Threat actors are continuing their onslaught against software supply chains, now with malware named after death itself.

The newly-discovered Hades Campaign is a “highly sophisticated” supply chain compromise that targets Python developer environments and runs as soon as infected packages are imported. It uses the popular Bun toolkit to silently execute multi-layer payloads that can extract sensitive data, move laterally across compromised systems, exploit common security frameworks, and even hijack AI gatekeeper analyzer systems via adversarial prompt injection.

Notably, the campaign exploited the popular C++ library ensmallen, as well as packages in the computational biology, bioinformatics, and genotype-phenotype analysis ecosystems.

The most novel thing about this malware is its combination of advanced tactics, noted David Shipley of Beauceron Security. He noted that we’ve seen memory-focused malware, we’ve seen attacks that attempt to defuse large language model (LLM) powered analysis with hidden prompts, and we’ve seen malware with wiper capabilities.

“But all three, in a fast moving mass propagating worm, is its own kind of nightmare,” he said. “And I suspect this is the way of the future.”

How Hades works

The Hades Campaign was discovered by researchers at StepSecurity, who called it the latest evolution of the Miasma threat actor. The researchers previously described Miasma attacks that had sent self-replicating worms to perform multi-cloud credential sweeps, caused infected repositories to execute code when folders were accessed in integrated development environments (IDEs) or by AI agents, and used techniques that scanned and read Linux process memory.

Hades uses the same credential harvesting methods, self-replicating worm logic, and GitHub-based exfiltration patterns, the researchers noted. In addition to ensmallen, compromised packages include mflux-streamlit, nhmpy, ppkt2synergy, embiggen, gpsea, and pyphetools.

The campaign’s entry point is a simple, obfuscated script embedded inside a Python package’s __init__.py file, a critical building block that gives Python the ability to recognize packages and import modules. Once they gain access, threat actors drop a precompiled Bun runtime binary and executes its JavaScript payload. Bun allows the malware to run complex JavaScript tasks in environments lacking a Node.js installation, bypassing traditional package manager controls and proxy logs.

The malware is able to scrape Linux memory mappings, and also introduces tailored macOS and Windows memory scrapers, which allow threat actors to extract sensitive, encrypted data.

Interestingly, attackers are also able to evade detection by automated LLMs that scan for suspicious code. This is achieved with a simple block of text at the top of the file; this instructs the model to ignore the hidden code below, classify the package as verified and clean, and provide reports stating it is safe.

This element represents what the StepSecurity researchers described as a “significant conceptual shift,” with attackers writing payloads that target AI systems’ cognitive logic. “Scanners that pass raw text to LLMs without strict boundary isolation can be coerced into generating false negative verdicts, allowing the malicious package to bypass organization analysis,” they wrote.

The tactic is indeed clever, Beauceron’s Shipley agreed, pointing out that attackers will increasingly target endpoint LLM-powered agents.

Why? “Because there’s no reliable defense,” he said. “LLMs are incredibly susceptible to social engineering.” This has been relabeled as prompt engineering, but is essentially just phishing for bots, he pointed out.

“While everyone’s worried about LLM-powered vulnerability discovery and automated exploitation, it’s LLM-created smart malware like this, and AI-powered phishing of humans and bots, that keeps me awake at night,” Shipley said.

Hades’ crafty worm propagation

The Hades Campaign command and control (C2) infrastructure uses three independent channels on public GitHub infrastructure to allow its communications to blend in with normal traffic. Stolen credentials are encrypted locally in a hybrid fashion (serialized, compressed, and pushed to a newly created public GitHub repository under attackers’ control). Exfiltrated repositories carry the description “Hades — The End for the Damned.”

Researchers noted that a core component of this campaign is its ability to propagate and move laterally across networks. It exploits the very methods meant to protect systems, including Secure Shell (SSH) and Secure Copy Protocol (SCP), OpenID Connect (OIDC),and Supply-chain Levels for Software Artifacts (SLSA).

For instance, when running inside a GitHub Actions workflow runner, the malware checks for OIDC variables, then bypasses registry signature policies and generates cryptographically signed SLSA provenance bundles via Sigstore. It can then fetch target libraries and inject the obfuscated script and JavaScript payload. From there, it can publish compromised versions to the Python Package Index (PyPI) repository and node package manager (npm) using the target’s credentials and the generated Sigstore bundle.

“This ensures that the published package appears to have valid, cryptographically verified build provenance from the organization’s official GitHub Actions build environment,” the researchers explained.

Further, if a harvested GitHub token has write permissions, the malware will target repositories to extract secrets using GitHub Actions runners. This occurs “directly from the runner’s address space without ever writing them to disk or making a suspicious network connection,” the researchers noted.

The malware also targets rule files and configuration directories for 14 different AI agents and systems, planting custom prompt instructions or executing hooks that trigger a bun run bootstrap command when the victim loads or consults the workspace with their AI assistant. Finally, it establishes persistence on the workstation and monitors for the presence of the stolen token; if that token is revoked, it executes a wiper process to erase the user’s files.

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has gained considerable momentum as a standard connector between LLM-powered tools and local systems, internal and external APIs, and data sources. From major clouds to devops tools, MCP servers are enabling powerful, AI-powered development and operations capabilities through natural language commands.

Nowhere is this more true than in the world of databases. Most major database platforms now support agentic access through MCP servers. Using an MCP server for databases, you and your AI agent proxies can perform lookups, create and update data, and perform administrative tasks without you having to write SQL by hand.

