JCMT0402-0424, a dusty starburst galaxy around 11 billion light-years away, is the strongest candidate yet for the source of the high-energy neutrino event IC 210922A, according to a team of astronomer led by Yuji Urata of MITOS Science Co.

The post Astronomers Trace Elusive High-Energy Neutrino to Star-Forming Galaxy in Early Universe appeared first on Sci.News: Breaking Science News.

A groundbreaking study at The University of Texas at Arlington is poised to transform how families address adolescent alcohol use through innovative, technology-enhanced communication strategies. With a new five-year, $3.33 million federal grant, researchers are expanding their efforts to develop a family-based intervention program targeting early discussions between parents and teens about alcohol consumption and its social media influences.

Underage alcohol use remains a pressing public health issue in the United States, with nationwide surveys indicating that over 12 million individuals aged 12 to 20 have consumed alcohol at least once. Despite decades of research and intervention programs, the persistence of early alcohol experimentation underscores the need for novel approaches that account for the evolving digital landscape. Social media platforms profoundly shape adolescents’ perceptions and attitudes toward alcohol, often normalizing its consumption through peer influences and targeted advertising.

The UT Arlington project, led by the Studying Alcohol and Related Risks (STARR) Lab, harnesses multidisciplinary expertise spanning adolescent behavioral health, web-based intervention design, social work, and digital media studies. Principal investigator Dana Litt highlights that the initiative integrates years of collaborative research to craft a robust community resource that tackles the complex interplay between adolescent substance use and online social environments. By engaging families in effective communication, the program aims to instill critical thinking and awareness about alcohol-related risks before youths initiate use.

Previous intervention models often focused on older adolescents already experimenting with alcohol, but this study innovatively targets younger teens aged 12 to 17. This demographic shift is grounded in recent findings that pre-exposure attitudes toward substances significantly predict future use patterns. Early intervention that fosters open dialogue about alcohol and its portrayal on social media can disrupt these trajectories by equipping families with tools for informed conversations well before exposure escalates.

Co-principal investigator Melissa Lewis elaborates on the urgency of addressing alcohol use factors earlier in adolescent development due to the omnipresence of alcohol content on platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and Snapchat. Studies reveal that repeated exposure to alcohol-related visuals and narratives subtly shapes normative beliefs, leading teens to underestimate the risks and overestimate peer approval. By facilitating early parent-teen discussions, the program leverages critical windows of neurocognitive development to build resilience against these influences.

An integral feature of the intervention is its bilingual accessibility, offering both English and Spanish versions tailored to the diverse communities in the Dallas-Fort Worth area. This linguistic inclusivity acknowledges the demographic realities and aims to bridge cultural gaps that often hinder engagement with prevention programs. By customizing content to resonate with multiple communities, the project enhances its potential for implementation and scalability.

The research team emphasizes the program’s flexibility as a dynamic communication tool that parents can adapt to address not only alcohol use but also emerging concerns such as vaping and other substance-related behaviors. This adaptability responds to the multifaceted nature of adolescent risk factors and the rapidly evolving social media landscape, promising long-term relevance and utility across different contexts and substances.

In developing this intervention, the STARR Lab collaborates with several local organizations, including Challenge of Tarrant County, SMART Arlington, Lena Pope, Recovery Resource Council, and JPS Health Network. These partnerships ensure that the tool is grounded in community needs and practical realities, facilitating its adoption as a trusted, no-cost resource for families. This community-engaged research model exemplifies a bidirectional flow between academic inquiry and real-world application.

The effort aligns with UTA’s broader mission to produce high-impact research that transcends academia and delivers tangible societal benefits. By positioning the university as a central hub for reliable information and support around adolescent health issues and social media influences, the project fosters a sustained infrastructure for preventive interventions that can evolve with technological trends and public health priorities.

Beyond its immediate aims, the research holds promise for significantly reducing underage drinking rates by addressing the root mechanisms through family dialogue and critical media literacy. This preventive focus contrasts with traditional approaches that often intervene post-initiation, offering a proactive paradigm shift. If effective, these models could also be adapted to mitigate other behavioral health challenges driven by digital media exposure.

