The PLOS One editors have issued an expression of concern for a 2024 case study concerning the digital economy, innovation factor allocation and industrial structure transformation in China’s Yangtze River Delta city cluster. The notice, published on October 21, 2026, states that the article was identified as one of a series of submissions for which the journal has concerns about the integrity or reliability of the peer-review process. Readers are advised to interpret the original study with this issue in mind.
The notice does not report a new scientific finding, identify an error in the paper or evaluate the study’s scientific validity. According to the editors, PLOS did not assess the article’s integrity or scientific validity when following up on the matter. The expression of concern therefore records a concern about the circumstances surrounding peer review rather than announcing that the study’s data, methods or conclusions have been disproved. The editors also state that they have no concerns regarding the authors’ conduct during the peer-review process.
The affected article was published in PLOS One in 2024 under the title “Digital economy, innovation factor allocation and industrial structure transformation—A case study of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster in China.” The supplied notice does not provide the study’s findings, population details, analytical methods, model estimates, uncertainty measures or specific mechanisms linking the subjects named in the title. As a result, the notice does not support conclusions about the relationship between digital-economy development, innovation factors and industrial structure in the region, nor does it establish whether any reported association or causal effect is reliable.
For the wider research record, the immediate effect is that the 2024 article is accompanied by an editorial notice questioning the integrity or reliability of its peer-review process. The notice does not provide details about the submissions or explain the specific basis for the journal’s concerns. It also does not announce a correction, replacement analysis or revised conclusion. The central status of the paper’s scientific validity remains unevaluated in the supplied material, while the issue is sufficiently significant for PLOS One to advise readers to consider it when interpreting the study.
Subject of Research: A PLOS One expression of concern concerning peer-review reliability in a Yangtze River Delta regional-economy case study.
Article Title: Expression of Concern: Digital economy, innovation factor allocation and industrial structure transformation—A case study of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster in China
Article References: The PLOS One Editors (2026). Expression of Concern: Digital economy, innovation factor allocation and industrial structure transformation—A case study of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster in China. PLOS One, 21(10), e0360867. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0360867
Keywords: PLOS One, expression of concern, peer review, research integrity, digital economy, innovation factors, industrial structure, Yangtze River Delta, China, Expression, Concern, Digital
A nurse-led chronic disease management clinic in the urology department of a tertiary hospital recorded 14,013 outpatient registrations between July 2024 and September 2026, according to a single-center retrospective descriptive study using routinely collected service records. The clinic primarily supported long-term management of patients with prostate and bladder cancer while also providing specialty nursing services for other urological conditions. Its follow-up system marked 3,547 of 3,553 assigned tasks as successful, a task-level success rate of 99.83%. These figures describe service activity and record completion; the study did not measure whether the clinic improved clinical outcomes or economic performance.
The clinic was established in July 2024 within the hospital’s existing specialty nursing outpatient service framework. Its operating model included staffing and qualification requirements, professional training, clearly defined nursing responsibilities, physician–nurse collaboration, standardized procedures, information-system support and quality management. Nurses worked within their authorized scope of practice, while urologists participated in medical assessment and treatment decisions when required. The service had four reported components: patient assessment and follow-up planning; treatment follow-up and adverse-event monitoring; rehabilitation guidance and health promotion; and assistance with healthcare policies and basic nursing care.
Monthly registrations increased from 147 in July 2024 to a peak of 710 in August 2026, with fluctuations during the reporting period. Total registration fees were CNY 152,758. The clinic delivered 14,246 prostate cancer-related injections, 3,523 urinary catheterizations, 2,777 intravesical instillation procedures and 2,142 urinary catheter removals. It also assisted patients with prostate or bladder cancer in applying for outpatient chronic and special disease insurance benefits. The study reports these counts as routine service activities, but it did not compare the procedures with those delivered elsewhere or evaluate their individual clinical effects.
Follow-up management was integrated into the clinic’s information system, which contained records for 1,111 patients. Of these, 953 patients had been followed up and 951 had successful follow-up records. Nurses also executed 3,553 follow-up tasks, of which 3,547 were successful, corresponding to the reported 99.83% task-level rate. The descriptive data do not specify the duration or effectiveness of patient follow-up, assess whether missed contacts influenced treatment adherence or health outcomes, or establish how the results would compare with another care model.