The MCP server could also guide your LLMs to write new code or build automations that align with your database schema, like its tables, structure, and fields, as well as embeddings, indexes, and metadata. It could also aid debugging by enabling faster queries to surface data issues or misconfigurations, along with plenty of other possible use cases.

Below, we’ll cover official MCP servers from some of the top platform options across major database styles. Though maturity varies, the MCP servers discussed below represent some of the best vendor-backed offerings available today across relational SQL, NoSQL, graph, vector, and data warehouse systems.

These servers can be used by any MCP-compatible tool, IDE, or agent, whether it’s Claude Code, Codex, Cursor, Gemini CLI, Google Antigravity, VS Code, Windsurf, or something else. Adding them is typically simple, often involving a lightweight JSON addition to your MCP configuration file.

Amazon Aurora MCP Servers

MySQL and PostgreSQL are the world’s most widely-used open source databases. However, in both cases, there is no canonical MCP server—what we see are different MCP servers emerging across vendors. One of these vendors is Amazon Web Services (AWS), which offers official MCP servers for Amazon Aurora, its managed relational database service compatible with both MySQL and PostgreSQL.

According to the documentation on GitHub, the Amazon Aurora MySQL MCP Server can be used to convert natural language commands into MySQL-compatible SQL queries, which can then be executed against Aurora MySQL databases. Similarly, the Aurora Postgres MCP Server provides MCP tools for working on PostgreSQL databases. The Aurora DSQL MCP Server does the same for distributed Postgres databases.

AWS provides a growing portfolio of official MCP servers across its product line, including MCP servers for other Amazon database platforms like DynamoDB, ElastiCache, and Redshift. If you’re a heavy AWS shop and you want to enable LLM interactions with your data, these are sensible choices.

BigQuery MCP Server

BigQuery is Google’s cloud-based data analytics platform, and a popular data source for AI applications. BigQuery users with API access configured can also utilize the BigQuery MCP Server to interact with the platform using MCP-compatible AI clients.

Using the remote BigQuery MCP Server, engineers can generate and execute queries on data sources, or return metadata on datasets, tables, and schema. This can be done with a simple natural language prompt like “List the datasets in project PROJECT_ID.” Results are filterable by region, data set ID, column name, and more.

As part of Google’s fully-managed, remote-hosted MCP portfolio, the BigQuery MCP Server provides some peace of mind regarding security, maintenance, and ease of use for distributed teams. The MCP tools are subject to some limitations, however, in terms of query result size, processing time, and other factors. If you’re using BigQuery and you want more agentic control, you’ll want to check this one out.

Elastic Agent Builder

Another important database category includes platforms designed for keyword and semantic search. In this space, Elasticsearch is commonly deployed. Instead of providing a single MCP server, Elasticsearch provides the Elastic Agent Builder, which is a more comprehensive framework aimed at agentic workflows.

Using Elastic Agent Builder, you can chat with an agent to retrieve data context from Elasticsearch data and extend it into various environments. The Agent Builder itself includes an MCP server endpoint for programmability and exposing the agent to other clients.

Unlike others on this list, this is not a direct MCP interface to raw Elasticsearch APIs. Instead, it’s an interface that exposes skills from the agent platform. This should also not be confused with the Elasticsearch MCP Server, released in mid-2025, which has since been deprecated.

A possible downside of using this utility is that it includes an additional layer between your IDE or agent and the data you’re searching. The agent setup requires a higher subscription and takes additional steps to configure compared to other MCP servers.

That said, if you want an extensible common layer to interact with both Elasticsearch and external MCP servers, while centralizing responsibilities like permissions, this is an interesting proposition.

MCP servers for Neo4j

Graph databases are another key NoSQL database type these days, specializing in using nodes and edges to accelerate queries of highly interconnected data. Of these, Neo4j is a popular graph database option.

The Official MCP Server for Neo4j works with all kinds of Neo4j deployment (desktop, sandbox, self-managed, and the managed Neo4j Aura cloud service), and allows LLM-based clients to retrieve graph schema, execute read and write statements, execute graph algorithms, and more.

In addition, several other MCP servers for Neo4j are available from Neo4j Labs. These have specialized uses, such as generating Cypher queries from natural language, maintaining an in-memory graph database, modeling and visualizing graph, and interacting with the Neo4j Aura API.

The first MCP server for Neo4j was developed in December 2024. If you’re an avid Neo4j user and want to experiment with interacting with your graph databases in a chat-infused way, these stand as an interesting platform of servers.

MCP Toolbox for Databases

Google’s MCP Toolbox for Databases is a notable MCP server because it’s a popular catch-all for various database types. Unlike the other entries on this list, this server connects LLMs not to a single managed database, but unifies LLM access to multiple systems. The open source utility ships with pre-built configurations for nearly 30 databases including PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle Database, MongoDB, Redis, Neo4j, and Snowflake, as well as the databases in Google Cloud.

Once you define data sources in a tools.yaml file, you can use MCP Toolbox to perform structured queries or semantic searches against databases directly from within an IDE or agentic client using plain English. MCP tools translate commands into actions like list_tables and execute_sql.

MCP Toolbox for Databases is mature, originally built as a generative AI utility and later re-worked for MCP-style workflows. It offers numerous download, configuration, and interaction methods.

If you’re using a variety of databases on Google Cloud and elsewhere and you want an “all-in-one” MCP server, MCP Toolbox for Databases is a great place to start.

