An important Egyptian tomb from the Fifth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom has been discovered in the Saqqara necropolis by a Spanish-Egyptian archaeological mission.

Josep Cervelló, an Egyptology professor at the Autonomous University of Barcelona, led the work, which was coordinated with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities to investigate the unique tomb in the Saqqara region southwest of Cairo.

The tomb did not belong to a Pharaoh, but was commissioned by a high-ranking official named Yunmen, who served during the reign of Djedkare Isesi. Strangely, the structure features two funerary chapels: one of which is dedicated to the Iti, Yunmen’s father, who held a lower rank than his son.

The discovery may offer a new context for the intersection of spirituality and social mobility in ancient Egypt.

Egyptian Tombs

We now see the Saqqara necropolis primarily as the remains of a dead culture, filled with long-forgotten tombs. While often portrayed as settings for horror stories, the Spanish-Egyptian archeological team viewed them differently, seeing them as places used by a vibrant community, where the living constantly came to leave offerings and work on funerary monuments.

The recent work is part of the continuing exploration of Egyptian sites discovered by archaeologists in the 19th century. To this day, archaeologists continue to seize on hints in the works of their forebears over a century ago to explore ancient Egypt’s impressive remains. Auguste Mariette, a French archaeologist, first discovered the site, identified as containing a large tomb complex, but no detailed exploration or documentation had been done.

Life In the Necropolis 

Egyptian mastabas were a unique style of tomb, and in some ways were like modern cemeteries: they were frequently visited places where the lost were mourned and remembered. For this reason, the team was also very interested in the tomb complex’s topography, rather than just its beautiful decoration. They studied the tomb as an urban location, investigating how ancient people moved through it and whether they worshipped outdoors or inside.

Exploring the bustle of urban life in the necropolis netted the team their first indication of Yunmen’s tomb, alongside hints at two more located nearby. In follow-up excavations, the archaeologists are planning to explore the remaining pair.

Moving in Ancient Egyptian Society

The tomb’s physical structure intrigues archaeologists, as it is a rare example of a building with two funerary chapels. Fortunately, the 4,400-year-old tomb is remarkably well preserved, with vibrant color and fine details observable in the wall reliefs. Archaeologists can still clearly make out tiny donkeys and other animals in the wall art. Elsewhere, some elements of the texts adorning the walls follow common formulas—yet even these are customized to the official role and personality of the owners.

Archaeologists interpreting the mastaba believe it reflects social advancement. Yunmen achieved a higher social status than his father, Iti. Yet on the journey to the afterlife, Iti was not forgotten; Yunmen ensured his father received a tomb of similar opulence, so the son’s prestige would apply retroactively to the father in death.

“We still need to fully examine it, but one possibility is that the official originally came from that outlying province, arrived at the court, and settled in Memphis—Egypt’s capital at the time—while his son became an official in the central state administration and was the one who built the tomb,” Cervelló said in a press release.

It remains to be seen what the other two mastabas identified by the team will reveal, whether they will provide more evidence for our traditional understanding of Egyptian culture or add more nuance to our view of these ancient people.

Ryan Whalen covers science and technology for The Debrief. He holds an MA in History and a Master of Library and Information Science with a certificate in Data Science. He can be contacted at ryan@thedebrief.org, and follow him on Twitter @mdntwvlf.

When the French Egyptologist Auguste Mariette surveyed the necropolis at Saqqara in the mid-19th century, he catalogued hundreds of mastaba tombs and marked one more on his map that he never got around to excavating. It stayed there, noted but untouched, for more than 160 years. A joint Spanish-Egyptian mission has now finished what Mariette […]

Protein traces reveal practical workshop recipes and a connection to the god Ptah.

More than 4,000 years ago, an Egyptian official named Sekhentiu-Ptah held a collection of titles that placed him remarkably close to royal power. He oversaw the king’s works and documents, supervised scribes, and even served as the “Keeper of the Secrets of Royal Commands.”

Now, archaeologists have found his tomb. An Egyptian archaeological mission excavating the Saqqara necropolis in Giza has uncovered the Old Kingdom tomb of Sekhentiu-Ptah, including its funerary chapel, an intact false door, and a complete collection of alabaster ritual objects still positioned where they were left thousands of years ago.

Nearby, researchers discovered an interconnected network of burial shafts containing human remains, more than 100 funerary figurines, and three stone sarcophagi that were still sealed when archaeologists found them.