Because the research covered one tertiary hospital and relied on routinely collected records, it cannot establish how the clinic would operate in smaller facilities, under different staffing arrangements or in other health systems. The findings offer a documented example of a nurse-led outpatient service with defined responsibilities, standardized workflows, follow-up documentation and collaboration with urologists. The authors stated that further research is needed to evaluate the model’s clinical outcomes and economic implications. Accordingly, the registration growth, procedural workload and high proportion of completed follow-up tasks should be interpreted as descriptions of implementation and recorded service delivery, not as evidence of improved survival, fewer complications, lower costs or other patient benefits.
Subject of Research: Operation and service activity of a nurse-led chronic disease management clinic in hospital urology
Article Title: Development and implementation of a nurse-led chronic disease management clinic in the urology department of a tertiary hospital: a descriptive study
Article References: Liu, C., Xia, Y., Jia, X., Wang, R., Li, T., Ma, Y., & Long, H. (2026). Development and implementation of a nurse-led chronic disease management clinic in the urology department of a tertiary hospital: a descriptive study. BMC Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-026-05566-z
Longitudinal airflow can sharply suppress the drifting and ablation of the electrical arc formed between a train’s pantograph and overhead contact wire, according to a modeling and experimental study of pantograph–catenary systems under low-pressure conditions. The researchers built a magnetohydrodynamic model that coupled electric, magnetic, thermal, fluid and arc-motion dynamics, then tested the method in a vacuum chamber with copper and carbon electrodes. In experiments conducted at atmospheric pressure, increasing the airflow to 45 metres per second reduced the measured arc drift height from 27.6 millimetres to zero and shortened the arc-root distance from 51.3 to 3.9 millimetres. The same airflow setting also produced progressively less carbon-electrode damage, supporting the proposal as a possible current-collection control method for railways operating at high altitude.
The need for such control arises because the pantograph–catenary system carries the electrical energy used by electric trains, while the stability of its contact strongly affects operating safety and efficiency. Lower atmospheric pressure presents a particularly difficult environment. The study notes that reduced air density and breakdown-field strength can lower the ignition threshold for pantograph–catenary arcs, increase their frequency and duration, and enlarge the region affected by arcing. Repeated arcing can cause irreversible high-temperature ablation and electrical wear on contact wires and pantograph strips. It can also generate broad-band electromagnetic interference that may affect onboard signalling and traction-control systems, with potential consequences including insulator flashover and disruption of the traction network. These background risks motivate efforts to understand and restrain the spatial movement of arcs in plateau environments.
Existing arc models include the Cassie and Mayr black-box approaches, which support analysis of interactions between arcs and traction-network circuits but do not represent an arc’s changing spatial shape. Magnetohydrodynamic models offer a more physical alternative by coupling electromagnetic, flow and thermal fields. Previous work represented crosswind effects on pantograph–catenary arcs and examined how decreasing pressure affects arc-root jumping, in which the root forms at a new location after the elongated column reaches a critical length. Other studies have shown that magnetic fields can stabilize welding and switching arcs. Airflow regulation, however, has been investigated more extensively in welding than in pantograph–catenary systems, whose dissimilar electrodes, high operating speed, open environment, changing electrode gap and constrained vehicle installation space make their arc dynamics more complicated.
The new model represents an arc initially 6 millimetres long and 2 millimetres in diameter between a copper anode and a carbon cathode. It includes the surrounding air, both electrodes and a central longitudinal-airflow channel beneath the copper electrode, including a 1.5-millimetre control-airflow inlet. A separate inlet represents train-induced airflow and was set to 40 metres per second. Calculations covered pressures of 101, 80 and 60 kilopascals, longitudinal airflow from zero to 80 metres per second and a total simulation time of 25 milliseconds. Air properties were adjusted with pressure, while the electrodes were assigned distinct densities, resistivities, thermal conductivities and heat capacities. The governing equations represented electrical potential and current, magnetic-vector potential, mass and momentum conservation, energy conservation, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and net volumetric radiation.
