also uncovered a filament of hydrogen extending about four light-years from the shell’s western edge. Previous carbon-based observations saw only the base of this structure. The filament contains about 80 solar masses of hydrogen and does not appear to be associated with any known group of young stars. Its origin is unclear; it could be gas leaking through a weak spot in the shell or a leftover from the original cloud that existed before the bubble formed.
Claire Murray of the Space Telescope Science Institute, another co-author, framed the discovery within the broader push behind the observations. “This study is an exciting demonstration of the power of the latest-generation radio telescopes to uncover new pieces to the star formation puzzle.” Despite being one of the galaxy’s most extensively studied star-forming regions, the Orion Nebula continues to reveal discoveries.
This survey is the first scientific result from the NeAtHood project, which aims to map atomic hydrogen across nearby star-forming regions accessible to the VLA and FAST telescopes. Soler and his colleagues now plan to apply the same approach to additional targets. “Orion is only the beginning. Our newly developed methods show how future interferometers will reveal the hidden structure and dynamics of the interstellar medium—even in regions that astronomers already believed they understood well,” Soler explained.
If one of the sky’s best-studied star-forming regions still contains hidden structures, other nearby nebulae may prove equally surprising as the NeAtHood survey expands.
Austin Burgess is a writer and researcher with a background in sales, marketing, and data analytics. He holds an MBA, a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration, and a data analytics certification. His work focuses on breaking scientific developments, with an emphasis on emerging biology, cognitive neuroscience, and archaeological discoveries.
Future spacecraft may travel farther by drawing momentum from planets, sunlight, and the solar wind instead of onboard fuel. Every conventional rocket faces the same problem: it must carry the material that propels it. Since Konstantin Tsiolkovsky described the rocket equation in 1903, spacecraft have burned fuel and expelled it backward to move forward under [...]
Scientists may have found a more realistic set of thermodynamic rules for black holes that never stop changing. Black holes are among the most extreme objects known in the universe. They compress enormous amounts of mass into remarkably small regions, creating gravitational fields so powerful that nothing, not even light, can escape once it crosses [...]
China’s Tianwen-1 orbiter caught a rare glimpse of 3I/ATLAS as it swept past Mars, revealing the hazy coma and tail of a comet born beyond our solar system. The interstellar object known as 3I/ATLAS just flew past Mars, and China’s Tianwen-1 mission managed to snap some pics with its high-resolution camera. According to the China [...]
Outer space: it’s cold, it’s dark, it’s mostly empty. And it’s occasionally very sweet.
Astronomers peering into the heart of our galaxy have spotted traces of erythrulose, the same kind of sugar that’s found in raspberries, kiwis, and other fruits, speckled in a giant gas cloud.
The delectable discovery, detailed in a new study published in the journal Nature Astronomy, is the first time sugar, a key ingredient for life, has been detected in interstellar space.
The detection “tells us that these sugars are more common than we previously thought,” study lead author Izaskun Jiménez-Serra, an astrochemist at Spain’s Centre for Astrobiology, told The Guardian. “It opens the possibility for life to develop on other worlds in a similar fashion to what it did on Earth.”
Sugar’s origins on Earth remain a mystery. Ribose and glucose have been found on asteroids, and some scientists believe that, like water, the compound was first brought here by wayward space rocks that crashed into our planet.
But where are these sugars forming in space? One likely culprit is molecular clouds, the dense regions of the gas and dust that make up the universe’s interstellar medium. These clouds can act as a “chemical factory,” the researchers wrote, fusing disparate atoms together to form more complex substances, with more than 340 molecules having been detected in the interstellar medium so far.
To carry out their saccharine search, the researchers used two radio telescopes in Spain to peer into a molecular cloud near the center of the Milky Way. Where earlier searches would have struggled to make sense of all the noise coming out of the highly dense region, theirs was — quite literally — laser-focused. Another team recently developed a way to recreate sugar’s light signature in space when vaporized with a laser, Scientific American noted, and this allowed them to narrow their focus.
What they found was unexpected. The cloud was swimming in erythrulose, which is made of four carbon atoms. But there were almost no signs of sugars made from three carbon atoms, SciAm explained, cutting against the prevailing belief that sugars gradually formed by adding one carbon atom at a time. This led the team to suspect that the four-carbon sugar was formed by two other organic molecules that each contain a carbon pair.
