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TikTok facing UK investigation amid fears over age checks and harm to children

Ofcom concerned TikTok’s age verification is ineffective, leaving some exposed to posts on suicide, self-harm and pornography

TikTok is under formal investigation over concerns it has failed to protect children from harmful content, the UK’s online regulator, Ofcom, has announced.

The social media platform’s approach to checking the ages of users has sparked “particular concerns” at the watchdog, almost a year after measures to protect children from the worst of online content came into effect under the Online Safety Act.

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© Photograph: True Images/Alamy

© Photograph: True Images/Alamy

© Photograph: True Images/Alamy

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The social media ban sceptic: are we getting it wrong on kids, tech and mental health?

Psychologist Candice Odgers has studied adolescent mental health for 25 years. She fears the current debate around smartphones obscures some of the biggest issues facing teenagers – from the impact of Covid to the health of their adult caregivers

The quickest way to make being online safer for children and teens would be to kick all adult men off the internet, the Canadian psychologist Candice Odgers believes. Men are the biggest perpetrators of sextortion and most likely to spread misinformation, she says.

Odgers is not recommending this as a policy for governments to adopt: “That would be crazy, right? It would be unfair.” But she is on a drive to puncture the prevailing narrative that the best way to address online harms is a social media ban for teenagers.

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© Photograph: Jessica Pons/The Guardian

© Photograph: Jessica Pons/The Guardian

© Photograph: Jessica Pons/The Guardian

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Twitter Turns 20: Two Decades of Memes, Movements and Hot Takes

The first tweets from the public appeared on July 15, 2006, several months after a soft launch. It was rebranded as X after being acquired by Elon Musk.
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Judge: Trump can’t deport researchers just for working in content moderation

This week, the Coalition for Independent Technology Research (CITR) won a key battle in its fight to reverse a visa-restriction policy that the Trump administration had used to attempt to revoke green cards and deport non-US citizens who work on misinformation, disinformation, fact-checking, content moderation, compliance, and trust and safety.

In an opinion published Tuesday, US District Judge James Boasberg granted a preliminary injunction blocking the State Department from enforcing the policy until the CITR’s lawsuit is resolved.

On its face, the policy does not require visa denials or deportations. Instead, it authorizes immigration investigations into individuals suspected of helping foreign adversaries attempt to manipulate public opinion by suppressing US speech.

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‘What’s the point?’ Teenagers give their verdict on Britain’s social media curfew

All the young people the Guardian spoke to disagreed with aspects of the government’s proposed block

Sixteen- and 17-year-olds in Britain are to be encouraged to observe a midnight to 6am social media curfew but will be able to opt out by changing their account settings.

From next spring, they will be urged to refrain from using certain apps, with the block being switched on by default. But the curfew will not be mandatory and can be overridden.

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© Photograph: Cultura/Alamy

© Photograph: Cultura/Alamy

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‘Not up for grabs’: Albanese establishes AI office and vows to protect Australian creatives from copyright ‘theft’

PM lays out plan for datacentre development and rejects prospect tech companies will be given free use of Australian data

Anthony Albanese has promised “the strongest possible protection” for Australian creatives against misuse of their work by artificial intelligence models, warning it would be “theft” if writers, artists and musicians didn’t have control of their work or receive payment for its use.

Amid growing community concern about large energy-intensive datacentres, the federal government will also set strict new rules for the facilities, including where they can be built, that they shouldn’t compete for land with housing, their power and water use, and that they don’t increase electricity prices for consumers.

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© Photograph: David Gray/AFP/Getty Images

© Photograph: David Gray/AFP/Getty Images

© Photograph: David Gray/AFP/Getty Images

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Will We Ever Find Alien Civilizations?

Does intelligent life exist elsewhere in the universe? The question has captivated us for centuries, but despite decades of searching it remains frustratingly unanswered. Every so often a curious signal appears — fossilized structures in a meteorite, say, or an unusual gas in an exoplanet’s atmosphere — and for a moment it seems possible that we are not alone before the excitement gives way to a…

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TikTok users don't have as much agency over their FYPs as they think

TikTok's For You Page (FYP) is the default home screen for users of the video-sharing platform. It's a personalized, algorithmically driven content feed, but the approach differs from other social media in that TikTok's algorithm relies heavily on implicit signals—such as how long users watch particular videos—as well as explicit signals such as likes or follows. And generally, that algorithm does remarkably well at predicting which videos will interest particular users.