The calculations use several explicit simplifications. Arc ignition is omitted, and the plasma is treated as being in local thermodynamic equilibrium. Flow in the air and arc domains is assumed laminar and incompressible, while metal vapour generated by electrode evaporation and phase change is excluded. These assumptions make it possible to examine large-scale arc motion and temperature distribution but prevent the simulation from directly calculating electrode mass loss, crack width or crater area. Copper was assigned the anode and carbon the cathode; a Gaussian distribution represented current entering through the copper electrode, and the bottom of the carbon electrode was grounded. The air boundary was treated as magnetically insulated, and the initial temperatures were set to 300 kelvin for the air and electrodes and 5,000 kelvin for the arc domain. The experimental apparatus was separate from the numerical model and provided direct physical measurements of damage.
Without longitudinal airflow, the simulated arc passed through two stages. During the first 10 milliseconds, its column elongated continuously, bent under airflow influence, and developed greater drift height and arc-root distance. From 10 to 25 milliseconds, the column and root distance fluctuated through repeated shortening and elongation. The authors associate this behaviour with the electrical and mechanical limits of the arc: once a column reaches a critical length, the voltage and energy available between the electrodes may no longer sustain continuous burning, and a shorter path of lower resistance may form on the electrode surface. The resulting root “jump” shortened the column before airflow stretched it again. Arc development became faster and both drift height and root distance increased as pressure fell. Temperature briefly exceeded 10,000 kelvin and reached a maximum within roughly two to three milliseconds before fluctuating, while arc voltage rose as the column lengthened and resistance increased.
Longitudinal airflow changed these trajectories in the simulations. As speed increased, drift height, root distance and temperature all declined, with the greatest reductions occurring at lower airflow speeds before the curves began to level off. At 101 kilopascals, the calculated drift height fell from 37.5 millimetres without control airflow to zero at 45 metres per second, while root distance decreased from 57.3 to 3.7 millimetres and temperature dropped from 12,900 to 8,650 kelvin. The airflow needed to eliminate drift was 45, 40 and 35 metres per second at pressures of 101, 80 and 60 kilopascals, respectively; speeds required to bring root distance below 5 millimetres were 45, 40 and 30 metres per second. The authors attribute the stronger response at lower pressure to reduced plasma density, which weakens the arc’s inherent rigidity, Lorentz force and thermal buoyancy, allowing airflow load to become a more dominant influence on its motion.
The temperature response also revealed a practical plateau. The researchers defined the optimal airflow speed as the point after which increasing speed by 5 metres per second changes arc temperature by less than 3 per cent. At atmospheric pressure this occurred at 40 metres per second, compared with 30 metres per second at 60 kilopascals. The reported temperature reduction was 33.8 per cent at 101 kilopascals and 38.1 per cent at 60 kilopascals. Airflow strengthened convective heat removal, which lowered plasma temperature and, in turn, increased deionization and reduced Joule heating. Once thermal exchange approached saturation and the minimum temperature required for self-sustaining arc combustion was approached, further increases in speed produced little additional cooling. The model therefore indicates that the airflow speeds required for control decline as ambient pressure falls.
Laboratory testing used a vacuum chamber capable of controlling pressure with an accuracy of plus or minus 100 pascals, a constant-current supply rated from zero to 150 amperes, an arc igniter, a fan with continuously adjustable airflow from zero to 60 metres per second, a high-speed camera and an oscilloscope. Airflow at the electrode outlet was measured with an anemometer accurate to plus or minus 0.5 metres per second. The camera operated at 6,400 frames per second with an exposure of five microseconds, while each two-second arc test was repeated five times and the mean was reported. Tests at 101 kilopascals used airflow speeds of zero, 20, 30 and 45 metres per second. Without control airflow, high-speed images showed increasing arc drift. At 45 metres per second, drift was virtually absent during the final development phase and root distance was substantially shortened, with observed morphologies broadly consistent with the numerical results.