Speaking with The Jerusalem Post, Mohamed Abdel-Badie, head of Egypt’s Antiquities Sector, said finding a complete set of funerary objects still in their original position was “an important discovery, offering valuable information about funerary rituals and practices during the Old Kingdom.”

The discovery was made during the Egyptian mission’s first excavation season in Sector A, west of the Bubasteion at Saqqara, roughly 20 miles south of Cairo. Saqqara served as a major burial ground for ancient Memphis and contains monuments and tombs spanning thousands of years of Egyptian history.

Sekhentiu-Ptah’s tomb dates to the Old Kingdom, the era roughly spanning the third millennium BCE that witnessed the construction of Egypt’s great pyramids.

Inside the remains of his funerary chapel, archaeologists encountered a false door still standing in its original location. Such doors were symbolic thresholds associated with the deceased and the offerings made to sustain them in the afterlife.

Directly in front of the false door was a complete group of alabaster ritual objects that had apparently remained together in their archaeological context. The assemblage includes an offering table and offering disk, purification basin, jug, and another basin.

Hieroglyphic inscriptions on the false door and funerary objects revealed not only Sekhentiu-Ptah’s name but an extraordinary résumé.

He was identified as Royal Chamberlain, Overseer of All the King’s Works, Overseer of Royal Documents, Keeper of the Secrets of Royal Commands, Priest of the goddess Maat, and Overseer of the Scribes. Together, the titles indicate that Sekhentiu-Ptah occupied a prominent position within Egypt’s royal administration.

Archaeologists also uncovered a system of interconnected burial shafts filled with human burials and large quantities of painted funerary cartonnage, a material commonly made from layers of linen or papyrus and plaster and used in funerary coverings.

Archaeologists recovered more than 100 faience ushabti figurines. These small figures were placed in Egyptian tombs to perform work for the deceased in the afterlife symbolically. Archaeologists also found a wooden falcon statue, pottery, and three stone sarcophagi that were kept sealed in their original condition.

The collection is particularly interesting because it captures different chapters in Saqqara’s history. While Sekhentiu-Ptah’s tomb belongs to the Old Kingdom, material from the surrounding shafts provides evidence for funerary practices during the much later Late Period. In essence, the site became a cemetery layered on top of a cemetery, repeatedly returned to and repurposed across Egyptian history.

Not everything survived undisturbed. Archaeologists found openings cut between some burial chambers, evidence that ancient tomb robbers had already penetrated portions of the complex. Even so, enough remained intact to allow researchers to reconstruct how the necropolis changed over time.

The surviving artifacts retain “great archaeological and scientific value, contributing to understanding the site’s internal layout and the development of its architecture through its successive historical phases,” excavation director Dr. Amr El-Tayebi explained.

For now, the discovery is a work in progress. The Egyptian team is continuing to document and compare the artifacts with material recovered elsewhere in Egypt, with plans to publish the results in peer-reviewed scientific journals. Archaeologists also believe Sector A could contain additional structures and artifacts still waiting beneath the sands of Saqqara.

Tim McMillan is a retired law enforcement executive, investigative reporter and co-founder of The Debrief. His writing typically focuses on defense, national security, the Intelligence Community and topics related to psychology. You can follow Tim on Twitter: @LtTimMcMillan.  Tim can be reached by email: tim@thedebrief.org or through encrypted email: LtTimMcMillan@protonmail.com 

iPhone prices are drawing attention ahead of Wednesday’s launch, with U.S. estimates placing the iPhone 18 Pro around $1,250 to $1,300, the Pro Max around $1,350 to $1,400, and the foldable Ultra above $2,000. Those expectations build on reports of a new premium price tier for the foldable iPhone, but the figures circulating under Vodafone’s name need closer examination.

Vodafone Egypt has denied that the alleged pricing leak came from its operation. In a September 4 correction, PhoneArena reported the carrier’s response and acknowledged that it could not verify the material.

The American price estimates and the overseas carrier claims come from different sources. Apple has not announced U.S. retail prices for any of these devices.

U.S. iPhone Prices Could Rise Across the Pro Lineup

For American buyers, the most useful figures are the estimates expressed directly in U.S. dollars. Current reporting on the projected Pro prices places the iPhone 18 Pro between $1,249 and $1,299 and the iPhone 18 Pro Max between $1,349 and $1,399.

Those ranges reflect expectations built around TrendForce’s pricing outlook. They are possible starting prices before applicable sales tax, rather than authenticated carrier listings or amounts Apple has approved publicly.

