Thousands of years ago, a striking blue pigment began appearing in the art that adorned the walls of ancient Egyptian tombs, and eventually on the crown of the famous bust of Nefertiti, wife of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Akhenaten and half-sister to one of Ancient Egypt’s most famous kings: Tutankhamun.
However, the ancient artists who first used this remarkable pigment, known today as “Egyptian blue,” had likely never guessed that thousands of years into the future, this unique substance would have applications in modern biomedical research.
That is precisely what one team of researchers discovered several years ago, in a study that revealed how this striking pigment is more than just a modern medical marvel with origins in the ancient world—it also provides evidence of ancient nanotechnology in early Egypt.
“Egyptian blue” is the common term for a pigment first developed in ancient Egypt around 2500 B.C., made from calcium copper silicate. Originally, it was created to provide an artificial alternative to a more costly form of blue pigment from the era, which was produced using lapis lazuli.
However, ancient Egyptian scientists discovered that by heating limestone, sand, and copper, they could produce a far less expensive form of blue pigment, and soon its use spread throughout the ancient Mediterranean world, making its way into the craftsmanship in parts of the ancient world that ranged from Mesopotamia to Greece and Rome.
Although Egyptian blue’s obvious practical uses in art were derived from its unique and stunning appearance, time would eventually reveal that it had other uses. Specifically, in a 2020 study published in Nature Communications, a team of researchers reported on their discovery that Egyptian blue in its powdered form can be separated into nanoscale sheets roughly 100,000 times thinner than a human hair.
This is significant because these tiny particles of the substance exhibit significant fluorescence under near-infrared light, which can be used by researchers to track them within biological samples.
Chemist Sebastian Kruss of Georg-August University Göttingen, the lead author of the 2020 study, remarked at the time that he was certain such capabilities “will be of growing interest for material scientists as well as biomedical research” in the years ahead.
One reason the pigment is so useful is also the likely reason behind its discovery, and that is Egyptian blue’s durability. For many millennia, samples of this unique material have managed to survive, and the material’s nanoscale form remains stable even over such long periods.
In the past, earlier studies had demonstrated that the material fluoresces in near-infrared wavelengths. Additionally, it was known to scientists that the pigment could be broken down into flakes after being stirred in hot water for periods of several days.
Building on this knowledge, the research detailed in the 2020 paper sought to go even further by examining whether those particles could function as fluorescent markers in living systems.
One thing that scientists find useful about near-infrared imaging is that it provides an effective way to examine biological material by leveraging wavelengths that fall just beyond the ranges of the visible spectrum.
Although some molecules can already be used as fluorescent markers, Egyptian blue nanoparticles generate significantly brighter signals than several common alternatives. Additionally, unlike other fluorescent compounds, the pigment can resist photobleaching, which is important because this allows its glow to persist even during prolonged observation.
A pair of experiments was used by the team to demonstrate the material’s potential. The first involved using Egyptian blue particles injected within a fruit fly embryo, which were tracked as it developed. In another, the particles were added to plant leaves, allowing comparisons with the performance of a conventional near-infrared imaging molecule.
In this experiment, the team found that the Egyptian blue produced a bright signal that remained visible even against the leaves’ natural fluorescence—the comparison molecule, by contrast, was heavily obscured.
According to Kruss, the tiny Egyptian Blue particles prove to be “very useful glowing labels in biomedical research,” calling the pigment a “very powerful fluorophore.”
According to Kruss and his colleagues, such particles could eventually help scientists observe processes including embryonic development and cell division, while potentially supporting applications such as image-guided surgery and the labeling of cancerous tissue.
Altogether, this enigmatic form of ancient nanotechnology is still playing a role in helping develop the cutting-edge biomedical technologies of tomorrow, even more than 5,000 years after its initial discovery.
Kruss and his team’s original paper from 2020, “Exfoliated near infrared fluorescent silicate nanosheets for (bio)photonics,” was published in Nature.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
The pyramids at Giza remain one of ancient Egypt’s most enduring historical legacies, and questions have long persisted about the exact methods used in their construction, as well as the origins of those architectural practices.
However, new evidence suggests that more than 5,000 years ago, ancient Egyptian builders had already begun experimenting with architectural techniques that foreshadowed those seen in the monumental constructions at Giza, which would eventually become the country’s most lasting and recognizable features.
According to archaeologists working at Jabal al-Tayr in Egypt’s Minya Governorate, a pair of Early Dynastic tombs display several “sophisticated” construction features at a site where burials span several periods of ancient Egyptian history.
Excavations undertaken by an Egyptian mission from the Supreme Council of Antiquities have revealed that the site, located on the Nile’s eastern bank, once served as a burial ground for several thousand years, from Egypt’s Predynastic period through the Late Period.
Some of the most significant discoveries at the site include the two tombs, whose architecture resembles the tomb of King Den at Abydos, who ruled during the country’s First Dynasty.
Within the first tomb, archaeologists uncovered intriguing evidence of early engineering, including walls that were built thicker at their bases and gradually became thinner near the top. Such designs appear to have offered enhanced structural stability, and similar principles would go on to be featured on a far greater scale in Egypt’s step pyramids and later in the larger “true” pyramids that followed.
Unfortunately, some parts of the tomb sustained significant damage after its stone was quarried for reuse—a common practice throughout Egypt’s history—although the researchers say several important construction details managed to survive.
Among these, the team identified oxide lines on stone surfaces, which they linked to ancient cutting and extraction techniques, along with large wooden supports incorporated into the structure. Some of these supports extended the full length of the tomb’s walls, while in other cases, they reinforced only certain localized sections.
Within the second tomb, which was found immediately to the south, a very similar architectural plan was followed. Unlike the first tomb, there was little evidence of stone robbing here, leaving behind a structure in a very good state of preservation that allows archaeologists to examine its original construction in greater detail.
Although much of what archaeologists have located at the site is relevant to the Early Dynastic period, excavators also uncovered part of a Predynastic cemetery, where the remains of individuals were found under unusual conditions. These bodies appeared to have been buried in crouched positions and were originally wrapped in mats made from plant material.
Alongside the human remains, pottery vessels featuring blackened tops were dated to the Naqada II and Naqada III periods, which predated Egypt’s political unification.
Still other graves found nearby dated to the Late Period and included individual and collective burials, some containing the surviving remains of ancient wooden coffins.
The discoveries offer archaeologists a vivid look at ancient Egyptian funerary practices and how they changed over time across the various phases of Egyptian civilization represented at the site, as well as the architectural techniques employed during these periods.
Arguably, among the most intriguing discoveries associated with the site are the structures themselves, whose similarities to royal architecture seen at locations like Abydos imply that sophisticated construction ideas had already begun to circulate between various regions of Egypt during some of the Egyptian state’s most formative centuries.
As excavations at Jabal al-Tayr continue, archaeologists may be able to glean further clues about the architectural experimentation that occurred there and how it might have helped shape the changing appearance of Egypt during the age of the pyramids. Ultimately, such discoveries may bring new light to longstanding questions about the origins of the monumental architecture at Giza—designs which have shown their resilience by enduring now for several millennia.
Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.
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