The experiments also found reductions in carbon-electrode ablation that increased with airflow speed. Microscopy showed shorter ablation areas, smaller craters and narrower crack propagation as the controlled airflow rose. The maximum crack width was 66.7 micrometres without airflow and decreased at higher speeds, while analytical weighing showed progressively less mass loss from the carbon electrode. The proposed mechanism is that stronger airflow promotes arc-root slippage, shortening the time the root remains at one point, while convective cooling lowers temperature and local energy density. These are experimental observations rather than direct outputs of the simulation: because the model omits electrode evaporation and metal-vapour transport, it cannot quantitatively predict ablation rates or near-electrode energy balances. The study therefore demonstrates reduced damage under its controlled laboratory conditions, not a complete first-principles calculation of all processes responsible for electrode wear or a proven field performance level in operating plateau railways.
Subject of Research: Experimental and numerical evaluation of airflow control of pantograph–catenary arcs at low pressure.
Article Title: Research on regulation method for suppression of pantograph-catenary arc by airflow in low-pressure environment
Article References: Xu, Z., Wang, S., Dong, K., & Gao, G. (2026). Research on regulation method for suppression of pantograph-catenary arc by airflow in low-pressure environment. iScience, 29(11), Article 117951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.117951
The penalty, one of the largest levied against the tech giant, stemmed from a lawsuit by New Mexico claiming the social media company had misled users about their data privacy.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance measurements identified a hemodynamic pattern associated with death or heart-transplant referral or listing in people with Fontan circulation, according to a retrospective study of 182 patients followed at a moderate-altitude center. Patients who later experienced the composite outcome had a lower superior vena cava flow index than those who did not. In time-to-event analysis, each 0.1-liter-per-minute-per-square-meter increase in the indexed flow was associated with a 30% lower hazard of the outcome.
The association remained in an exploratory model that also included ventricular ejection fraction, but the researchers said the estimate requires prospective, multicenter validation before clinical application. The cohort comprised people who had undergone Fontan palliation between 1999 and 2021 at a tertiary institution approximately 5,118 feet above sea level. Fontan circulation passively directs systemic venous blood into the pulmonary arteries without the support of a sub-pulmonary ventricle.
Eligible participants had a clinically indicated CMR examination at least five years after Fontan completion, a threshold selected to match the center’s routine surveillance practice. For patients with multiple examinations, investigators used the last CMR obtained before an outcome or censoring. Most participants, 173 of 182, or 95%, had an extracardiac conduit Fontan circulation, and 76, or 42%, underwent a Damus–Kaye–Stansel anastomosis.
At CMR, the median body surface area was 1.43 square meters, with an interquartile range of 1.16 to 1.69 square meters. The median age at Fontan completion was 3.2 years, and the median interval between surgery and imaging was 10.9 years. Median follow-up after CMR was 4.7 years, while participants’ median home elevation was 5,221 feet above sea level.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome was the most common underlying diagnosis, accounting for 35% of the cohort, followed by tricuspid atresia at 30%. The systemic ventricle was left-dominant in 53% and right-dominant in 47%. Magnetic resonance examinations were performed on 1.5- or 3.0-tesla scanners, with cine imaging used to assess ventricular function and phase-contrast sequences used to measure blood flow.
The primary endpoint combined death with referral or listing for heart transplantation. Fourteen patients, or 7.7% of the cohort, met that endpoint during follow-up: two died and 12 were referred or listed for transplantation. Among patients who experienced the outcome, the median time from CMR to the first qualifying event was 1.2 years, with an interquartile range of 0.5 to 2.5 years.
The median superior vena cava flow index was 0.54 liters per minute per square meter among patients with the primary outcome, compared with 0.82 liters per minute per square meter among those without it; the difference was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.011. The superior vena cava-to-ascending-aorta flow ratio was also lower in the event group, with medians of 0.22 and 0.30, respectively. Several other CMR flow measures did not differ significantly between patients with and without the primary outcome.
These included flow indices in the ascending aorta, right pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, as well as calculated systemic-to-pulmonary collateral flow. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that superior vena cava flow index discriminated between patients who met the endpoint and those who did not with an area under the curve of 0.74 and a 95% confidence interval of 0.56 to 0.92. A data-derived threshold of 0.66 liters per minute per square meter, selected using the Youden index, yielded 70% sensitivity and 75% specificity.