The scientists behind the study bring methodological rigor by integrating behavioral theories, communication science, and digital evaluation metrics to assess intervention efficacy. The multidisciplinary team, including colleagues from UTHealth Houston School of Public Health, the University of Washington, and the University of North Texas Health Science Center, exemplifies comprehensive expertise essential to tackling a complex public health issue at multiple ecological levels.

Ultimately, this study represents a strategic nexus of research innovation, community partnership, and public health advocacy aimed at empowering families to navigate the often opaque and pernicious world of adolescent substance use amplified by digital media. Its success could redefine prevention frameworks nationwide, offering scalable, culturally sensitive tools for healthier youth development amid an increasingly interconnected social landscape.

Subject of Research: Adolescent alcohol use prevention through family-based communication interventions addressing social media influences

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Keywords:
Social work, adolescent substance use, underage drinking, alcohol prevention, social media influence, family-based intervention, digital health, public health, bilingual program, adolescent behavior, substance use research, community partnership

New analysis of ancient frozen Greenland rubbish heaps, called middens, has revealed new insights into several ancient societies that have passed through the country over the last five millennia. The findings include insights into ancient diseases and animals that the inhabitants kept but didn’t eat.

Although the team noted the potential risk that climate change could release dangerous ancient microbes into the modern environment, their analysis found little evidence that the pathogens they identified could pose a threat beyond the immediate area around the middens.

Ancient Middens Offer Historical Insights Beyond Traditional Artifacts

Archaeologists have often excavated items discarded by ancient societies from trash heaps to learn more about the people who lived there. Although such excavations often unearth things like animal bones and mollusk shells, offering insights into diet and hunting habits, these ancient rubbish heaps can also contain human artifacts, such as discarded blades and other tools.

In a country like Greenland, where different peoples have settled the region since 2,500 BCE, the ancient middens may also contain microbes that could offer researchers an entirely different type of historical data. For example, microbial data from middens could reveal which diseases ancient populations had to survive. The team notes that microbes could also help determine what ancient societies kept “but perhaps didn’t eat.”

Still, studies of ancient midden microbes are limited, leaving a gap in historical knowledge. The authors of the new paper also highlight that rapidly increasing Arctic warming could release infectious diseases to which humans have lost immunity over the ensuing generations.

Over One Thousand New Species Were Identified

To bridge the information gap, Dr Frank Møller Aarestrup, a professor at the National Food Institute of Denmark Technical University and corresponding author of the article detailing the team’s research, examined samples collected during 2020 and 2021 expeditions in West and South Greenland. During those expeditions, scientists collected samples from middens locked in time by permafrost, dating back as far as 4,500 years.

Among the middens sampled were the ancient Norse sites of Kapisilit and Narsarsuaq, where researchers collected soil samples from what the new paper’s authors termed “historic winter enclosures.” The site also contained evidence that it was a summer grazing ground for livestock.

After selecting several soil samples, Dr. Aarestrup’s team sequenced the DNA of ancient microbes found in the midden samples. Next, they compared the data, including entire bacterial communities, to 143 soil samples previously collected from areas of permafrost far away from any known historical human settlements.

According to the team’s statement, the sequencing revealed a total of 1,207 species and differing ranges of bacterial species per midden. In denser areas, the team identified as many as 202 species, whereas less microbe-dense middens had as few as nine.

The team’s analysis also found several species that had not been previously identified. This resulted in the team labeling the unidentified microbes using what they termed “broad taxonomic categories” above the genus and species level, such as family and order.

Preserving the ‘Biological Legacy’ of Human Activity

When comparing the microbial communities in the ancient middens with those from samples collected away from human settlements, the team found a significantly richer community of ancient bacteria preserved in the middens. The team notes that this discrepancy confirms that the middens “preserved the biological legacy of human activity.”

The most soil-like bacterial communities were identified within the oldest Paleo-Inuit middens. The researchers said the finding suggests that the microbial “imprint” left behind by humans and animals diminishes over time.

Bacterial communities were also associated with the types of waste discarded in each ancient midden. For example, although most middens contained bacteria associated with human and animal hosts, middens from colonial-era Nuuk contained decomposing seal skins. The middens from colonial-era sites were also rich in the bacterium Clostridium perfringens, which the team notes is “a major cause of food poisoning.”