But some users have voiced concerns that TikTok's almighty algorithm doesn't seem to incorporate negative feedback very well. Even when they don't watch a suggested video or click the "not interested" feature, they keep seeing those videos on their FYP. Northeastern University computer scientists put those suspicions to the test. According to their recent paper, the engagement signals do have an effect, but only temporarily. Then the algorithm gradually relapses unless a user consistently gives the same feedback over and over again.

The research group specializes in "algorithm audits," co-author Piotr Sapiezynski told Ars, to better understand online platforms: "how they work, how they fail, when they fail, how they harm individuals and societies." In this case, he and his co-authors wanted to take a closer look at user agency after hearing multiple anecdotal reports from TikTok users that their negative feedback—responding to prompts by indicating they aren't interested or want to see less of a certain kind of video—doesn't seem to remove those posts from their FYP. "On the other hand, it's unclear why the platforms would offer it, if it doesn't work," said Sapiezynski.

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© Getty Images | Bloomberg

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TikTok users don't have as much agency over their FYPs as they think

TikTok's For You Page (FYP) is the default home screen for users of the video-sharing platform. It's a personalized, algorithmically driven content feed, but the approach differs from other social media in that TikTok's algorithm relies heavily on implicit signals—such as how long users watch particular videos—as well as explicit signals such as likes or follows. And generally, that algorithm does remarkably well at predicting which videos will interest particular users.

But some users have voiced concerns that TikTok's almighty algorithm doesn't seem to incorporate negative feedback very well. Even when they don't watch a suggested video or click the "not interested" feature, they keep seeing those videos on their FYP. Northeastern University computer scientists put those suspicions to the test. According to their recent paper, the engagement signals do have an effect, but only temporarily. Then the algorithm gradually relapses unless a user consistently gives the same feedback over and over again.

The research group specializes in "algorithm audits," co-author Piotr Sapiezynski told Ars, to better understand online platforms: "how they work, how they fail, when they fail, how they harm individuals and societies." In this case, he and his co-authors wanted to take a closer look at user agency after hearing multiple anecdotal reports from TikTok users that their negative feedback—responding to prompts by indicating they aren't interested or want to see less of a certain kind of video—doesn't seem to remove those posts from their FYP. "On the other hand, it's unclear why the platforms would offer it, if it doesn't work," said Sapiezynski.

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AI prey: why watchdogs are telling parents to protect children from nudification apps

As imaging tools become more sophisticated, online predators are using images of children to make extreme pornography

The two photos started out as typical teenage selfies: looking into the mirror, fully clothed. But once online predators had got hold of those pictures and ran them through an AI imaging tool, they had become the basis for extreme pornography videos.

These examples come from the Report Remove service, which allows children who have had explicit pictures of themselves distributed without their consent to flag the image confidentially and have it blocked or taken down from social media. Due to breakthroughs in AI, and the wide availability of AI models and nudification apps, some under-18s are becoming victims without even being in contact with criminals.

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© Photograph: Getty/Cavan Images RF

© Photograph: Getty/Cavan Images RF

© Photograph: Getty/Cavan Images RF

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Reddit will require you to log in to use old.reddit.com

Reddit will start requiring people to be logged into Reddit to use old.reddit.com.

The new requirement will take effect “over the next month,” a Reddit employee going by the username boat-botany announced on the social media platform today. The person claimed that the change is part of an ongoing effort to “tighten how automated systems access Reddit.”

The Reddit employee wrote:

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Sunscreen Misinformation Attracts High Engagement on TikTok, Study Finds

New findings published in PLOS Digital Health highlight the challenges public health experts face in combating misleading health information on social media, particularly amid ongoing debates over whether sunscreen is truly beneficial.