Kaplan–Meier curves showed significantly poorer event-free survival among patients below that threshold. Because the threshold and discrimination measures came from the same cohort, they are exploratory rather than externally validated clinical cutoffs. Univariable Cox proportional hazards regression found a hazard ratio of 0.70 for each 0.1-liter-per-minute-per-square-meter increase in superior vena cava flow index, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.50 to 0.92 and a p-value of 0.008.
Right-dominant ventricular morphology was also associated with a higher hazard than left-ventricular dominance, with a hazard ratio of 3.21, a 95% confidence interval of 1.00 to 10.29 and a p-value of 0.049. The investigators constructed a two-variable Cox model containing superior vena cava flow index and ejection fraction. Each one-percentage-point increase in ejection fraction was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.92, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.86 to 0.97.
Because only 14 primary events occurred, the multivariable analysis was deliberately restricted and was intended to test whether the flow association persisted beyond ventricular function rather than develop a full prediction model. Internal bootstrap analysis using 2,500 resamples produced a median hazard ratio of 0.71 for superior vena cava flow index and 0.92 for ejection fraction, close to the original adjusted estimates. Collinearity between the two variables was negligible, with a Spearman absolute correlation below 0.1, an R-squared value of 0.008 and a variance inflation factor of 1.01.
Tests did not indicate violation of the proportional-hazards assumption. Ventricular measures also differed according to morphology: in the right-dominant subgroup, patients with events had larger indexed ventricular volumes and lower ejection fraction than those without events, whereas comparable differences were not statistically significant in the smaller left-dominant event subgroup. The study does not establish why lower superior vena cava flow was associated with poorer outcomes.
One proposed explanation is that chronic hypobaric exposure at moderate altitude promotes pulmonary vasoconstriction and raises pulmonary vascular resistance, potentially restricting passive flow through the Fontan pathway. However, pulmonary vascular resistance was not directly measured, and the cohort included no sea-level comparator, so the study cannot determine whether altitude caused the observed hemodynamic pattern. Other possible contributors include anatomical differences in the superior vena cava, systemic venovenous collateral vessels that divert blood around the pulmonary vascular bed, and differences in preload or single-ventricle filling.
The findings therefore associate reduced indexed flow with an unfavorable hemodynamic state rather than demonstrate a specific underlying mechanism. Important limitations constrain the results. The retrospective, single-center design creates the possibility of selection bias, and clinically performed CMR examinations were not acquired at standardized surveillance intervals.
Selecting the last scan before an outcome or censoring may introduce reverse-causation bias because patients approaching clinical deterioration could have been imaged nearer the event. Clinically relevant potential confounders—including functional class, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity, resting oxygen saturation, natriuretic peptide levels, catheterization-derived Fontan pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vasodilator therapy, arrhythmia burden and the severity of liver disease—were unavailable or not incorporated. The small number of events also leaves the multivariable estimates vulnerable to overfitting despite the deliberately parsimonious model and bootstrap resampling.
Furthermore, the predominance of fenestrated extracardiac conduit Fontan circulation limits generalizability to other surgical configurations. The results position superior vena cava flow index as a candidate prognostic marker that may complement ventricular size and ejection fraction in longitudinal assessment of Fontan circulation, but they do not establish a clinical measurement rule or treatment strategy. Prospective, multicenter studies comparing cohorts across elevations would be needed to test the temporal relationship, determine whether altitude modifies the association, and establish external validity.
The authors also identified four-dimensional flow CMR as a possible tool for characterizing three-dimensional flow patterns and energy loss within the Fontan pathway. Further work could compare imaging signatures with exercise physiology, biomarkers of end-organ dysfunction and pulmonary vascular imaging. Until those studies are completed, the association between reduced superior vena cava flow and adverse outcomes should be regarded as an exploratory finding that requires independent validation.
