Every day, billions of people trust computer chips to protect their most sensitive information, ranging from banking passwords to national security secrets. But what if those chips were secretly compromised before they even left the factory?
Randomness forms a crucial backbone of modern society, where every encryption key, secure transaction and digital signature depends on random numbers that no adversary can predict. But every random number generator ever deployed, classical or quantum, has asked its users to take the hardware's honesty on faith.