The foldable has a wider potential spread. In its September 3 forecast, TrendForce estimated a starting price between $2,099 and $2,299, with the highest configurations potentially exceeding $3,000.

The firm expects price increases of roughly 10% to 20% for the new models as rising memory costs put pressure on production expenses. It also expects Apple to absorb some of those costs to protect demand.

An increase in component spending does not translate directly into the same increase at checkout. Apple can accept a smaller margin, negotiate elsewhere in the supply chain, or distribute the increase differently across models and storage configurations.

The exact starting capacities will therefore deserve attention alongside the prices. A more expensive entry model that includes additional storage presents a different comparison from an unchanged configuration carrying a higher charge.

Australian Ultra Claim Converts to About $2,700

The separate Australian claim would put the entry iPhone Ultra at approximately $2,700 when converted into U.S. dollars. The original amount is AU$3,699 for a purported 256GB model.

As reproduced in Tom’s Guide’s report on the Australian pricing claim, X user @ev_downunder attributed the information to Vodafone Australia.

The same claim lists a 512GB version at roughly $3,000 in converted value, with an original price of AU$4,199. The alleged 1TB model approaches $3,400, corresponding to AU$4,699. These rounded equivalents provide context for the overseas figures; they are not predicted American retail prices.

The post also names September 12 as the preorder date. Neither that date nor the claimed Australian pricing has been authenticated through a public carrier announcement.

The proposed storage structure adds about $360 in converted value at each step, or AU$500 locally. If accurate, that would make storage selection a substantial part of the purchase rather than a minor addition to the headline price.

A buyer planning to record large amounts of video or carry a substantial offline library could quickly move into a more expensive configuration. Comparing an entry Pro with a fully equipped Ultra would then combine two separate premiums: the folding hardware and the extra capacity.

The Egyptian Figures Are Disputed

The alleged Egyptian listing translates to approximately $1,930 for the iPhone 18 Pro, $2,070 for the Pro Max, and a little over $3,000 for the Ultra, using the conversions reported when the claim circulated.

The original figures were EGP 98,000, EGP 105,000, and EGP 155,750, respectively. Vodafone Egypt’s denial means these amounts cannot be presented as prices confirmed or leaked by the carrier.

A recognizable logo and local currency can make a screenshot appear convincing. They do not establish that a company published it, that its contents are authentic, or that the amounts represent final retail pricing.

For U.S. buyers, this material offers no dependable basis for changing an upgrade budget. Its main relevance is explaining where some of the unusually high numbers appearing online originated.

Currency Conversions Can Exaggerate U.S. Expectations

An overseas price converted into dollars answers what that amount of foreign currency is worth. It does not reveal what the same product will cost in an American store.

Tax treatment contributes to the difference. Australian consumer prices generally include GST, while U.S. advertised prices typically exclude sales tax. Regional pricing also reflects currency planning, distribution expenses, and commercial decisions.

Removing tax and applying an exchange rate still would not produce an official American price. Companies set regional prices for a selling period, rather than adjusting them continuously to match daily currency movements.

The same limitation applies when comparing percentage differences with an older phone. Assuming that the Ultra will carry an identical premium over the Pro in Australia, Egypt, and the United States introduces another unverified step.

That is why the direct U.S. estimates deserve priority when considering a purchase here. The international claims can provide additional context, but they should not replace an American price forecast or be mixed into it as supporting confirmation.

The Ultra Premium Creates a Different Buying Decision

If the projected U.S. ranges hold, the foldable could cost roughly $700 to $950 more than the Pro Max at entry level. That is a substantial amount to spend on a different form factor.

The larger internal display would need to earn its place in everyday use. Reading documents, comparing information, reviewing photographs, and working with more content on screen could make the extra space valuable. Someone primarily interested in photography, messaging, and navigation may find fewer reasons to make the jump.

The most expensive device also will not automatically be the best choice in every category. Camera versatility, battery endurance, weight, and comfort can favor different designs. Those comparisons will become more useful once Apple publishes complete specifications.

For a first-generation foldable, repair pricing deserves particular attention. An attractive monthly device payment can look different once accidental-damage protection and display service costs enter the ownership budget.

Carrier Offers Will Need Their Own Comparison

Apple’s September 9 event announcement confirms a presentation at 10 a.m. Pacific Time. Product pricing, availability, and ordering details remain separate from that confirmed schedule.

When American carrier offers appear, the monthly figure should be read together with the requirements attached to it. A promotion may depend on an eligible trade-in, a particular service plan, or credits distributed across an extended agreement.

