This week marks 25 years since the shocking attacks of September 11, 2001. Why did the civilized world respond as it did?

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Bien plus discret sur cette édition de l’IFA, Samsung n’a pas pour autant disparu. Mais le géant coréen a changé de stratégie. Pour la première fois depuis 1991, il n’occupe plus son emplacement historique dans le hall principal de la Messe Berlin. À la place, Xiaomi est arrivé en force !

Marta Sánchez de la Torre es Doctora en Historia con Mención Internacional por la Universitat de Barcelona (2015) y profesora agregada de Prehistoria en el Departamento de Historia y Arqueología de la Universitat de Barcelona. Es investigadora del grupo SERP y miembro del Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB).

Su principal línea de investigación se centra en el estudio de la movilidad de las sociedades prehistóricas a través del análisis geoquímico de los materiales líticos y actualmente dirige el proyecto SPEGEOCHERT, financiado por el Consejo Europeo de Investigación a través de las acciones Starting Grant. Ha realizado estancias pre y postdoctorales en centros de investigación de prestigio en Francia, Italia y Canadá.

Desde 2023 es Académica de Número de la Academia Joven de España y en 2025 ha recibido el Premio Nacional de Investigación para Jóvenes “María Moliner” en el área de Humanidades.

1. ¿Cuál es tu área de investigación?
Mi área de investigación es la arqueología prehistórica. Y más específicamente, el análisis geoquímico de los materiales líticos para poder comprender mejor la territorialidad y la movilidad de los grupos prehistóricos.

2. ¿Por qué te dedicas a ella?
Porque me apasiona tratar de conocer por dónde se movieron las comunidades cazadoras-recolectoras paleolíticas, cómo interaccionaron con entornos de montaña y cómo lograron adaptarse a condiciones climáticas cambiantes.

3. ¿Has tenido alguna figura de referencia en tu trayectoria?
Sí, he tenido referentes, tanto masculinos como femeninos, que me han inspirado y animado a continuar en un camino que no siempre es sencillo.

4. ¿Qué te gustaría descubrir o solucionar en tu campo?
Me gustaría conocer cuáles fueron las rutas que utilizaron los grupos humanos paleolíticos para cruzar cordilleras montañosas como los Pirineos.

5. ¿Qué consejo darías a quien quiera adentrarse en el mundo de la investigación?
Mi consejo sería que sea constante en el día a día, y que no desista cuando el camino se complique, pues con esfuerzo y constancia logrará alcanzar su objetivo.

The post Marta Sánchez de la Torre: «Me apasiona tratar de conocer por dónde se movieron las comunidades cazadoras-recolectoras paleolíticas» appeared first on Mujeres con ciencia.

New clues to the formation of our planet’s oldest and largest ice sheet could help resolve a longstanding enigma about the southernmost continent.

Around 34 million years ago, Antarctica’s ice sheet began to take shape during a period when global temperatures were predominantly warmer than they are at present. The exact reason why such a large portion of Earth’s water would be subsumed into a massive ice sheet under such conditions has long perplexed researchers.

Now, a new study published in the journal Science suggests that clues to the mystery may exist beneath the ice itself, according to researchers who point to geological evidence that could help explain what led to the formation of Antarctica’s glaciers during a comparatively warm period in our planet’s history.

Clues to Why a Continent Froze

The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) holds enough frozen water that it could raise sea levels around the world by more than 50 meters if a sudden, total melting event were ever to occur. Fortunately, scientists don’t anticipate that happening any time soon, although questions over what caused the formation of the largest mass of ice on our planet have remained one of the most predominant mysteries about Antarctica’s ancient history.

Based on geological evidence and paleo-climatological proxy data, the ice sheet’s formation occurred near the transition between the Eocene and Oligocene eras around 34 million years ago, marking a significant step along our planet’s path toward the cooler conditions that prevail today, even amid anthropogenic factors that contribute to ongoing climate changes.

As far as the causes behind this, scientists have long pointed to a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide as one potential driver of glaciation in Antarctica. However, this explanation also leads to questions: namely, that if falling CO2 and global cooling are believed to be the main factors behind the formation of Antarctica’s ice, then similar freezing should have occurred close to the North Pole as well.

