A newly developed CT scanner small enough to hold in one hand can now produce detailed 3D images of tiny fossils and archaeological relics. Researchers built the Xtomo-Cube, a device roughly the size of a desktop speaker. It weighs just 6 kilograms (13.2 pounds), earning it a nickname that undersells just how compact it really is.

Liu Baodong, a senior engineer at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and general manager of the company behind the device, described the machine’s standing plainly. It holds the title of world’s smallest and lightest CT system, earning it the nickname “palm-sized CT scanner.”

The device carries a spatial resolution of 80 micrometers, roughly the width of a human hair. That precision lets it analyze objects ranging from snail shells to medicine capsules.

Squeezed into four liters

The machine draws only about 200 watts of power, low enough to run off an ordinary portable power bank during fieldwork. Liu said every key component, including the X-ray source, rotating platform, and detector, was developed and manufactured domestically.

The previous record holder for smallest CT machine was a German-developed device weighing 19 kilograms, more than three times the new scanner’s weight. Liu described the central engineering challenge as squeezing an X-ray source, detector, and rotating platform into a four-liter package while still maintaining fine imaging detail.

From 3 meters to handheld

CT scanning uses X-rays captured from multiple angles to build a detailed 3D model of an object’s internal structure. The first clinical CT scanner appeared in London in 1971, built by British engineer Godfrey Hounsfield. That original machine measured 3 meters (9.8 feet) long, could only scan a patient’s head, and took roughly five minutes to generate just two 2D images.

Hospitals today rely on CT scanners routinely to spot tumors, internal bleeding, and other injuries. Researchers also use similar machines to examine fossils, archaeological finds, and industrial components without causing damage. Despite those expanding applications, CT scanners have remained large and heavy. A typical hospital scanner stands roughly 2 meters tall and wide and weighs around 2 metric tons, while some industrial systems grow even larger.

Liu compared the range of CT scanners to vehicles, from sports cars to trucks, describing the new device as the compact car of the category. He said the goal was never to scan everything, but specifically to look inside small objects that existing large machines handle poorly.

The scanner’s compact size and relatively low-energy X-rays could also suit university classrooms and research labs. Unlike many commercial CT systems, its settings and raw imaging data remain open to users. That openness lets students and researchers experiment directly with how CT images are collected, reconstructed, and improved.

Aerial mapping crews have long faced an awkward tradeoff: fly low enough to resolve a power line, and a single mission barely covers a fraction of the corridor. Fly high enough to cover ground efficiently, and thin objects that matter most start disappearing into the noise. Ouster says its Rev8 OS1 Max native color lidar sensor eliminates that compromise, delivering twice the precision and accuracy of its previous generation for drone-based mapping.

The company announced surging customer momentum for the sensor. Payload integrators and drone manufacturers across the aerial mapping market are selecting it for utility corridor inspection, infrastructure management, and defense applications. Powered by Ouster’s L4 Max chip, the sensor pairs 256 channels of survey-grade 3D range data with native 48-bit color. That combination lets operators maintain fine detail even at high survey altitudes.

Twice the prior precision

The Rev8 OS1 Max produces low-noise point clouds with thin surface walls. It reaches plus-or-minus 0.25 centimeters of precision and plus-or-minus 1.25 centimeters of accuracy, twice the precision and accuracy of the previous Rev7 generation. Every sensor undergoes calibration across range, reflectivity, temperature, and beam angle before shipping, keeping results consistent from one unit to the next.

Tighter beam collimation gives the sensor a spot size up to 50 percent smaller than Rev7. That keeps power lines, wires, branches, and canopy gaps cleanly resolved rather than blurring into surrounding surfaces. With 200 meters of range at 10 percent reflectivity, that detail holds at the altitudes mapping teams typically fly, roughly 80 to 120 meters above ground. That range lets operators fly wider swaths and cover corridors in fewer passes.

Color at the sensor

Unlike conventional systems that align a separate camera with lidar data afterward, the Rev8 OS1 Max assigns RGB color values directly at the detector. Because color and geometry are captured by the same sensor at the silicon level, there’s no parallax between them and no separate calibration step. That design shortens the colorization work that normally sits between flight and finished deliverable.