MongoDB MCP Server

MongoDB is the popular NoSQL document-oriented database. The creators of MongoDB have released an official MCP server that works with the open-source database as well as the company’s cloud-hosted MongoDB Atlas database platform.

The MongoDB MCP Server provides a number of tools to interact with MongoDB. You can query the database, return information on collections, create or remove collections or indexes, gather statistics on database usage, and more. Other tools enable MongoDB Atlas operations, like creating users or clusters, returning cluster data, and other functions.

The server’s tools are read-only by default but can be switched to allow write capabilities. It can be used locally, but also supports Streamable HTTP transport for remote servers, although that comes with greater security concerns.

For those using MongoDB and wanting to hook their AI-enabled IDE or CLI up with more automated powers, the official MongoDB MCP Server is worth checking out.

Pinecone MCP server

Among vector-native databases, Pinecone stands as a strong, widely used option with a well-designed API and comprehensive SDKs. The Pinecone MCP server extends this experience, allowing users to query its documentation and execute functionality via AI agents and AI-enabled IDEs.

To date, the Pinecone MCP server consists of nine MCP tools. These cover read-only actions, like knowledge gathering via the Pinecone official documentation and querying vector records, index metadata, configurations, and statistics. It also allows for write operations like updating records and creating new indexes.

Released in mid-2025, the Pinecone MCP server is one of the more complete early implementations, with easy configuration and installation.

For those using Pinecone who want to test new LLM-assisted workflows for creating indexes with embeddings, performing reranking, or testing results using natural language commands, the Pinecone MCP server is worth trying out.

Redis MCP

An ultra-fast in-memory database, Redis is commonly used for caching, real-time analytics, and other latency-sensitive use cases. And as you might have guessed, the company behind the Redis database provides an official MCP server. The server allows read, query, and write capabilities.

Developers can use Redis MCP from an LLM client to perform high-level actions to analyze, reference, or embed Redis data and interact with the Redis server within their prompts. The documentation suggests some example prompts for common use cases, such as “Cache this item,” “How many keys does my database have?,” and “What is user:1’s email?”

Unlike other MCP servers, which only allow a slice of platform capabilities, Redis MCP offers full Redis support. This enables working with Redis constructs such as hashes, lists, sets, sorted sets, streams, and more, according to the GitHub repository.

One possible drawback is that Redis MCP has yet to support Streamable HTTP transport. Until this is developed, the server is constrained to local deployment. But for those seeking a local MCP server to work with Redis data, this is the best choice.

Snowflake MCP Server

Snowflake is a cloud-hosted, AI-enabled data platform widely used in enterprise contexts for data warehousing, data analytics, and data engineering purposes. Compared to other data storage systems, Snowflake is unique in that it’s more fully managed and combines structured and non-structured data types.

The Snowflake MCP Server, available on GitHub, can be used to perform many of the standard Snowflake platform operations. This includes a “fuzzy” search of all records via Snowflake’s Cortex Search and structured data semantic lookups using Cortex Analyst.

Other abilities include object management operations like creating, updating, and deleting records. The server also can invoke other agentic-designed capabilities, like the ability to generate and execute SQL statements against back-end databases.

Snowflake MCP Server is well-thought-out and well-documented, with walkthroughs for various agent and deployment patterns. Those already building with Snowflake should find it complements the mechanics they already employ.

Supabase MCP Server

A longtime open-source favorite, PostgreSQL is one of the most popular and trusted object-relational SQL-based database systems. With an active open source community, Postgres has been maturing for decades. Given its open source nature, there isn’t a single “official” MCP server for the platform. Anthropic built an original reference implementation, but it’s now archived.

Instead, database platforms built on PostgreSQL provide different flavors of MCP servers, with a range of vendor neutrality and specificity. One notable option is the Supabase MCP Server, provided by Supabase, a cloud-based “back end as a service” and Postgres development platform.

Supabase MCP Server connects AI agents with Supabase projects, allowing engineers to issue natural language commands to manage tables, query data, get logs, fetch configuration information, and more. The Supabase MCP Server is pre-1.0 release and some features are still experimental.

If you’re an engineer using Supabase and looking for an MCP server to connect your AI assistant with your Postgres databases, this is a good tool to test out.

Other MCP servers for databases to consider

So far, we’ve reviewed official, vendor-backed MCP servers from some of the most-adopted managed databases. However, numerous MCP servers exist across other database platforms and types.

One MCP server that aggregates LLM access across various database types is DBHub, which works with MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQL Server, MariaDB, and SQLite. Developed by Bytebase, DBHub is described as a zero-dependency, token-efficient MCP server.

For SQL, the options are nearly endless. Official servers exist for Microsoft Azure SQL and DuckDB. PulseMCP catalogs more than 100 MCP servers for MySQL, although most are unofficial, solo-creator open source projects. Of these, one of the most starred is MCP Server for MySQL, developed by full-stack developer Ben Borla and optimized for Claude Code.

For Postgres, notable alternatives to Supabase include pgEdge Postgres MCP, Neon MCP server, and Postgres MCP Pro. For vector databases, others beyond Pinecone have been quick to adopt MCP as well, including Weaviate and Milvus.

Using MCP for databases: what to watch out for

Before diving into MCP servers for enterprise databases, it’s important to understand the security risks. For instance, prompt injection remains an unsolved problem, so it’s recommended to limit permissions for SQL statements.

To mitigate this, Supabase recommends enabling AI client settings that require manual approval for each tool call before execution. Experts also recommend assigning only the minimum permissions required and avoiding exposure of sensitive data like API credentials. Due diligence around authentication and authorization is especially important when hosting remote servers.