Subject of Research: Association between CMR-derived blood flow and adverse outcomes in people with Fontan circulation
Article Title: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance–derived hemodynamics predict adverse outcomes after Fontan palliation
Article References: Platnick, C., Frank, B., Romanowicz, J., Gonzalez De Alba, C., Chase, M., Umer, A., Chaudhuri, N. R., Awori, J., Chauhan, D., Mascio, C. E., Udassi, J. P., & Hedjazi Moghari, M. (2026). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance–derived hemodynamics predict adverse outcomes after Fontan palliation. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 13, Article 1937933. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1937933
Apple’s upcoming “Pro and Tell” event sparks speculation about new MacBook Pro models, while iPhone Duo preorders raise questions about shipping delays and retail availability. The panel discusses Apple’s $5 trillion valuation, why HomeView won’t launch in the European Union, and the anticipated arrival of Affinity Studio on iPad, including how it could transform creative workflows and provide yet another powerful alternative to Adobe Creative Cloud.
Actors Taye Diggs, Autumn Federici, Gary Entin, Troy Brookins, Edmund Entin and Eric Guilmette attend the world premiere of Microhouse Films and Lifetime's Reunion Island during the ALZA Festival. | Getty Images for Lifetime.
It remains to be seen if people really want to watch vertical content on horizontal TV screens, but many filmmakers and creators were confident that their latest projects would play well at Alza - New York City's first microdrama film festival. Founded by former Tribeca Festival chief operating officer Pete Torres, Alza, which took place October 16th through 18th, was billed as a showcase for the "the creativity, innovation, and growing cultural impact of stories made for the vertical screen." The festival featured a selection of microdrama and film premieres as well as industry-focused panels with executives who all seemed to genuinely beli …
The PHP Foundation has revealed two serious vulnerabilities that could impact millions of websites. Security experts warn that failure to quickly patch the flaws could have dire consequences.
The PHP Foundation has revealed two serious vulnerabilities that could impact millions of websites. Security experts warn that failure to quickly patch the flaws could have dire consequences.
Labour has finally approved new drilling for gas in the North Sea, despite the project already receiving the go ahead over two years ago under the Tories, after energy prices hit a four-year high.
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The movie Disclosure Day, directed by Spielberg, investigates a conspiracy about government suppression of alien evidence dating back to Roswell. This review questions current societal beliefs about extraterrestrials and Darwinian evolution. It exposes the deception, ultimately portraying alien visitation as a misunderstood age-old phenomenon rather than a new factual reality.
Apple on October 20, 2026 unveiled its 2026 Designers of Tomorrow showcase, an exhibition made in collaboration with Design Miami that opened that day at Hôtel de Maisons in Paris. Curated by Rodman Primack, it features new work by Salem S. Charabi, Isabel Rower, Yoonjeong Lee and the studio Parafernalia. This is the program’s second […]
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In a MacVoices After Dark supplemental, members of the panel continue their discussion of Apple’s HomeView and Apple TV announcements. Pricing, functionality, and real-world value are debated as they examine HomeView’s potential as a smart home controller, its limitations compared to an iPad, and possible future capabilities. Apple TV’s higher price raises questions about performance, […]
iPhone Preview brings everyday PDF tasks into one built-in app, from rearranging pages to preparing a smaller attachment. Introduced with iOS 26, it remains available in iOS 27, whose user guide provides the instructions used here.
Apple’s Preview app can open PDFs directly, reorganize their pages, rotate or crop individual sheets, delete unwanted pages, insert new ones, complete forms, add signatures, protect documents with passwords and export smaller copies for sharing.
It can also scan paper documents directly into a PDF and combine multiple pages into one file.
That makes Preview surprisingly capable for common workflows such as signing a contract, cleaning up a scanned document, reducing an attachment before emailing it or rearranging pages in a report.
Start with the task your document requires. Rearranging pages, adding a signature and preparing an attachment are different from rewriting an existing paragraph or meeting a publisher’s production requirements. Preview’s documented tools cover many routine changes, while more specialized work may require a separate editor.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
iPhone Preview Lets You Reorder, Delete and Crop PDF Pages
Page management is particularly useful for scanned documents. A report may contain a sideways sheet, an attachment in the wrong position or an empty page that needs removing before the file is shared.
Open a document in Preview and tap the page count to reveal its thumbnail view.
From there, a page can be moved simply by touching and holding its thumbnail and dragging it above or below another page.
That makes fixing a scanned contract or report straightforward when pages were captured in the wrong order.