Ouster’s Rev8 OS digital lidar sensors are designed and developed in the US. They comply with supply chain security standards under Section 164 of the FY2025 National Defense Authorization Act. The company also offers Build America, Buy America Act-certified sensors for government, utility, and enterprise operators with domestic sourcing requirements.

Built for harsh conditions

The sensor carries IP68 and IP69K ingress protection, 100 G shock resistance, and an operating range of minus 40 to plus 85 degrees Celsius. It’s built to handle extreme weather across multirotor and fixed-wing drone platforms. Stuart Landesberg, CEO of drone mapping company Seneca, said the durability rating has proven invaluable for fire agency partners operating in unforgiving heat and cold. It lets crews fly in conditions that would ground other platforms.

Frank Darmayan, CEO of GeoCue, said pairing the company’s TrueView payloads with the Rev8 OS1 Max lets it offer a compliant, high-performance option for customers monitoring critical infrastructure. Beyond aerial surveying, Flyability is evaluating Ouster’s Rev8 OS0 lidar for its collision-tolerant Elios 3 drone, aiming to bring native color 3D mapping into hazardous, GPS-denied industrial environments. Ouster is showcasing the Rev8 OS1 Max at INTERGEO in Munich this week, running September 15 through 17.

“Recursive self-improvement” is the idea that artificial intelligence could learn to build and train itself, creating exponential new progress — and risk.

Siri AI is beginning its public rollout as Apple transforms its familiar assistant into a substantially more conversational system built around personal context, onscreen awareness, web knowledge, and the ability to perform actions across apps.

The beta is available first in English on compatible devices running iOS 27, iPadOS 27, macOS 27, watchOS 27, and visionOS 27. French, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish support is scheduled for October. Availability remains more limited in some regions, with Siri AI initially unavailable on iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch in the European Union and unavailable in China while Apple addresses regulatory requirements.

The release follows several years of gradual Apple Intelligence expansion, but Siri AI represents a more fundamental change. Instead of handling each request largely as an isolated command, the assistant can maintain conversations, find relevant personal information, understand what is displayed on a device, and combine those capabilities to complete multistep tasks.

Siri AI can connect personal context with app actions

Personal context is one of the biggest differences between Siri AI and previous versions of the assistant.

The system can search across a user’s messages, email, photos, notes, and other information when responding to a request. Apple offers an example in which someone asks what a family member suggested doing during an upcoming visit. Siri can locate the relevant conversation, find a recipe previously sent by email, and then place the ingredients into a Reminders grocery list.

That combination of retrieval and action is central to the new design. Siri AI can draft an email, edit and share photos, create calendar events, manage reminders, control media, and perform other supported actions without requiring users to manually move information between applications.

Third-party apps can participate through Apple’s App Intents architecture. Existing integrations include tasks such as messaging through WhatsApp or playing an audiobook in Audible, with Apple also previewing deeper capabilities in applications including Microsoft Outlook, Notability, and Tripsy.

Onscreen awareness adds another layer. Siri can identify information currently visible on a device and act on it. Someone viewing a sports website, for example, can ask Siri to identify upcoming home games and add them to Calendar without manually copying dates.

Apple has also expanded Siri beyond voice. On iPhone, users can invoke the assistant with the side button, voice command, or by swiping down from Dynamic Island. On iPad and Mac, Siri AI is integrated into Spotlight, while systemwide context menus can send selected files, images, or text directly to the assistant.

Siri AI gets its own app and conversation history

Siri AI is no longer confined to a temporary interface that disappears once a request is complete.

Apple has introduced a dedicated Siri app where users can begin new conversations or revisit previous ones. Conversation history can sync privately through iCloud across iPhone, iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, and Apple Vision Pro, allowing a discussion started on one device to continue on another.

Follow-up questions can retain the context of an earlier answer, giving Siri a more conventional conversational interface for longer exchanges.

The assistant also has access to broad web knowledge for questions that cannot be answered through personal information or local device data. Apple says Siri can retrieve current information for topics ranging from sports results to travel planning and nearby businesses.