Lastly, to avoid shadow IT, it’s becoming common practice to catalog the internal MCP servers you use, even for experimental projects. For this, experts recommend an MCP registry that documents approved servers. An MCP registry improves both MCP server discovery and security awareness.

Anyone can build an app now. But nobody seems to care.

Well, not nobody. VCs keep funding startups that add AI to, well, everything. But users aren’t buying the massive influx of new apps. In a chart shared by Jen Zhu Scott based on the new National Bureau of Economic Research’s working paper “Writing Code vs. Shipping Code,” iOS app releases have exploded since the advent of agentic AI. That would perhaps be cause for celebration had app reviews not declined during this same period, and apps with significant usage have stayed essentially flat.

In other words, more apps but almost nobody new showing up to use them.

For those of us that grew up in open source, it’s a familiar problem. The greater the abundance of code, the greater the need to help would-be customers navigate it through marketing (including branding), sales, etc. AI is creating so much noise, in terms of new code, new products, etc., that the real work has shifted to taste-making.

Getting more but not using more

I’ve been saying for a while that developer productivity isn’t about producing more code faster. Or at least it shouldn’t be. Productivity is about producing well-architected, secure, maintainable code that solves a problem someone actually has.

That’s a very different thing. It’s not something AI can fix; at least, not yet.

Charity Majors put it more bluntly in a post I wrote in 2024: “Writing code is the easiest part of software engineering,” she said. The harder parts are figuring out what to build, integrating it into a larger system, validating that it works, maintaining it over time, and getting humans to trust it enough to use it.

Turns out the harder parts are really hard. Mert Demirer, Leon Musolff, and Liyuan Yang tracked more than 100,000 GitHub developers alongside their AI usage telemetry. Autocomplete, interactive agents, and autonomous agents each ramped raw coding activity, with cumulative effects on commits of 40%, 140%, and 180%. That sounds great until you look how the gains attenuate the closer you get to actual users. For example, that 180% jump in commits became roughly 50% more projects and just 30% more actual releases. The report’s authors call this the weak-link problem: The strong link (writing code) got much stronger, while the weak links (everything else humans have to do) didn’t. The estimated elasticity of substitution between AI and human effort is 0.25, which is economist for “these complement each other, but they don’t replace each other.”

When the authors checked four major app marketplaces, they found a bump in new apps but no increase in total usage. In other words, we’re getting better at creating things with AI’s help; apparently we’re not good at turning that into user interest. User attention (and budget) is finite. The hard part is to figure out how to get users to care enough to pay (with their time or their money).

Learning to love marketing

So what’s actually scarce in a world of near-infinite software? Not code, for sure. No, what’s scarce is attention, trust, and a reason to switch.

That means the durable advantages in software increasingly live in the parts of the business developers often undervalue, like a recognizable brand (something that Red Hat figured out early on in open source) or a channel they already use. Or it could be in areas that developers appreciate but don’t pay for, like good documentation or a welcoming community.

This isn’t a new idea; it’s just newly unavoidable. We’re watching something similar inside enterprises, where AI adoption is wildly uneven, not because the technology has no value, but because the organizational plumbing around it often hasn’t been built. This is why a new kind of speed is important. I once argued that speed was the killer app, and that was mostly true. Today the more interesting speed is how quickly you can earn trust, fit into a workflow, answer objections, and get adopted.

Years ago I wrote that RethinkDB was dead and MongoDB wasn’t what killed it. RethinkDB was at the time, by many technical measures, a better database, built around “correctness, simplicity, and consistency.” It still lost—and badly. Its founder’s own postmortem was unsparing: They had picked a brutal market and tuned the product to the wrong definition of good. Being technically right turned out to have almost nothing to do with getting adopted.

With AI we’re generating a thousand smaller “RethinkDBs,” only faster and with nicer landing pages generated by the same model that wrote the code. These aren’t going to win, any more than RethinkDB was able to unseat MongoDB. It’s not just about the tech, but rather about making that tech fit within a user’s or enterprise’s world and making it easy to adopt. AI makes this harder, not easier.

It’s a cliché that developers don’t like marketing. It’s also false in my inexperience. What developers don’t like is traditional marketing. During my time at MongoDB and now at Oracle, my developer relations teams have focused on offering developers deep, hands-on enablement, and the response has been fantastic. Is a technical tutorial marketing? Of course it is. So is a forward-deployed engineer working side by side with an enterprise’s engineers to help them effectively use your tech. Just because it’s not a 30-second Super Bowl ad doesn’t mean it’s not marketing.

Years ago the Dilbert cartoon captured developers’ disdain for marketing. It was funny then, and it’s funny now, but it has never been true.

Years ago Matt Klein, creator of the open source Envoy project, once talked me through all the non-development work that goes into making an open source project thrive. As he reflected, “If you look at what I did in 2016 and early 2017 to [introduce] and grow the project, it was not technical.” So what was it, if not core engineering? “It was all leadership, public relations, marketing, documentation, etc., and I did it all myself and I nearly killed myself [doing it].” As he summed it up for me, it was a “f—ing lot of work,” and much (most?) of it wasn’t about code. It was about helping users appreciate the value of that code.

TL;DR? The boring but essential go-to-market grind has always been the real job. It’s what will separate winners from losers in AI.

The boring work wins

None of this is an argument against AI coding tools. Developers should absolutely use them. I use them constantly.