To investigate how sunscreen is portrayed online, researchers at the University of Alberta analyzed 971 of the most-viewed TikTok videos associated with five popular sunscreen-related hashtags: #sunscreen, #sunscreenviral, #spf, #sunscreenreview, and #sunprotection.

The researchers examined how sunscreen was represented in the videos and measured audience engagement through views, likes, shares, and comments.

“Sunscreen misinformation may attract disproportionate attention,” says Alessandro Marcon of the University of Alberta, Canada, and colleagues in a statement.

The findings showed that most of the TikTok videos analyzed promoted sunscreen use, accounting for 86.8% of the content. Only 6% contained health-related criticism, including claims that sunscreen is harmful (1.5%) or that it interferes with the benefits of sun exposure, such as vitamin D production (1.2%). Despite representing only a small fraction of the content, these videos attracted disproportionately high levels of engagement, receiving more likes, shares, and comments on average than pro-sunscreen videos.

“Sunscreen misinformation on TikTok constitutes an area of concern not for the total sum of overarching influence in terms of content production but rather in how strongly some sunscreen misinformation ideas resonated among particular audiences,” adds Marcon.

The researchers suggest that the elevated engagement may be driven by the controversial and attention-grabbing nature of the content, which can help videos spread more widely on social media platforms.

They also found that even videos promoting sunscreen often omitted key public health messaging. Most focused on beauty and skincare benefits rather than health outcomes, with only 6% specifically mentioning sunscreen’s role in reducing skin cancer risk.

“Our analysis showed TikTok is not necessarily flooded with sunscreen misinformation, but TikToks that dangerously claim that sunscreen is harmful or unnecessary receive comparatively high levels of audience engagement. TikTok content creators commonly promoted sunscreen as part of skincare regimens where sunscreen benefits were more commonly related to beauty rather than health,” said Marcon.

“It was surprising to see so many TikToks promoting sunscreen use without specifically mentioning the important role it plays in cancer prevention. Only 6% of the TikToks analyzed explicitly mentioned the benefits of reducing the risk of skin cancer.”

The study suggests that misinformation can spread widely not because it is more common, but because it is often more controversial and attention-grabbing. It also highlights a broader communication gap, as many creators emphasize sunscreen’s cosmetic benefits while overlooking its well-established role in preventing skin cancer.

Chrissy Newton is a PR professional and the founder of VOCAB Communications. She currently appears on The Discovery Channel and Max and hosts the Rebelliously Curious podcast, which can be found on YouTube and on all audio podcast streaming platforms. Follow her on X: @ChrissyNewton, Instagram: @BeingChrissyNewton, and chrissynewton.com. To contact Chrissy with a story, please email chrissy @ thedebrief.org.

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La Edad Media no fue tan sucia como la historia popular sostiene

Ciudad medieval europea con calles empedradas, habitantes limpiando canales, controlando alimentos en el mercado y gestionando agua y residuos para proteger la salud urbana.

Durante siglos, la imagen de ciudades medievales sumidas en el barro, el hedor y las enfermedades ha dominado el imaginario colectivo. Sin embargo, investigaciones recientes revelan una realidad más compleja: los habitantes de la Edad Media no solo eran conscientes de los riesgos de la suciedad, sino que desarrollaron normas, oficios y estrategias urbanas para combatirla.

La expresión “Edad Oscura” ha servido durante mucho tiempo para describir un periodo supuestamente atrasado en términos de ciencia, higiene y calidad de vida. En ese relato popular, las calles estaban cubiertas de desechos, la gente convivía sin reparos con la inmundicia y las enfermedades se propagaban sin resistencia. Pero esa visión, heredada en gran parte de prejuicios posteriores, empieza a resquebrajarse a la luz de nuevas investigaciones históricas.

Uno de los trabajos que más ha contribuido a matizar esta imagen es el de la historiadora Janna Coomans, especialista en historia urbana y ambiental. Sus estudios sobre ciudades de los Países Bajos medievales muestran que la preocupación por la limpieza, la calidad del aire y la salud colectiva formaba parte central de la vida urbana mucho antes de la peste negra. Lejos de la indiferencia, existía una atención constante —y a menudo conflictiva— por mantener el orden y la salubridad en los espacios compartidos.