To reorganize a document:
Preview > open PDF > tap page count > touch and hold a page thumbnail > drag it into position
The same thumbnail menu can delete a page entirely.
Touch and hold the unwanted thumbnail, then choose Delete Page.
Preview can also insert material into an existing document. The thumbnail menu offers options to add a blank page, import a PDF or image from Files, or scan additional paper pages with the iPhone camera.
That means a form missing one attachment can be repaired without recreating the complete PDF.
Rotation is equally direct.
Open the relevant page, tap the More button and choose Rotate Left or Rotate Right.
Cropping works on a page-by-page basis:
Preview > open PDF > select page > Crop > adjust the blue handles > Crop
This is particularly useful for scanned pages with oversized borders, desk surfaces or other material around the document.
Apple also provides Undo through the More menu, making these edits less intimidating when working on an original file. For documents that cannot easily be replaced, creating a duplicate first remains the safer approach.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
Fill Forms, Add Signatures and Lock the Finished PDF
Preview also consolidates several document tasks that iPhone users may already recognize from Markup.
Fillable PDF forms can be completed directly inside the app. Text fields, checkboxes and other supported form elements can be selected and edited without converting the file into another format.
Signatures use Apple’s familiar Markup system.
Open the document’s signature controls and choose Add Signature. When using Markup, tap the Add (+) button first, then select Add Signature. Choose a saved signature or draw a new one with your finger; rotating the iPhone gives you more room.
A saved signature can then be positioned and resized on the document.
For recurring paperwork, that makes Preview useful for forms that arrive through Mail or Files and need to be returned quickly.
Preview > open PDF > Actions menu beside filename > Lock
Enter the same password in the Password and Verify fields, then confirm the change.
Apple automatically enables the password requirement when the file is locked.
This protection prevents someone without the password from opening the PDF normally and helps protect completed work from unauthorized access.
There is an important practical step before doing this: duplicate the document if you want to preserve an unprotected copy.
Preview > Actions menu > Duplicate
A password-protected PDF is only useful if the password itself can be recovered later. Losing it can make the document inaccessible, so the credential should be stored somewhere secure.
Preview Can Compress a PDF Before You Send It
Large PDFs are another problem Preview addresses without requiring a separate compression website.
Open the document, tap the Actions menu beside its filename and choose Export.
When PDF is selected as the output format, iOS 27 offers several options that can reduce file size.
Optimize Images for Screen lowers image resolution for documents intended primarily for display rather than high-quality printing.
Save Images as JPEG can reduce the size of embedded images further by using JPEG compression.
Two other export options serve different purposes. Create Linearized PDF optimizes a document for faster web loading, while Embed Text applies optical character recognition, or OCR, to make image-based content searchable.
Choose those options for loading behavior or searchability, rather than assuming they will produce the smallest attachment. For file-size reduction, the image optimization settings are the relevant controls.
The practical workflow for a smaller email attachment is:
Preview > open PDF > Actions menu > Export > PDF > Optimize Images for Screen > Save
Adding Save Images as JPEG can shrink image-heavy files further when maximum image fidelity is unnecessary.
These image-reduction options can sacrifice detail. Lowering resolution or using JPEG compression may affect small text, fine lines and photographs, so compare the exported copy with the original before sending it.
A document containing mostly text may shrink only modestly. A scan filled with high-resolution photographs can show a much larger reduction.
Preview also exports files into formats including HEIC, JPEG, PNG and TIFF when a PDF needs to become an image instead.
When exporting a PDF to an image format, resolution can be selected manually, giving users additional control over the balance between detail and file size.
Image Credit: AppleMagazine
Where Preview Still Falls Short of Adobe Acrobat
Reopen the exported file before sending it. Check the page order, orientation, completed fields and signature placement. Zoom in on small text and diagrams, especially if you reduced image resolution. The useful result is a document that remains readable and complete, not simply the smallest file you can create.
Keep the original under a different filename so you can produce another version if needed. A copy prepared for email may not be the best version for printing or archiving. Names such as “Application — Original” and “Application — Email Copy” help distinguish the files when they appear together in Recents.