But AI can’t compensate for the hard work that goes into making a product successful in the market. In a world drowning in AI-generated sameness, taste becomes a competitive advantage. For me, “taste” translates into knowing what not to build, or what not to publish. It’s also all about knowing how to market one’s product, which might include ads but definitely needs to incorporate technical training that helps developers make sense of your code.

In short, there’s no Field of Dreams “build it and they will come.” There’s just a lot of hard, human work to help real people find and use your code.

GitHub is expanding Copilot beyond the IDE with a new desktop application and a new collaborative work surface called canvas as part of its broader efforts to pitch the AI-assisted coding tool as the control center for agent-native software development.

The desktop application announced at Microsoft’s annual Build conference this week is designed to give developers a dedicated environment for working with AI agents throughout the software development lifecycle, rather than limiting those interactions to code-generation tasks inside an editor, the company wrote in a blog post.

The application includes a collaborative workspace called canvas where developers can brainstorm ideas, refine requirements, generate plans, and iterate on projects alongside AI, it said.

It also has new Agent Merge and code review features that enable developers to automate Copilot to combine tasks of different agents to complete a specific goal or conduct autonomous code reviews according to set standards, it said.

These new features could reduce context switching, increase engineering efficiency, and accelerate delivery cycles, said Phil Fersht, CEO of HFS Research.

Shift in pricing justified?

However, despite the new features, much of the conversation among developers in recent weeks has centered on a different topic: this week’s shift to a usage-based billing model for GitHub Copilot that it announced in April.

The changes were met with a wave of criticism on the GitHub community forum, where some users accused the company of a “bait and switch,” while others requested refunds or announced plans to cancel their subscriptions.

For analysts, though, the pricing change was, at least from GitHub’s point of view, necessary and justified.

“The pricing change is justified by where GitHub is going, not by where the product is today. Running multiple agents in parallel with sandboxes, canvas reviews, and Agent Merge looping through CI is closer to cloud compute than an IDE plugin, and you cannot price compute on a flat seat fee. So metered billing is the right call structurally,” said Advait Patel, a senior reliability engineer at Broadcom.

Fersht said developers and CIOs need to focus on Copilot’s metamorphosis from being a coding assistant into a platform for orchestrating software-development agents and workflows.

“That changes the ROI conversation significantly. CIOs should stop thinking about Copilot as a seat-license productivity tool and instead evaluate it as an AI-powered software delivery platform,” he said. “The metrics shift from ‘lines of code generated’ to broader operational outcomes such as release velocity, code quality, defect reduction and engineering efficiency.”

GitHub is not the first company offering vibe-coding tools to rethink its pricing strategy as AI agents proliferate across enterprises and evolve to take on more complex software-development tasks that are computationally more intensive.

Over the past year, platforms such as Claude Code, Replit, Cursor, and Kiro have repeatedly adjusted their pricing structures to account for mounting infrastructure costs, limited GPU availability, and the expense of serving increasingly sophisticated AI models and agents, despite furor among their users.

For CIOs, the challenge is proving ROI

That common pressure across AI coding vendors is why Amit Chandak, chief analytics officer at IT consulting firm Kanerika, thinks developers and CIOs should focus less on GitHub’s pricing mechanics and more on whether these increasingly capable tools are delivering measurable business value.

“The new features that GitHub announced can act as productivity multipliers as well as features that increase consumption without delivering proportional business value. Without productivity baselines established before adoption, enterprises risk absorbing higher costs with no clear line back to delivered value,” Chandak said.

For Fersht, developers and CIOs will need to focus on governance, monitoring and financial controls as the pricing model is changing.

“The governance challenge is very real. Autonomous agents can continuously reason, test, revise and interact with multiple systems in ways that create far less predictable consumption patterns than traditional SaaS tools,” he said.

Patel, however, advised users and decision-makers to be more skeptical, especially since the new features are currently in technical preview.

“Customers are being asked to pay variable rates now for value that has not been validated in production. Do not assume new capabilities justify higher spend,” he said. “Instead, run a 90 day pilot, measure PRs merged per dollar before and after, and let the data decide. If the ratio improves, the pricing is fair. If it does not, you are paying for promise, not delivery,” Patel added.

The team behind RubyGems, a package hosting site for Ruby developers, has added a new feature to bundler, a tool for managing Ruby packages (or ‘gems’) to protect developers against the recent wave of software supply chain attacks: A cooling-off period before recently updated packages are installed on their systems.

Recent attacks on software repositories have focused on stealing developer credentials in order to introduce malicious code into the packages they create, which then steals more developers’ credentials when they install the malicious updates, and so on. Users of the repositories are vulnerable if they download an affected package during the short interval between it being interfered with and the malicious additions being discovered and removed.

To counteract this, RubyGems team has added a new cooldown argument to Bundler that takes ignores gems until they have been published for a specified number of days. This provides an additional layer of defense against malicious package releases as it gives others an opportunity to identify any malicious code they contain before installation.

The cooldown system works by checking the timestamp of any new versions of gems. Any new additions to the source will have to come from older versions, any new additions will be delayed until they are validated.

In situations where waiting is unhelpful — for instance when a known-good package is released to patch a dangerous security flaw — the delay can be overridden.

Microsoft has announced Coreutils, a new Windows 11 feature that allows developers to run many popular Linux command line utilities natively on Windows from a single binary.

Revealed at this week’s Build 2026 developer conference in Seattle, Coreutils is about reducing what Microsoft terms the “cognitive load” faced by developers when moving between Windows and other platforms.