Visual Intelligence expands alongside the assistant. On iPhone, a dedicated Siri mode inside Camera can identify and respond to objects or information in front of the user. A concert poster, for example, can become the starting point for questions about performance times followed by the creation of Calendar events.

On iPad, Visual Intelligence is integrated with screenshots. Mac users can select content on their displays through a keyboard shortcut, while Vision Pro users can ask Siri about app windows or physical objects simply by looking at them.

Writing Tools are similarly integrated across the system. Siri can generate drafts, revise existing text from natural-language instructions, and provide writing suggestions. In Mail and Messages, Apple says it can take a user’s typical communication style with a particular recipient into account, including tone and punctuation patterns.

Siri AI runs across on-device and private cloud models

Siri AI is powered by a new generation of Apple Foundation Models developed in collaboration with Google using Gemini technology, marking a notable shift in Apple’s AI infrastructure.

The architecture divides processing between models running directly on the device and larger models operating through Private Cloud Compute. Apple says requests sent to Private Cloud Compute are processed without personal data being stored or made accessible to the company.

Core resources such as the Spotlight index and Apple’s App Toolbox can remain on-device, allowing Siri to retrieve local information and perform supported actions without sending every request to a remote server.

More capable devices can also use AFM Core Advanced, Apple’s highest-performance on-device model. It powers improvements including more expressive Siri voices and advanced systemwide dictation that automatically handles capitalization, punctuation, and formatting.

Compatibility varies by feature. Apple Intelligence supports iPhone 16 models and later, iPhone 15 Pro and Pro Max, M1 or later iPads and Macs, iPad mini with A17 Pro, Apple Vision Pro, and supported Apple Watch models when paired with a nearby Apple Intelligence-enabled iPhone.

AFM Core Advanced requires newer hardware, including iPhone Duo, the iPhone 18 Pro line, iPhone Air, iPhone 17 Pro models, qualifying M4 or later iPads with at least 12GB of unified memory, M3 or later Macs with at least 12GB, and Apple Vision Pro with M5.

Siri AI arrives with limits as Apple expands access

The initial Siri AI release remains explicitly labeled beta, and some of the surrounding Apple Intelligence features are scheduled for later updates.

Apple also confirms that features relying on server-side models can be subject to daily usage limits. That includes Siri AI, cloud-based photo editing, Image Playground, and AFM 3 Cloud models used through Shortcuts. Limits can vary depending on the feature, request complexity, system demand, and other factors.

Apple says expanded access to server-dependent features will eventually be available for a fee, introducing a future paid layer to parts of Apple Intelligence even as the core system remains integrated into supported devices.

Apple will also expand its intelligence capabilities on Apple Watch later in 2026. Planned Audio Intelligence features on Apple Watch Series 12 and Ultra 4 include Live Rewind, which can display text representing the previous 15 seconds of a conversation, and Siri Recap, which generates high-level summaries that can be reviewed later in the Siri app.

Those functions are designed around a hardware-isolated Secure Exclave on the S11 chip, with Apple saying raw audio is processed in isolation and immediately deleted rather than stored as recordings. Live Rewind and Siri Recap are scheduled to enter beta later in 2026, making the current Siri AI launch the beginning of a staged expansion rather than the final form of Apple’s new assistant.

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Apple software updates for 2026 are now reaching supported devices, bringing iOS 27, iPadOS 27, macOS 27, watchOS 27, visionOS 27, and tvOS 27 out of preview and into everyday use. The releases place Siri AI and the next generation of Apple Intelligence at the center, but many of the changes extend well beyond generative AI.

The updates began rolling out September 14. Alongside new intelligence features, Apple has made measurable performance changes to iPhone and iPad, overhauled several parental controls, refined the Liquid Glass interface introduced across its platforms, improved search, and added smaller changes to services including iCloud Shared Albums, Maps, AirPods, and Health.

Siri AI is initially rolling out as a beta in English. Apple says French, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish support is scheduled for October, making some of the headline functionality a staggered release rather than something every user receives immediately after installing the new operating systems.

