She challenged the conventional view that most head and neck cancers resulted from cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.

He was among the first to perform microscopic surgery in the 1970s and revolutionized techniques to treat traumatic injuries.

In 1982, she led the research team that figured out how to genetically alter plants, a discovery that would eventually transform global agriculture.

He mapped the herpes simplex virus genome, revealing how it invades cells. His work also helped lay the groundwork for potential vaccines and gene therapies.