Currently, accessing the Linux command line utilities that are considered essential in many CI/CD development environments on Windows requires a kludge that involves either opening an emulation such as Git Bash, or a virtualized Windows Linux Subsystem (WSL) terminal.

Both are time-consuming and inefficient. As Microsoft’s announcement puts it: “Developers constantly move between platforms, but familiar commands don’t work consistently, forcing workarounds, lost speed and context switching.”

Coreutils removes the need for this back and forth, allowing developers to run most Linux commands straight from the Windows CMD command prompt, PowerShell, or Windows Terminal.

“Whether you’re moving between Linux, macOS, WSL, containers or cloud environments, the commands and workflows you’ve built over years just work in your Windows environment,” Microsoft said.

Most utilities, but not all

Installed as a single executable (via WinGet: install Microsoft.Coreutils), Coreutils for Windows itself is a Rust rewrite of the GNU uutils/coreutils project that provides commands that are universal across Linux distros.

Fundamental to making Coreutils efficient to manage is the fact that individual Linux commands run from a multi-call executable which maps via NTFS hardlinks pointing to each command. The advantage of this approach is that there’s only one binary to install, one binary to sign, and one binary to patch or update.

Microsoft lists 75 Linux utilities supported by Coreutils, including commonly-used commands such as ls, cp, find, grep, find, rm, du, hostname, and uptime.

However, some Coreutils commands clash with existing CMD or Powershell commands, or are otherwise not possible to execute; Microsoft provides a compatibility table listing conflicts. This means that some commands are not available, specifically: dir, expand, kill, more, timeout, and whoami.

There are also some commands omitted from Coreutils because a command relies on a POSIX Unix/Linux feature that Windows doesn’t implement in a compatible way; some examples are chmod, chown, id, stty, and chroot.

In other cases, the command will execute in one context, CMD, but not in PowerShell. Microsoft explained the complex order of precedence:  “Whether the Coreutils version runs depends on the shell, the PATH order, and (for PowerShell) the alias table.”

As well as Coreutils, the Build 2026 developer conference also saw Microsoft announce WSL containers CLI and API to deploy Linux containers on Windows, a new framework for autonomous agents with open source governance tools, and Microsoft Scout, an AI agent designed to automate tasks in Microsoft 365.

For enterprises embracing AI-assisted development, writing code is no longer the hardest part. Operationalizing it is. Microsoft is targeting that challenge with Rayfin, a new open-source SDK and CLI unveiled at Build 2026.

“Rayfin turns backend development into a code-first workflow. Developers and coding agents can define a full application backend in code, including databases, business logic, APIs, identity, and access policies, and deploy it to Microsoft Fabric for a fully managed, enterprise-grade backend,” Shireesh Thota, CVP of databases at Microsoft, wrote in a blog post.

In effect, Thota added, this approach cuts down the manual integration work and time typically required to connect backend systems once an application front-end is built.

Explaining further, how Rayfin works, the top executive said that developers or coding agents working on their behalf define the entire backend using the SDK, and then that definition is deployed directly to Fabric using the CLI.

Governance, not productivity, may be the bigger draw

According to independent consultant David Linthicum, Rayfin increases developer productivity, reduces integration overhead, and platform sprawl: “Instead of standing up separate app runtimes, data services, governance layers, and custom integration code, they can push more of that into one managed environment. It also keeps application data closer to the analytics estate.”

However, the rise in developer productivity is just the hook, according to Stewart Bond, research vice president at IDC.

“For CIOs, the more compelling value proposition is governance and operational control. It is governance by default — inherited security, compliance, and access policies from day one — that addresses the risks CIOs most frequently cite when AI-generated code and agent-authored applications enter production environments,” Bon said.

“IDC research indicates that AI data readiness is not owned by a single team but by a coordinated network of stakeholders across all four planes of the enterprise intelligence architecture, and Rayfin’s architecture reflects that by ensuring that application data lands directly in a governed data estate, making it immediately available for reporting, analytics, and AI workloads without additional pipeline work,” Bond added.

For Ashish Chaturvedi, leader of executive research at HFS Research, Rayfin should help CIOs tackle another facet of non-governance: shadow IT.

“Coding agents have democratized app creation. Today, anyone with a prompt and a browser can spin up a working application in minutes. Every one of those ungoverned apps is a potential data silo, a security gap, and a compliance liability waiting to land on someone’s desk. Rayfin is the governed on-ramp,” Chaturvedi said.

Platforms like Rayfin are set to gain traction

Analysts say platforms like Rayfin are becoming increasingly common as enterprises discover that AI applications are difficult to govern and operationalize when data, models, policies, and runtimes are spread across separate systems.

Enterprises moving beyond isolated AI experiments, according to Bond, increasingly need automated governance, real-time processing, and tighter feedback loops between AI systems and enterprise data — capabilities that are harder to deliver when application and data layers remain separate.

More so because the economics, too, becomes harder to argue, Chaturvedi said.

“When apps run inside the data platform, you eliminate data movement costs, reduce governance surface area, and shrink the attack surface. Within three to five years, converged platforms will be the default for new agentic applications,” the analyst added.

However, Stephanie Walter, practice lead of the AI stack at HyperFRAME Research, pointed out that enterprises will not move every application onto one platform.

“The likely future is a hybrid model: some agentic applications will run inside governed data platforms like Fabric, Snowflake, or Databricks, while others will continue to run on general-purpose cloud runtimes. The architectural question will be where the application’s most sensitive data, context, and control plane should live,” Walter said.