Risk of Ancient Pathogens is Low

Although the team identified strains of bacteria that can cause botulism or other life-threatening conditions, such as toxic shock syndrome, sepsis, and gangrene, they also found a diversity of antimicrobial-resistance genes in the genomes of bacteria collected from the same middens.

According to the study authors, finding the two sets of genes in ancient and modern soil layers “signaled that microbes resistant to antimicrobials can linger in permafrost for centuries.”

Fortunately, the team’s analysis found that most of the identified microbes, including potentially dangerous pathogens, don’t spread far from middens, even those undergoing defrosting. As a result, the team said that these ancient microbes  “pose little risk to public health,” at least for the time being.

“Here we show that the risk of release of ancient pathogens from ancient middens in Greenland is currently low,” Dr. Aarestrup explained.

Instead, the researcher noted that Arctic middens appear to function like “long-term natural experiments,” in which both human- and animal-associated bacteria, including “opportunistic” species carrying resistance genes, remain detectable centuries later as a broader “legacy of human activity.”

The study “Microbial composition of archaeological middens: Tracing Human Footprints Through Centuries in Greenland’s Ancient Settlements” was published in Frontiers in Microbiology.

Christopher Plain is a Science Fiction and Fantasy novelist and Head Science Writer at The Debrief. Follow and connect with him on X, learn about his books at plainfiction.com, or email him directly at christopher@thedebrief.org.

Greenland, with its vast icy expanses and challenging environment, harbors a rich tapestry of human history etched into its landscape over millennia. The island’s archaeological record tells tales of successive human inhabitations that have left behind more than just stories and artefacts; it preserves complex biological legacies embedded within ancient refuse deposits known as middens. These middens, essentially ancient domestic rubbish heaps composed of animal bones, excrement, mollusk shells, and various artefacts, offer not only archaeologists but also microbiologists a unique window into the past. Their frozen state in Arctic permafrost has allowed microbial communities trapped over thousands of years to persist, raising compelling questions about the nature and dynamics of these ancient microbial populations.

The study of microbial life within these middens is far more than a niche query; it intersects with pressing concerns about human health, ecosystem integrity, and the potentially resurging threats posed by ancient pathogens. As the Arctic warms at an alarming rate—currently estimated to be three to four times faster than the global average—the thawing permafrost raises fears that dormant microbes, including pathogens from bygone eras, might be released back into the environment. The microbial fingerprints preserved in these deposits chronicle past human and animal interactions, environmental conditions, and disease ecology, providing invaluable data to reconstruct historical microbiomes and understand their evolution through millennia.

In groundbreaking research reported recently in Frontiers in Microbiology, scientists led by Dr. Frank Møller Aarestrup of the Technical University of Denmark embarked on an ambitious project to characterize the microbial composition of Greenland’s archaeological middens. Their experimental approach involved rigorous sampling of frozen middens from multiple chronological layers spanning approximately 4,500 years of human history—from the earliest Paleo-Inuit cultures to medieval Norse settlers and early Danish colonists. Employing advanced DNA sequencing techniques and bioinformatics, the team reconstructed diverse and complex bacterial communities present in these ancient deposits and compared them with microbes from surrounding pristine permafrost soils, unperturbed by human activity.

One of the striking revelations from this study was the extraordinary microbial richness residing within the middens. From as few as nine to as many as 202 bacterial species per midden, the researchers identified an aggregate of 1,207 distinct bacterial species across all samples. Intriguingly, many species could not be identified beyond broad taxonomic categories, underscoring the vast unknown microbial diversity in Arctic archaeological contexts and the general paucity of data on cold-environment microbiomes. This discovery shines a light on the hidden microbial world preserved under layers of ice and soil, aspects that have remained largely unexplored until now.

The middens invariably featured richer bacterial communities than adjacent soils, affirming their role as biological archives chronicling the legacy of human presence and activity. Among the deposits, middens linked to the Paleo-Inuit exhibited bacterial compositions closely resembling natural soil communities, suggesting a fading microbial imprint over thousands of years. Conversely, Norse and colonial middens revealed bacterial assemblages heavily influenced by human-related waste, livestock farming, and domestic activities, evidencing the intimate connection between past humans, their animals, and local microbes.