It’s a major boon for astrobiology. Sugars like ribose and deoxyribose form the backbone of RNA and DNA. And erythrulose in particular can form ribonucleotides, the building blocks of RNA. In all, they estimated that up to 50 million tons of erythrulose could have rained down on Earth while life was still in its primordial age.
“To have suffered this kind of rain of organics, I think that seems to have been a key step,” Jiménez-Serra told The Guardian. “That material could have contributed to prebiotic soups where the first biomolecules were synthesized.”
Skyroot Aerospace’s Vikram-1 rocket successfully lifted off on its inaugural flight July 18, becoming the first commercial Indian rocket to reach orbit.
Researchers say a meteorite that crashed through the roof of a Hillsborough, New Jersey, home in 2024 contains unusually pristine evidence of salty fluids and organic chemistry from near the surface of a primitive asteroid. "A forensic study of the fragments revealed that they contained preserved bits from near the surface of a primitive asteroid, where it experienced concentrated salty fluids -- a process not previously known from this type of protoplanet world," said lead author and meteor astronomer Peter Jenniskens of the SETI Institute and NASA's Ames Research Center in California's Silicon Valley. Phys.org reports: According to paper co-author Mike Zolensky, a meteoriticist at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, analysis of the Hillsborough meteorite found fragments that were more extensively altered by water on the meteorite's parent asteroid than is typically seen in CM2 carbonaceous chondrites. The analysis classified the specimen as a CM1/2 carbonaceous chondrite, an intermediate classification between petrographic types CM1 and CM2. [...] Zolensky and colleague JangMi Han found small salt-rich CM1 fragments within the Hillsborough meteorite, suggesting they originated from a near-surface region of the parent asteroid where liquid water evaporated and concentrated salts. They are now working to identify the salt minerals for comparison with similar phases found among samples returned to Earth from asteroids Ryugu and Bennu.
The high concentration of salt in briny fluids can potentially create molecules crucial to life on Earth. Brines allow phosphate to remain in solution and can catalyze chemical reactions between organics and precipitate minerals. "Isotope studies of carbon and nitrogen suggest that primitive carbonaceous chondrites, including CM types, delivered organic matter to the early Earth," said cosmochemist Queenie Chan of Royal Holloway University of London, England, and biogeochemist Nana Ogawa of the Biogeochemistry Research Center at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology. "The Hillsborough meteorite contained 1.8% by weight of carbon and 0.07% of nitrogen, and had carbon and nitrogen isotopes typical for CM-type meteorites."
The meteorite contained a wide variety of soluble organic compounds, and its compositional range confirms that the Hillsborough meteorite was more altered by water than most other CM-type meteorites. "A high fraction of compounds were the product of organic chemistry with minerals," said organic mass spectrometry specialist Phil Schmitt-Kopplin of Technical University Munich. "We do not know if these magnesium organic compounds were contributed by brine chemistry or were simply left over from earlier impact shock processes." In living organisms, organometallic compounds are found in blood and used in photosynthesis. Among the soluble organic compounds were many amino acids, similar to those found in more moderately altered CM2 chondrites.
Astrobiologist Danny Glavin of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and his team in Goddard's Astrobiology Analytical Lab concluded that the delivery of amino acids, carboxylic acids and other soluble organic molecules by CM-type bodies may have contributed to the prebiotic organic inventory that preceded the emergence of life on Earth. Their analysis suggests the complex distribution of amino acids observed in the Hillsborough meteorite formed within the parent body, likely assisted by brine fluid chemistry.
The findings have been published in the journal Science Advances.
After years of being engaged, it looks like SpaceX and the Pentagon are finally ready to send out save-the-dates.
On Friday, the Wall Street Journal reported that Elon Musk’s formerly-just-rockets company is now in talks with the Department of Defense over providing the military access to its data-center capacity for running AI models, tying the knot on their already close relationship.
People familiar with the matter told the newspaper that the arrangement could cost the Pentagon billions of dollars, but stressed the talks are ongoing and could fall apart.
Computing power is a precious commodity during this ever-raging AI boom, and SpaceX has it in spades. Musk has rapidly built data centers in Memphis, Tennessee and a lot of that capacity hasn’t been tapped into, with Bloomberg reporting that his AI startup xAI is only using 11 percent of its total computing power.