El miedo al mal aire como amenaza mortal

Para entender la mentalidad medieval respecto a la higiene, es útil detenerse en sus relatos simbólicos. Uno de los más difundidos fue la leyenda de San Jorge y el dragón. En la historia, el monstruo no solo aterroriza a la población por su fuerza, sino por su aliento pestilente, capaz de enfermar y matar a quienes lo respiran. El sacrificio diario de animales buscaba aplacar esa amenaza invisible, hasta que el santo logra eliminarla.

Este relato no era un simple cuento fantástico. Funcionaba como una advertencia moral y sanitaria. El “mal aire” era percibido como un peligro real, una sustancia corrupta que podía penetrar en el cuerpo y alterar su equilibrio interno. “La asociación entre hedor y enfermedad estaba profundamente arraigada en la cultura urbana medieval”, explica Coomans en sus investigaciones. Respirar aire corrompido no era una molestia, sino una posible sentencia de muerte.

En consecuencia, pozos malolientes, canales estancados o montones de basura no eran vistos solo como problemas estéticos. Representaban focos de riesgo sanitario. Esta percepción explica por qué las autoridades urbanas dedicaron tantos recursos a regular el uso del espacio público y a sancionar comportamientos considerados peligrosos para la comunidad.

Ciudades vigiladas por normas y conflictos

Durante décadas, muchos historiadores asumieron que las políticas de higiene surgieron como reacción tardía a grandes catástrofes, como la peste del siglo XIV. Sin embargo, el trabajo de Coomans demuestra que ya en los siglos anteriores existía un entramado normativo sorprendentemente denso. Para llegar a esta conclusión, la investigadora analizó ordenanzas municipales, libros de leyes y registros financieros de ciudades como Deventer, Leiden y Gante.

Estos documentos revelan una vida urbana marcada por disputas constantes en torno a la limpieza. Vecinos que se denunciaban entre sí, autoridades que imponían multas y tribunales que resolvían conflictos aparentemente menores, pero cargados de significado sanitario. Un caso estudiado por Coomans en Deventer ilustra bien esta dinámica: tres vecinos protagonizaron un litigio por un callejón público que servía de paso. Una pareja había retirado una puerta y comenzó a verter aguas residuales en el pasaje, provocando acumulación de agua y suciedad.

El problema no era solo la incomodidad. El callejón quedó “estropeado”, en términos de la época, porque el agua ya no fluía. Esa alteración del entorno justificó una acción legal. “Estos conflictos muestran hasta qué punto la gestión de la suciedad era una cuestión colectiva, no privada”, señala la historiadora. La ciudad, como organismo vivo, debía mantenerse en equilibrio para proteger la salud de todos.

Un cuerpo gobernado por los humores

La obsesión medieval por el aire, el agua y los residuos no puede entenderse sin su marco médico. Durante más de mil años, el pensamiento europeo estuvo dominado por la teoría de los cuatro humores, formulada por el médico griego Galeno en el siglo II. Según este modelo, el cuerpo humano estaba compuesto por sangre, flema, bilis amarilla y bilis negra, cada una asociada a cualidades específicas como el calor, la humedad o la sequedad.

La salud dependía del equilibrio entre estos humores. Cualquier alteración podía provocar enfermedad. Y esas alteraciones no surgían solo desde dentro del cuerpo, sino también por factores externos. El aire viciado, los alimentos en mal estado o el agua contaminada podían desequilibrar los humores y desencadenar dolencias graves. Aunque hoy sabemos que esta teoría era incorrecta en términos biológicos, ofrecía una lógica coherente para interpretar la relación entre entorno y salud.

Galeno, cuyas ideas se difundieron ampliamente tanto en Europa como en el mundo islámico, se convirtió en una autoridad incuestionable. Sus textos fueron copiados, comentados y enseñados durante siglos. En ese contexto, cuidar el entorno urbano era una forma de medicina preventiva. Mantener calles limpias y aire en movimiento no era solo una cuestión de orden, sino de supervivencia.