A household already using the required plan might receive substantial value. Someone moving to a more expensive plan solely to obtain a phone discount could spend more over the full term.

The final comparison should use the same storage capacity and include the upfront payment, service cost, financing charges, and any credits lost by leaving early. A smaller payment on the device line of the bill does not necessarily produce a smaller total bill.

The post iPhone Prices Leak: U.S. Estimates for Ultra, Pro and Pro Max appeared first on AppleMagazine.

Long before the age of the Pharaohs and the monumental construction that defined the ancient Egyptian world, the famed Gift of the Nile was once a sea filled with hungry monsters.

Today, evidence of these ancient aquatic beasts can still be found in Egypt’s sands, as revealed in a new study appearing in Cretaceous Research, which sheds new light on the diversity of ancient shark communities that swam modern-day Egypt’s ancient oceans in the Late Cretaceous.

Adding to the known species of sharks from this era, the new research has revealed five additional species of ancient marine predators that once thrived there, fossils of which were among those unearthed in a fossil tomb very unlike those excavated by Egyptologists over the last two centuries.

An Ancient “Shark Graveyard” Resurfaces

During the Cretaceous period, Earth saw much higher temperatures, which also meant less ice accumulation around the poles. That abundance of liquid water caused by the greenhouse effect during this period in Earth’s history, therefore, led to much higher ocean levels than those seen today.

In Egypt’s Western Desert today, a vast tropical sea once existed 150 million years ago along what is recognized as the Abu-Tartur Plateau, which is home to the fossil-rich Duwi Formation. There, organic sediments collected over vast periods, which helped to create the phosphorite deposits that were conducive to fossil formation, thereby preserving a record of the ancient species that once thrived there.

Past studies had already documented several ancient shark species from the region’s Cretaceous oceans, prompting the additional research detailed in the new study. According to the team’s findings, more than a dozen new fossil shark teeth were recovered from the area around the Abu-Tartur mine, displaying a remarkable diversity.

Based on their individual characteristics, paleontologists have identified the new specimens based on existing records kept in museum collections and other record sources.

New Discovery of Lamniform Shark Species

Of fourteen teeth the researchers uncovered from phosphorite beds during their field work, at least five extinct varieties of lamniform sharks—a variety known as mackerel sharks—were uncovered, which brings the number known to have once inhabited the region up to seven.

Of the five newly identified varieties, two species—Squalicorax bassanii and Serratolamna serrata—were previously unknown to Egypt, while one other variety, Scapanorhynchus raphiodon, appears to have been an ancient ancestor of the odd-looking goblin shark. Modern varieties of this species are known to thrive around continental shelves and seamounts throughout the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, although the ancient relative identified in the new research had never previously been found anywhere on the African continent.

If confirmed, the recent Egyptian discovery could also indicate the earliest known presence of this species in Earth’s ancient oceans.

A Tropical Sea Unlike Any Other

The new findings reveal new insights into the nature of Earth’s ancient seas, revealing that the prevalent nutrients in the tropical waters of the Cretaceous helped to foment a thriving ancient shark community.

“Collectively, this assemblage highlights a nutrient-enriched, high-productivity marine ecosystem along a phosphogenic shelf margin, most likely developed during a transgressive systems tract in the Late Cretaceous,” the study authors say.

The recent paper, “Egyptian shark graveyard: New Late Cretaceous Lamniform shark Assemblage from Duwi Formation of Abu-Tartur Area, Southwestern desert, Egypt,” appeared in Cretaceous Research. 

Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

Researchers from the multi-organizational Egyptian archaeological mission working at Tell Abu Saifi in Qantara East, Ismailia, have unearthed numerous architectural elements and artifacts, including a previously undiscovered inscription, that the  country’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities suggests may link the site to the lost ancient Egyptian city of “Msen.”

“A new archaeological discovery in Tel Abu Saify in Qantara East redefines the map of the ancient Hors Wara road… and strengthens the hypothesis of locating the lost ancient Egyptian city of ‘Msen’,” explained a Facebook post from the country’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.

The team behind the discoveries from the current excavation season said their findings also shed new light on the ancient Horus Military Road and may offer previously unavailable insights into the site’s architectural, religious, and military development throughout history.

Inscription Links Site to Lost Ancient Egyptian City of Msen

According to the Ministry’s post, new excavations revealed a massive mudbrick enclosure wall that had not yet been fully excavated. The full excavation included the enclosure’s gateways, interior rooms, and construction layers from different time periods.