Practically, these midden microbiomes hosted a variety of bacteria associated with human and animal hosts. Notably, the researchers detected species such as Clostridium massilliamazoniense, innocuous but indicative of human fecal matter presence, alongside more pathogenic taxa like Clostridium baratii, which can lead to botulism, and Paeniclostridium sordellii, linked to severe human illnesses including toxic shock syndrome and gas gangrene. Such findings highlight how midden microbial communities serve as time capsules, preserving signatures of diseases that may have affected historic populations, which hold relevance to the emerging field of paleomicrobiology.

Furthermore, the microbial composition differed markedly depending on the nature of the organic waste constituting each midden. Middens from Greenland’s early colonial era, particularly those in Nuuk containing decomposing seal skins, harbored Clostridium perfringens, a bacterium notorious for causing food poisoning. Meanwhile, middens filled with animal carcasses were dominated by gut bacteria such as Romboutsia species and Paraclostridium sordellii. Early Norse deposits, rich in decomposing bones, exhibited an abundance of unknown species within the Proteobacteria and Clostridiaceae groups. This substrate-specific microbial differentiation provides new perspectives on historic dietary patterns, hunting practices, and animal domestication in Greenland.

An essential aspect of the team’s work was the investigation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes within these ancient bacterial genomes. The researchers uncovered a diverse array of resistance genes, demonstrating that ancient permafrost soils and middens contained bacteria equipped with antimicrobial defense mechanisms. The persistence of these genes in both ancient and modern soil layers indicates the long-term stability and environmental retention of genetic elements conferring antibiotic resistance, a critical insight into the evolutionary history of AMR and its environmental reservoirs. Despite this, spatial analyses suggested that upon thawing, microbes from the middens do not tend to disperse widely, limiting the risk of pathogen spread under current conditions.

Importantly, the authors emphasized that the immediate threat to public health from ancient pathogens emerging from Greenland’s thawing middens is currently low. Dr. Saria Otani, co-author and associate professor, noted that the microbiome released from melting permafrost appears to be rapidly outcompeted or replaced by contemporary environmental microbes, reducing opportunities for ancient pathogens to proliferate. Nonetheless, this dynamic balance could shift with accelerating climate warming, necessitating vigilant monitoring.

To that end, the researchers advocate for the incorporation of microbiome characterization into routine archaeological protocols during future excavations at permafrost sites. The spatially and temporally resolved microbial data obtained could serve as early warning markers for pathogen emergence and inform conservation strategies during the rapidly unfolding Arctic environmental transition. This interdisciplinary study brilliantly exemplifies how combining microbiology, archaeology, and environmental science can unlock secrets buried in ice and soil, informing both our understanding of the past and preparations for an uncertain microbial future.

This pioneering research hence sets a precedent for microbiome-informed archaeology, where the “dustbins of history” are not merely relics of human culture but bearers of ancient microbial life, antimicrobial resistance, and metabolic potential. By resolving these ancient microbial ecosystems, scientists are better positioned to trace human-animal-environment interactions across centuries and to anticipate the potential consequences of microbial releases driven by climate change.

As global temperatures continue their inexorable rise, the Arctic remains a hotspot for uncovering hidden biogeochemical dynamics playing out beneath melting permafrost. Greenland’s middens now stand as invaluable archives that illuminate the intertwined narratives of human migration, settlement, livestock domestication, and the microbial world shaped by these processes. The revelations from these frozen repositories reinforce a broader vision of archaeology enriched by microbial ecology, where ancient microbial communities provide vital clues for understanding human history, health, and environmental change on a planetary scale.

Subject of Research: Not applicable

Article Title: Microbial composition of archaeological middens: Tracing Human Footprints Through Centuries in Greenland’s Ancient Settlements

News Publication Date: 17-Jun-2026

Web References:
Frontiers in Microbiology Article

Image Credits: Louise Hindborg Mortensen

Keywords: Archaeology, Animal domestication, Anthropology, Archaeological sites, Prehistory, Microbial ecology, Infectious diseases, Gastrointestinal disorders, Health and medicine, Human biology, Public health, Land use, Iron Age