Making Fabric the runtime for AI applications

Beyond the immediate benefits around governance and operational control, Walter sees Rayfin as a strategic move in Microsoft’s broader effort to expand Fabric’s role within the enterprise technology stack.

Rayfin’s release, Walter said, is less about a new developer tool and more about Microsoft’s attempt to reposition Fabric as a platform for building and running AI-native applications.

“Rayfin positions Fabric as a runtime environment for a new class of AI-native applications. That is strategically important because the next phase of enterprise AI will not be won only at the model layer. It will be won by the platforms that can turn governed enterprise data into safe, operational applications,” Walter added.

However, she remained skeptical about whether developers will accept Fabric as an application runtime and not just a data platform: “Rayfin lowers the barrier, but Microsoft still has to prove the developer experience is lightweight enough, the deployment model is flexible enough, and the governance benefits are strong enough to justify building inside Fabric rather than around it.”

Microsoft is making Rayfin available in preview, and enterprises can try the service through a 60-day Microsoft Fabric trial. The SDK and CLI-combo can also be accessed via Replit, the company said.

A veritable garden of linters and type checkers has blossomed in the Python ecosystem. Pyright and Mypy are two of the most popular, while Astral’s ty and Meta’s Pyrefly are two promising Rust-based newcomers. We compared early-stage ty and Pyrefly last June. One year later, Meta has released Pyrefly 1.0.

Pyrefly is intended to stand out from the pack by way of a few key features. It’s written in Rust for performance and memory efficiency, and it has a number of intriguing forward-looking features, some still experimental.

Setting up Pyrefly

Pyrefly installs into a Python environment like any other Python type checker (pip install pyrefly) and brings with it no additional dependencies. Visual Studio Code users can work with Pyrefly via an extension, but the extension doesn’t give you access to the command-line tools offered by Pyrefly when it’s installed in a project venv.

You can start using Pyrefly right away, with no actual setup. If Pyrefly detects no configuration for a given project, it defaults to flagging only the most high-profile errors: syntax issues, unrecognized names, and so on. To start using Pyrefly’s more advanced features, you can add a [tool.pyrefly] section in pyproject.toml, or create a pyrefly.toml file, and populate those with your desired settings.

You can also run pyrefly init on your codebase and set things up automatically, including migrating existing settings from previous Pyrefly installs or from Mypy or Pyright. By default Pyrefly will use **/*.py* as the project’s includes directory, and will automatically ignore site package paths from your configured environment, thus sparing you potentially thousands of spurious errors from your venv’s installed packages.

Using Pyrefly

Once you have Pyrefly set up on a project, you’ll likely see an immense number of new errors. To silence all of them at once via # pyrefly: ignore comment directives, run pyrefly suppress. This will not only reduce the amount of error noise, but allow you to see what each error actually is from its suppression comments.

Suppression comments have another nice readability feature: they can be placed on the line before the offending error, rather than at the end of it. You can also pre-emptively suppress errors for an entire module with one directive at the top of the file, but having each error suppressed individually makes more sense. And while there’s a pyrefly suppress --remove-unused command to remove suppressions that have no actual error, there’s no command for stripping a codebase of all suppressions. However, because suppressions are consistently formatted, you could remove those suppressions with a simple regex-powered search-and-replace.

A currently experimental feature called baseline files borrows an idea from the basedpyright tool. You generate a project-wide .json file with pyrefly check --baseline that tracks all existing errors in the project, then only new errors apart from those will be reported. It’s a handy way to refactor a codebase when new work is being done on it, so that existing problems can be handled separately.

If you have the Pyrefly extension installed in VS Code, objects without existing type hints will have suggested type hints displayed as inlays if the types can be inferred from the code. These can be added with a right click, or inserted automatically across the codebase with the command pyrefly infer.

Advanced Pyrefly features

Two major third-party Python packages have direct type annotation support in Pyrefly. One is Django and its ORM, via the django-stubs package. Models, fields, relationships, class-based generic views, and many other features have typing support. The other package, Pydantic, gets support from Pyrefly for features like fields, dataclasses, and Pydantic’s own runtime validation logic. Pydantic validation can be “lax” (automatic coercion of types via unions) or “strict” (exact types required).

Many advanced Pyrefly features are still considered experimental, but have a lot of promise. With type coverage, for instance, you can use pyrefly report to generate a JSON report of how thoroughly types are used in the codebase. (This is not to be confused with the coverage package in Python, which describes test coverage for a codebase.)

Another experimental feature lets you generate stub files for a codebase by using static code analysis (not runtime analysis). PyTorch users also benefit from a form of experimental Pyrefly support. Tensor shapes can be described with types and type-checked across transformations. Note that the typing used for this is exclusive to Pyrefly, as there is no agreed-on standard for how to do this.

Pyrefly vs. Pyright and Mypy

Pyright and Mypy have been the default choices for linting and type checking in the Python world for some time now. Pyright is an easy default for Visual Studio Code users, as it’s part of Microsoft’s Python extensions for that editor, and Mypy offers extensibility and broader compatibility with older codebases. Pyrefly, on the other hand, is forward-looking, with fewer legacy concerns. It also has a higher score for test conformance than Mypy, though not a higher score than Pyright.

Other key differences include the type checking philosophy used by each, and their licensing. Pyrefly and Pyright infer as aggressively as possible, while Mypy’s default is to skip anything unannotated. And while Pyrefly and Mypy are MIT-licensed, only Pyright’s core functionality is MIT-licensed. Pylance, the language server extension for VS Code that is powered by Pyright, is proprietary.