A further analysis determined that the structure was an outer enclosure surrounding an ancient temple. The researchers said this new interpretation contradicts previous interpretations of portions of the ancient site.

Hisham El-Leithy, Secretary-General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said the research team also found intriguing evidence connecting the ancient site with the city of Msen. The most striking connection came from a huge sandstone lintel found broken into two pieces. Along with several references to Pharaoh Ramses II, the stone lintel contained a section of text recording ancient repairs to a statue of Horus, Lord of the City of Msen.

“Dr. Hisham Hussein, head of the Central Administration for the Coast and Sinai and head of the mission, confirmed that the most important findings were a huge upper crust of sandstone broken into two parts, and three-sided carvings of the titles of King Ramses II on three sides, as well as a literary text indicating the restoration work carried out on the statue of the deity “Horus, the lord of the city of Masna,” which is of great importance in studying the identity of the site,” the Facebook post explained.

Other ancient Egyptian texts name an ancient eastern border settlement during the New Kingdom with that name. However, archaeologists have yet to discover its precise location. The researchers said mention of the god Horus supports earlier evidence from the same site linking Tell Abu Saifi to the lost Egyptian city. Still, they caution, research still underway is expected to shed more light on the potential connection. 

Additional Findings Include Ancient Roads and Military Items

Along with the main structures, Mohamed Abdel Badie, Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Sector at the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said the excavations revealed a pair of successive stone roads leading from the fortified structure’s exterior into the central temple. The first road was dated to the Ptolemaic period. The newer, narrower road built on top of the older road was attributed to the Roman era.

Hisham Hussein, Head of the Central Administration for Lower Egypt and Sinai and head of the archaeological mission, said the work identified the remains of a second temple with several storage rooms on one side and larger “service” rooms on the other, leading toward the central sanctuary.

Mahmoud Galal, Director General of Sinai Antiquities and Director of the mission, said the team found items of military and administrative significance at the ancient Egyptian site. One noteworthy discovery was described as a 26^th Dynasty “schist” statue depicting an army scribe carrying a broken naos. The researchers said this discovery highlights the site’s strategic and military character.

Other items of interest included a Late Period statue missing its head and feet, a royal basalt statue torso, and small fragments of basalt and limestone falcon statues.

The research team said their excavation revealed the site had experienced several phases of development and transformation. For example, the ancient Egyptian site appeared to peak during the Ptolemaic period before being converted in the third century into a military barracks. Roman-era circular kilns containing limestone remains revealed during the latest excavations suggest the site had finished its life as an ancient lime quarry.

Findings “Support the Hypothesis” Connecting Site to Msen

When discussing the significance of the discoveries, including an inscription potentially connecting it to the ancient lost Egyptian city of Menes, Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Sherif Fathy said the ongoing efforts help document valuable ancient sites in North Sinai and the Qantara region. The minister said this effort also highlights the site’s role in protecting ancient Egypt across several generations.

“The current results confirm that Tel Abu Saif represents one of the main sites along the Horus War Road, revealing the sequence of military, religious, and economic functions at the site, reflecting its strategic importance and its role in protecting Egypt’s eastern borders, as well as its religious status during the Pharaonic, Babylonian, and Roman eras,” the post explained.

Secretary-General El-Leithy echoed the sentiments, highlighting decades of work at the site before the new discoveries. He also said the new data has improved the understanding of previous discoveries of architectural elements made at the same site, including the site’s layout, development, and potential connection to the ancient lost Egyptian city of Msen.

“The head of the mission confirmed that the results obtained by the mission during the current season, in addition to what was previously revealed in previous seasons, support the hypothesis of the connection of Tel Abu Saif to the Pharaonic city of ‘Msen’ mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts and sources during the modern era,” the post concluded.

Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and has spent the last six years as Associate News Editor and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him at christopher@thedebrief.org.

Spanish archaeologists excavating an ancient Egyptian tomb in the Theban Necropolis opposite Luxor have discovered an unexpected order to how the 16 mummified human remains were placed within it over several centuries.

The team studying chamber three of tomb TT 209 also found the completely unexpected remains of a mummified dog placed carefully among the ancient burials, suggesting a deep connection between humans and animals or a previously unidentified ritualistic practice.

Researchers Document Ancient Egyptian Tomb in Detail

The Theban Necropolis contains over 400 tombs. Previous studies have determined that the burial space was used and reused from its construction during Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty (754-656 BCE) until its abandonment during the Ptolemaic period (305-30 BCE).

