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Early-stage local chemistry regulation enabling open-circuit voltage of 847 mV in wide-bandgap Cu<sub>2</sub>ZnSnS<sub>4</sub> solar cells
Nature Energy, Published online: 13 July 2026; doi:10.1038/s41560-026-02111-9
Elemental diffusion in Cu2ZnSnS4 induces secondary phases and defects, limiting the open-circuit voltage in associated solar cells. Wang et al. introduce two-stage copper incorporation to suppress copper out-diffusion, enabling 12.4% efficiency and an 874-mV open-circuit voltage in solar cells.