If the task involves changing existing document text or satisfying a specific submission requirement, confirm that your chosen tool supports it before proceeding. For routine page organization, form completion and sharing, a checked Preview export may be all you need.
Apple’s 2026 Designers of Tomorrow exhibition opened October 20 at Hôtel de Maisons in Paris. Returning for a second year in collaboration with Design Miami, the showcase is curated by Rodman Primack and organized around the theme of presence. A similar exchange between digital exploration and physical production appears in Bünyamin Aydın’s work with iPad Pro for Les Benjamins, where sketches and shared references helped develop a fashion collection.
The featured participants are Salem S. Charabi, Isabel Rower, Yoonjeong Lee, and Parafernalia. Their work provides a starting point for examining a broader creative question: how can an object encourage someone to stop, pay attention, and engage with their surroundings?
For Apple readers, the exhibition also offers a different way to think about creative technology. The finished works invite attention through their materials and use, while digital tools operate behind the scenes.
Four Projects With Different Material Languages
Charabi’s The Eminence of Light combines palm fronds, banana paper, and limestone in a lantern developed with MacBook Pro sketching and 3D modeling.
Rower’s Padded Chair 1860 features a glossy finish and ceramic beaded fringe that makes sound when brushed. Her workflow includes documenting ideas on iPhone and arranging references in Keynote.
Lee’s New Form combines a wooden table and lamp, incorporating worn pencils and approximately 5,000 layers of veneer. She uses iPad Pro and Apple Pencil within a connected workflow.
Parafernalia’s Genki Matsumura and Sebastián Zorrilla created MonoAmbiente 1, a stainless steel piece that opens to reveal stools and a table. Their geographically separated collaboration involves shared sketches and communication apps. Apple describes the projects and their development in its exhibition announcement.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Presence Begins With What an Object Asks You to Notice
Together, the projects suggest several ways to interpret presence. Light can draw attention across a room. An unexpected sound can make a familiar action feel different. A recognizable material placed in an unfamiliar role can prompt a second look.
These are useful distinctions because attention is not always a matter of visual impact. An object may become interesting through movement, proximity, or participation. Looking at a photograph and encountering the work physically can therefore produce different experiences.
That is an editorial reading of the exhibition’s theme, rather than a measured finding about visitors. Whether a particular piece creates that response will depend on the person encountering it and the circumstances of the encounter.
Digital Planning Supports Physical Judgment
The workflows offer a practical reminder that creative work contains several different kinds of decisions. Sketching helps establish a possibility. Modeling can help examine relationships between components. Collecting references provides material for comparison.
None of those steps eliminates the need to make judgments about the finished object. A convincing image cannot, by itself, establish whether a surface feels right, a structure behaves as intended, or an interaction is satisfying.
For someone developing a personal project, the useful question is which stage needs support. A student organizing visual research may need a clearer reference archive. Two collaborators may need a more consistent way to exchange revisions. A maker exploring a complex form may benefit from investigating its geometry before committing materials.
The exhibition illustrates specific workflows, rather than prescribing one equipment list for every creative discipline.
Image Credit: Apple Inc.
Collaboration Is Part of the Design Process
Working with another person introduces a separate challenge: making an unfinished thought understandable. A sketch that feels obvious to its creator may leave a collaborator unsure about scale, construction, or purpose.
A useful shared reference gives both people something concrete to discuss. It can expose disagreements early, preserve an alternative worth revisiting, or clarify which version is currently under consideration.
For readers, that offers an approachable lesson without requiring a professional studio. Naming revisions clearly, recording why a decision changed, and keeping references accessible can make a small project easier to develop. The value comes from the working habit as much as the software involved.
Read the Showcase as a Set of Creative Examples
Apple positions the exhibition around its products’ role in design. That makes it a curated account with a clear commercial perspective, rather than an independent comparison of creative platforms. The featured experiences show how these designers work; they do not establish that equivalent results require identical devices.
The stronger takeaway is to examine the path from observation to finished object. Each stage needs a purpose: capturing something worth exploring, testing a possibility, communicating a revision, or assessing the physical result. For readers interested in making things, that process is the most useful part of the showcase—and something they can apply to their next project.
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