However, archaeologists are still searching for new clues to the people who built them and those buried inside. Dr Miguel Ángel Molinero Polo, a professor of Egyptology at the University of La Laguna and the senior author of the study detailing the team’s discoveries, said researchers have “few details” about how people who entered the tombs behaved. Dr. Polo also noted a lack of knowledge about these people’s motivation “in each historical period” the site was in use, and how they “conceptually reconfigured the pre-existing space” as time passed.

The research team ultimately determined that the best way to explain the methodology for placing the human remains and individual dog remains found in the ancient Egyptian tomb was to excavate the chamber and photograph the mummies. They also decided to create sketches and descriptions of the mummy’s position, orientation, and any possible relationship with the overall structure. 

Archaeologists Unearth 16 Mummified Bodies and Related Funerary Items

As the team began cataloging their findings, they realized the chamber contained nine funerary deposits, which they described as “individual and multiple burials.” The site also contained several “associated funerary objects.”

“We found a total of 16 mummified human individuals, a mummified dog, and a disturbed deposit containing the remains of at least four individuals,” explained Dr. Jared Carballo-Pérez, a researcher at the University of La Laguna and the study’s first author.

After further examination, a pattern began to emerge. For example, the earliest burials were relatively separated. These earliest bodies were also placed in coffins, with funerary nets and amulets. These burials also contained what Dr. Molinero Polo termed “an assemblage containing costly items, such as the contents held in Phoenician amphorae,” placed with or near them. The research said these discoveries suggest that these individuals were likely “of high social standing.”

When the researchers examined the second layer, they noted that bodies were less carefully placed and instead “inserted into any space available.” Critically, this shift occurred towards the end of the 25th dynasty and into the Persian period (around 680-404 BCE).

Examples of the new interment method include limb positioning. In one case, an arm was found folded in, and in others, two arms were folded.

This positioning differed from earlier burials, where the arms were stretched out. The team also cataloged a change in body position in the ancient Egyptian tomb, with later mummies deposited vertically. The team said the resulting “superposition of bodies” was found in two-thirds of the burial chamber.

Still, Dr. Molinero Polo explained, although the vertically positioned bodies were not placed in coffins, the remains were “carefully mummified.” The researcher said the later internments “can be associated with upright jars that point to a specific ritual not found in the earlier phases of the tomb’s use.”

Mummified Dog Buried with Humans Suggests Intimate Relationship

Perhaps the most unexpected find inside the ancient Egyptian tomb was the remains of a mummified dog. Even more unexpected, the animal’s remains were buried with human remains “one on top of another.”

“One detail I find quite beautiful is the presence of a mummified dog placed directly on top of the mummies of a man and a woman,” said Carballo-Pérez.

The researcher said this preferred, intimate placement could suggest a close relationship between the animal and its humans, “an idea that I think is quite easy to empathize with.” Carballo-Pérez said the unexpected placement could also reflect a change in funerary or ritualistic practices, “with an animal taking on the role of a psychopomp, a symbolic helper in the journey to the afterlife.”

Although an initial examination gave the team the impression the site’s internment became less organized over the centuries, they said that impression was likely false. For example, the team notes that bodies buried in the Osirian position, meaning both arms folded, suggest that the ancient Egyptian tomb “did not become disordered or without structure, or that cultural rites were lost.”

“The detailed study of the bodies indicates neither chaotic accumulation nor a loss of the original ritual over time,” Dr. Carballo-Pérez explained. “Rather, there was a spatial logic in which each new deposition was adapted to the presence of previous bodies – a kind of funerary memory in the processes of reuse.”

The team conceded that it was sometimes difficult to identify the sequence of some of the funerary deposits, including what they described as the “disturbed” remains of four individuals. They also suggest that the chamber was likely flooded several times over the centuries, experienced periodic fires, and human re-entry, which “transported debris within the tomb.”

Still, Carballo-Pérez concluded that their findings suggest deposits previously considered ‘disordered’ can now be reinterpreted.

“This helps us develop a better understanding of the social behaviors behind funerary practices,” the researcher explained.

The study “From individualized mummies to collective accumulations: an archaeothanatological analysis of funerary reuse in Theban Tomb 209 (Twenty-Fifth Dynasty–Ptolemaic Egypt)” was published in Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology.

Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and has spent the last six years as Associate News Editor and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him at christopher@thedebrief.org