Selling this excess compute would help generate the company some much needed revenue, even if it directly benefits its rivals. SpaceX has struggled to be profitable, losing $5 billion last year. And xAI, which was folded into SpaceX before its IPO last month, burned through $6.4 billion over the same period. All the while, Musk has struggled to sell his Grok chatbot to businesses, as its capabilities lag behind leaders like Anthropic and ChatGPT.
Those collaborations have gotten way bigger in the past year. In May, it won a $2.29 billion Space Force contract to build a network of satellites that could function as a military internet service, connecting weapon systems across the globe. That same month, it was awarded an even larger $4.16 billion contract to provide the technology to build a system that can track missiles and aircraft from orbit.
To be clear, Musk’s companies are far from the only tech leaders to be getting in bed with the Pentagon. Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle all have similar deals for providing cloud computing capacity to the military, as well as for providing their AI models, the WSJ noted.
But it’s a particularly hypocritical road to be going down for Musk. When Musk cut off Starlink satellite access to the Ukrainian forces in 2023, he reasoned that he didn’t want SpaceX to be “explicitly complicit in a major act of war and conflict escalation.” Fast forward to this June, when a Pentagon official bragged that the military used Grok to fire 2,000 missiles at Iran during Operation Epic Fury, sparking a war that killed thousands of civilians in the country.
In April 2026, NASA’s Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer (OCHMO) initiated a working group to review updated VTE case information, additional data gathered revealing altered blood flow status within a cohort of astronauts, and discuss progress of research and clinical activities intended to mitigate the risk of VTE during spaceflight with new evidence-based clinical practice recommendations.
Recommendations
The following is a summary of the working group’s recommendations:
The working group’s conclusions emphasized that stasis in the left internal jugular vein (IJV) is consistently viewed as a dominant risk factor for VTE in microgravity, though there is active debate regarding the relative contributions of slow qualitative flow, endothelial factors and/or retrograde flow.
Limitations of current in-flight ultrasound capabilities to accurately measure stasis/slow flow was cited as a concern, especially if using only stasis as a factor for indicating the need for prophylaxis.
Additional review of assessing stasis with ultrasound in-flight was recommended.
After reviewing the risk factors, additional discussions following the working group led to the majority of the panel agreeing that stasis and retrograde flow warranted use of prophylaxis.
The working group also recommended assessing all other risk factors other than stasis to also determine when prophylaxis is warranted.
Based on a literature review and summary of the panel contributions, a VTE Risk Score for Astronauts Algorithm was developed, which includes providing anticoagulation prophylaxis for stasis alone, or a combination of other thrombosis risk factors that are weighted by terrestrial literature.
Risk of Venous Thromboembolism During Spaceflight
NASA initially formed a working group in October 2024 after diagnosing venous thromboembolisms (VTEs) in astronauts during ISS missions. Experts reviewed case data, updated Clinical Practice Guidelines, and examined possible causes.
As smoke from hundreds of burning wildfires spread across Canada and the United States, the first three operational satellites in the Google-backed FireSat program successfully launched into orbit. The satellites will begin providing wildfire detection capable of spotting even small fires in the United States, Australia, and Europe before the end of the year.
The launch of the microsatellites aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Space Force Base in California on July 7, 2026 marks a transition to “initial operational capability” for the FireSat constellation managed by the nonprofit Earth Fire Alliance. After a three-month testing period, the three satellites will begin actively providing data to fire agencies while covering every fire-prone region on Earth at least twice per day.
FireSat represents the first satellite constellation purpose-built for detecting wildfires, including spotting smaller fires that other satellites may miss. The satellites were designed by California-based satellite manufacturer Muon Space and have received over $15 million from Google to support initial deployment. Other notable financial supporters include the Bezos Earth Fund that committed $26 million.
The Space Development Agency was established in 2019 to help speed up the deployment of US military space systems by sidestepping the Pentagon's traditional sluggish bureaucracy.
Seven years later, SDA is finally launching its first batches of operational satellites, just as the Pentagon plans to shutter the semi-autonomous agency and fold it back into the Space Force's procurement pipeline, newly reorganized under several program acquisition executives in a bid to streamline weapons buying.