Oficios y arquitectura contra la suciedad

A partir de estas creencias, las ciudades medievales desarrollaron una serie de medidas prácticas. Una de ellas fue la orientación de las viviendas. En muchos casos, las casas se construían de este a oeste para aprovechar los vientos considerados purificadores. La circulación del aire era vista como una defensa natural contra los miasmas, esos vapores nocivos que se creía causaban enfermedades.

También surgieron oficios específicos. Los llamados “maestros del lodo” se encargaban de retirar residuos y mantener transitables las calles. Eran, en esencia, precursores de los servicios de limpieza urbana. Su trabajo evitaba que los desechos se acumularan y comenzaran a descomponerse, liberando olores peligrosos.

Los excrementos humanos se depositaban en pozos negros, que debían situarse a una distancia prudente de las viviendas. La ubicación no era arbitraria: se pensaba que los vapores que emanaban podían infiltrarse en las casas y corromper el aire interior. Además, las élites urbanas invirtieron en pavimentar calles con piedra y en sistemas de drenaje. Estas infraestructuras reducían la formación de charcos y facilitaban la limpieza, un lujo inaccesible para muchos barrios pobres, pero revelador de una clara intención sanitaria.

Agua, alimentos y control del mercado

La preocupación por la salud no se limitaba al aire. El agua potable era un recurso crítico. Beber agua en mal estado se consideraba una de las formas más directas de alterar los humores. Por ello, muchas ciudades protegían cuidadosamente sus pozos y sistemas de captación. El agua de lluvia se canalizaba mediante tuberías y se almacenaba para su uso doméstico.

Cuando el agua presentaba mal olor o sabor, se recurría a hervirla antes de consumirla, una práctica que, aunque no basada en el conocimiento de microorganismos, reducía efectivamente ciertos riesgos. Esta atención al agua muestra que la población no era ajena a la relación entre ingestión y enfermedad, incluso sin comprender los mecanismos modernos de contagio.

Los alimentos también estaban bajo vigilancia. En los mercados operaban funcionarios encargados de inspeccionar la calidad de los productos. Carne, pescado y otros alimentos perecederos debían retirarse si se consideraban en mal estado. El hedor no era solo señal de putrefacción, sino una amenaza directa para la salud pública. Por esa razón, los mercados se ubicaban estratégicamente, de modo que los olores —especialmente los del pescado— no se desplazaran hacia las zonas residenciales con el viento dominante.

Entre la realidad y el mito de la suciedad medieval

Nada de esto significa que las ciudades medievales fueran limpias según estándares actuales. Las enfermedades eran frecuentes, la mortalidad elevada y las condiciones de vida duras. Sin embargo, reducir todo el periodo a una caricatura de inmundicia permanente es una simplificación injusta. Las numerosas normas y conflictos documentados indican que existía un esfuerzo constante por mejorar el entorno urbano.

En su obra Community, Urban Health and Environment in the Late Medieval Low Countries, publicada por la Universidad de Cambridge, Coomans subraya que la abundancia de regulaciones no debe interpretarse como prueba de fracaso. Al contrario, revela una sociedad activa, consciente de los problemas y dispuesta a intervenir. “Del mismo modo que una sociedad con muchas leyes contra el homicidio no es necesariamente más violenta, la presencia de numerosas normas de higiene no implica que no tuvieran ningún efecto”, afirma la historiadora.

Los habitantes de la Edad Media no se revolcaban deliberadamente en el barro ni arrojaban residuos con despreocupación absoluta. Hacerlo podía acarrear multas, disputas legales o sanciones sociales. La suciedad era tolerada hasta cierto punto, pero también combatida con los conocimientos y recursos disponibles.

La imagen de una Edad Media completamente “asquerosa” dice más sobre los prejuicios posteriores que sobre la realidad histórica. Lejos de la indiferencia, hubo preocupación, debate y acción. Comprender esto no solo corrige un error histórico, sino que recuerda que la relación entre salud y entorno ha sido una inquietud humana constante, mucho antes de la llegada de la ciencia moderna.

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