Curiously, evidence suggests that glaciation in Earth’s northernmost regions didn’t begin catching up to its southern counterpart for another 20 to 25 million years. But what might account for this?

An Ancient Climate Missing Link

The new research, led by scientists at the University of Southampton in collaboration with an international team of researchers from Durham University and several other institutions, points to Antarctica’s changing landscape as a likely missing piece to this ancient puzzle.

“Antarctica’s land surface was gradually lifted to the point where ice could gain a permanent foothold, even while the surrounding polar oceans as well as global temperatures remained surprisingly warm,” said Thomas Gernon, a Professor of Earth Science at the University of Southampton and the study’s lead author.

By employing models that helped the team map the evolution of the Antarctic landscape, they were able to successfully reconstruct the ancient geological processes going all the way back to the original breakup between Africa and Antarctica that reshaped East Antarctica. This continental breakup led to the formation of a coastal escarpment in the region identified today as Dronning Maud Land, where an elevated plateau rose to nearly two kilometers, and extended close to 2,000 kilometers inland.

Over the 100 million years that followed, a wave of uplift and erosion gradually migrated inland toward Antarctica’s Gamburtsev Mountains, a process which would recur again during the Eocene, further elevating the region and increasing the amount of ancient Antarctica’s landmass that was above the permanent snow line, all of which occurred roughly 15 million years before mass-scale glaciation would begin on the continent.

Based on the team’s models, these major changes to the landscape shifted East Antarctica above the threshold where ice-sheet growth could begin occurring, the onset of which began around 45 million years ago.

Combined Factors Behind Antarctica’s Freeze

Another factor the team identified involves how the large-scale glaciation also caused more sunlight to be reflected away from Earth due to the icy surface’s light coloration, a process known as albedo feedback. The team believes this reflected sunlight may have contributed to as much as an additional degree Celsius of total global cooling.

That cooling alone, the researchers note, would not have been enough to cause widespread glaciation across the Northern Hemisphere, which generally features lower elevations.

Overall, the findings do indicate that Earth’s transition into an icehouse wasn’t something that was driven solely by climate. Instead, what seems most likely is that slow geological transformations occurring over many millions of years were likely to have been a primary contributor to this process, raising Antarctica’s landscape enough to facilitate ice sheet formation, and revealing how the evolution of landscapes can ultimately reshape the climate of an entire planet.

The recent study, “Continental breakup–driven uplift instigated East Antarctic Ice Sheet formation,” appeared in the journal Science.

Micah Hanks is the Editor-in-Chief and Co-Founder of The Debrief. A longtime reporter on science, defense, and technology with a focus on space and astronomy, he can be reached at micah@thedebrief.org. Follow him on X @MicahHanks, and at micahhanks.com.

US energy department warns of potential for outages in PJM Interconnection, serving 67 million from DC to Chicago

The risk ⁠of power outages ⁠is expected to ​escalate across a broad swath of the United States on Wednesday as intense heat will test the capacity of electricity supplies ⁠serving millions of homes and businesses from the midwest through the mid-Atlantic.

The US Department of Energy warned of the potential for heightened blackout risks in ⁠the PJM Interconnection, the largest US electric grid, which serves 67 million people in ​a territory stretching from Washington DC to ‌Chicago.

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© Photograph: Nam Y Huh/AP

© Photograph: Nam Y Huh/AP

© Photograph: Nam Y Huh/AP

The Trump administration’s deal with a private oil company to increase oil production in the South American country could take many years to come to fruition.

© The New York Times

For the first time in decades, NASA has rolled out one of its iconic astronaut training aircraft with a bold, new look.

The space agency debuted a new livery on one of its T-38 jets in celebration of its program to return astronauts to the Moon. The Artemis design retains nods to what made the "white rocket" immediately recognizable, but adds a new colorway and painted graphics to make clear where NASA is headed.

"This new 'Artemis' livery has a black and white paint scheme with blue and red stripes that separate those two paint schemes," said Sean Brady, who proposed and designed the new livery while serving as the T-38 project pilot in NASA's Aircraft Operations Division (AOD), part of the Flight Operations Directorate at Johnson Space Center in Houston. "The Artemis program logo in the back and a picture of the Moon is on the left and right side of the rear fuselage."

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© NASA/James Blair