SDA's fate is not a surprise, and lawmakers in both houses of Congress have backed the agency's closure in drafts of this year's National Defense Authorization Act.
Everyone seems to be launching and landing rockets these days.
Last week, China joined the club of countries that have launched an orbital mission and brought its booster safely back to Earth, which is just the beginning of public and private ventures in that country aggressively pushing into rocket reuse. Also in Asia, Japan's space agency has been conducting hop tests, and Honda recently performed vertical reuse tests.
In the United States, of course, SpaceX launches and lands reusable rockets every few days. Blue Origin, although its New Glenn booster is temporarily grounded, has also demonstrated the ability to both land and re-launch a large orbital booster. Other US companies, including Stoke Space, Rocket Lab, and Relativity Space, are all making credible progress toward partially or fully reusable rockets.
An innovative new drone dubbed the “Phantom Twist” can seemingly disappear from view, in a major new robotics advancement offering a close-to-invisible aerial platform.
Its name describes the drone’s rapid spinning motion, which rotates 25 times per second—too fast for the human eye to resolve—thereby acting as a sort of cloak shielding it from visible detection.
The Northwestern University engineering team behind the Phantom Twist revealed their drone during a recent talk at the Sydney, Australia, Robotics: Science and Systems 2026 conference on July 16.
Stealth Drones
“Most efforts to hide drones focus on making them look like their surroundings,” said Northwestern’s Michael Rubenstein, who led the work. “Instead, we asked whether we could design the drone itself around the way humans perceive motion. This idea of low visibility through persistent motion is something few people have explored.”
The Phantom Twist drone’s unique rotation renders it almost invisible when in flight (Image Credit: Northwestern University)
Hiding drones is not a new idea. Other engineers have attempted a variety of techniques, including camouflage, transparent materials, and light-bending to obscure the presence of drones and robots. However, all of those focused on the material the drone’s exterior was constructed from, allowing it to blend into the background. The Northwestern team’s innovation was in how the object moves.
To our eyes, fan blades disappear because they are moving so fast that our eyes cannot track them. The “motion blur” created at these speeds allows the Phantom Twist to almost disappear, leaving only a faint apparition perceptible to the eye.
Nature Drones
While several military applications are immediately obvious, the team instead says their work could be useful in developing noninvasive wildlife and environmental monitoring. Loud drones can scare wildlife, disrupting them as they scatter, but by blending in, the Phantom Twist could capture a much more accurate picture of natural behaviors.
Their perception-based design eschews the traditional quadcopter design for a single propeller, with a body that spins in the opposite direction, creating the optical illusion that the drone essentially disappears.
As it spins, the Phantom Twist’s movements become virtually invisible to the human eye (Image Credit: Northwestern University)
“For a typical quadrotor drone, the propellers are spinning, but the robot is stationary,” Rubenstein said. “So, you still see its body. For our drone, the whole thing is rotating, so there are no stationary parts.”
Creating the Phantom Twist
Using AI and optimization algorithms, the Northwestern team began by generating 20,000 different arrangements of a drone’s propeller, motor, circuit board, and other necessary components. Eventually, the algorithm landed on the most promising configurations, after which the researchers simulated and superimposed them onto real-world backgrounds.
Another computer model mimicked human perception, allowing the engineers to assign a perception score for how visible each design would be to human eyes. An algorithm then optimized those designs by moving components to minimize the visibility score even further.
“The design process was fully automated,” Rubenstein said. “Then, when we were confident that a drone met all our criteria, we built it.”
A Revised Drone
The key feature of this design is that the individual components are at such varying heights and angles that they do not overlap as it spins, maximizing the motion-blur effect and creating the appearance of a faint cloud rather than a solid object.
“The human eye takes time to accumulate signals, roughly analogous to the exposure time of a camera,” said Alexander, an expert in computer vision. “When an object spins quickly, we perceive it as blurring out and losing distinct features. Because this new drone is almost entirely transparent, its few opaque components are visually averaged with the background for an overall appearance of a slight haze.”
Currently impeding the drone from being even more imperceptible to the eye are the wires and support rods that remain visible, as well as the engine noise it produces, which is readily discernible. Going forward, the team plans to continue improving Phantom Twist in future iterations to incorporate more transparent materials and reduce the noise it produces.
Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.
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