Nature Energy, Published online: 29 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41560-026-02080-z

The IMO Net-Zero Framework promotes adoption of low climate impact marine fuel through combination of pricing mechanism and fuel standard; however, fuel choice depends on competition for clean energy across sectors. Policies must consider life cycle perspective to avoid shifting impacts to the fuel supply chain and address wider environmental impacts, including land use and mineral resource depletion.

Nature Energy, Published online: 29 May 2026; doi:10.1038/s41560-026-02079-6

Shipping is a hard-to-decarbonize sector that is competing for energy and requires effective policies to cut emissions. This study shows that combining fuel standards and levies speeds up the adoption of low-carbon fuels such as ammonia but may increase other environmental impacts.