Finally, Pyrefly’s Rust codebase gives it a default performance edge over both Mypy and Pyright, which are written in Python and TypeScript, respectively. Astral’s ty, also written in Rust, is still more prototype than mature project. Pyrefly has enough of a feature set right now that it’s already worth experimenting with—although that’s best done on a branch of your code where adding type annotations, suppression comments, and init files won’t pose a problem.

When I was a kid, we all marveled at the notion of the Star Trek computer that you’d just talk to and that would answer all your questions. It seemed impossibly fantastic and categorically impossible. Well, we have that now. In one episode, Captain Kirk used a universal translator to communicate with an alien (never mind that the aliens always seemed to speak English..). Today, everyone’s phone can do real-time translations between all the most commonly spoken languages on the planet. 

If you haven’t figured it out by now, I’m bullish on agentic coding. I think it’s marvelous, I think it will bring about an increase in software development jobs, and I think it will bring about unprecedented growth in the production of software. It’s that last point I want to explore a bit more deeply, because I think an explosion of software is coming.

Thomas Watson, the legendary IBM CEO, is often misquoted as saying, “I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.”  The true story is that he went out to talk to 20 customers, hoping to sell five IBM 701 computers, and ended up with 18 orders. Of course, today, computer sales are measured in the hundreds of millions. 

We are currently in the “loving the thought of getting 18 orders after expecting five” stage of software. We are just getting started.

Mr. Watson probably couldn’t envision everyone walking around with a computer in their pocket that is a 100 million times more powerful than that IBM 701. And though I’m going to try, I’ll certainly come up way short of imagining a volume of software output that is eight orders of magnitude beyond what we are producing today. 

Ready for takeoff

The first chunk of this blitz will be software that looks familiar and isn’t that surprising. It will be the software sitting in our backlogs — things we’ve wanted to do for years but haven’t had the time for. All software development houses have these projects, and now they will get done. This software will be an expansion of the software we currently have. 

The second chunk will come when companies without development teams realize they can build the software they need using consultancies that can deliver quickly and at minimal cost. They will develop software tools that fit their unique business needs. Instead of using off-the-shelf solutions that they adapt to their needs, they will build custom software that works exactly the way their companies do.

The third chunk will come when those companies figure out that they can build the software they need themselves. Agentic coding tools will soon be powerful enough for non-developers to create the custom software a company needs, and they’ll be able to do these things in-house. 

The fourth wave is the one that really excites me — the wave of things we haven’t yet conceived of. I’d love to be able to tell you what that will be all about, but of course I can’t. It would be like someone telling you in 1988 about Google Maps, Wikipedia, ChatGPT, and Spotify.

The cost of developing software is about to drop through the floor, causing the demand for software to shoot through the roof. Software has no real physical limitations, like bridges do — the only limitation is our imaginations, and that has proven to be boundless.  

Workday is aiming to help customers to develop and deploy agentic systems without compromising corporate security or compliance, unveiling a series of AI tools at its DevCon event this week.

Chief among them is Agent Passport, which validates an agent’s safety and compliance both before it is deployed, and continuously during its operation. When an agent attempts a task, Agent Passport can allow, block, or route the action appropriately, and problem agents can be stopped or restricted, based on company policy.

Agents will be vetted for a series of risks, including prompt injection, jailbreak and goal hijacking, system prompt extraction, leaks of employee data, and unsafe outputs. Those tests will be tied to public standards such as Mitre ATLAS, and will be performed by security partners, not by Workday. Security teams can view those attestations, receiving a signed, auditable record of who tested the agent, and what it was tested for.

Because every check is tied to a public standard, security teams can compare agents from different vendors, tested by different partners, on the same terms.

The sole testing partner at launch is Cisco.

“It’s difficult to really get ramped up in a standard with a lot of partners in the mix, so we want to get this right with just ourselves and Cisco,” said Workday CTO Gabe Monroy. “We’ll be rolling it out more broadly soon.”

No-one to blame

There are still questions to be worked out. For example, if an agent that has been tested and received its compliance stamps from a tester misbehaves, who’s on the hook? That, said Monroy, is something “we’re still wrestling with with our partners.”

Agent Passport will be available in early access in the third quarter, with general availability expected before year end.

DevCon also saw the launch of Developer Agent, which enables developers to easily build AI apps and agents, and Agent-Ready Tools, a new class of enterprise connectors created for autonomous agents.

Agent-Ready Tools provide agents with precise, easy-to-navigate business logic and context while reducing hallucination and latency, Workday said. They connect to act across Workday through open standards such as MCP. For agents that need to work beyond Workday, developers can use pre-built Pipedream connectors to create custom agent actions and expose them as Agent-Ready Tools.

Developer Agent plugs into a dev’s agentic development tool of choice, be it Claude Code, Cline, Codex, Cursor, or Google Antigravity, and can also be used to create and deploy custom agents for the Workday platform with the open AgentSkills standard (OASS). Using it, a developer can simply type a request such as “Build an agent that alerts finance when a department is trending to go over budget this quarter,” and Developer Agent will choose the appropriate Agent-Ready Tools, connect to the necessary data and services, and pull in any required documentation and examples to complete the task.

Developer Agent and Agent-Ready Tools are available to early access customers through Workday Extend Professional, with general availability planned for the second half of 2026.

This article first appeared on CIO.