Apple software updates make Siri AI a cross-device feature

Siri AI is built around personal context, onscreen awareness, expanded app actions, and access to current information from the web. The assistant can draw on material stored in areas such as Messages, Mail, and Photos when responding to requests, while Visual Intelligence allows users to ask about content currently displayed on their screen.

On iPhone, Siri mode is integrated directly into the Camera app. A user can point the camera at something and ask questions or perform supported actions based on what appears in front of them.

The assistant also gains a dedicated Siri app that synchronizes conversation history privately through iCloud. A conversation started on an iPhone can therefore be continued on an iPad, Mac, Apple Watch, or Apple Vision Pro.

Write with Siri expands the assistant into text creation and editing. Users can describe the material they need drafted or ask Siri to refine existing writing without moving to a separate application.

Apple Intelligence is also adding more specialized features outside Siri. Photos receives Spatial Reframing, Extend, and an updated Clean Up tool. Image Playground can generate images in a wider selection of styles, including photorealistic output, with metadata designed to identify AI-created material and planned support for the SynthID standard.

Safari can automatically organize tabs by topic and monitor webpages for changes, such as a product returning to stock or a price dropping. Apple is also introducing tools that can create custom extensions from a description.

iOS 27 and iPadOS 27 put more emphasis on speed

Some of the less visible changes could be among the most frequently experienced.

Apple says apps can launch up to 30% faster on iPhone and iPad after installing the new software. Photos can load an image up to 70% faster immediately after it is taken, while AirDrop transfers can be up to 80% faster.

iPadOS 27 receives additional work around file handling and multitasking. Apple says browsing files and transferring them to an external USB drive can be as much as five times faster, accompanied by smoother window closing, switching, and dragging.

Connectivity behavior has also been adjusted. Transitions between cellular connections and Wi-Fi are designed to happen more seamlessly, while Messages no longer needs to hold subsequent texts behind a large photo or video being uploaded over a slow connection.

Search across Spotlight, Photos, and Mail has been revised on iPhone, iPad, and Mac. Mail gains a new ranking system for Top Hits, while Apple describes search across the three platforms as more stable and comprehensive.

Liquid Glass has received another round of refinements after becoming the common visual language across Apple’s software. A new Settings slider allows users to adjust the interface from an ultraclear appearance toward a more heavily tinted version, and app icons have been sharpened.

Screen Time and child safety controls get a substantial redesign

Apple has also expanded the controls available to families rather than limiting this software cycle to interface and AI work.

The setup process for child accounts now allows parents to specify which apps a child can access from the beginning, with additional apps added later if appropriate. Ask to Browse extends approval controls to Safari, letting parents require permission before a child opens a new website.

Communication Safety has been expanded beyond sexually explicit material to detect and intervene when gore or violent content appears in shared images and videos.

Screen Time presents average device usage and frequently used apps more prominently. Parents can establish daily time allowances across categories such as Entertainment, Games, and Social Media, while Schedules can change which apps remain available at different points during a weekday or weekend.

These changes are particularly notable because they work at the account and platform level rather than requiring parents to configure separate controls inside every individual app.

watchOS 27, visionOS 27, and tvOS 27 add targeted upgrades

The smaller platforms receive their own additions rather than simply inheriting features from iPhone and Mac.

watchOS 27 introduces a dedicated Siri app, a dynamic app grid, expanded Smart Stack suggestions, and a new single-handed tap gesture for opening widgets. Workout Buddy can now operate without the paired iPhone nearby, while Cycle Tracking in Health adds support related to perimenopause and menopause.

visionOS 27 brings Siri AI and Visual Intelligence into Apple Vision Pro, where the assistant can respond to objects a user is physically looking at. Panoramas can be converted into spatial scenes and used as personal Environments, while Mac users can bring compatible 3D models into their physical space to preview and edit them.

Apple says Vision Pro can now start up and connect to Wi-Fi up to three times faster. New curved windows, Control Center changes, eye-controlled notification expansion, and improvements to Dwell Control further adjust the spatial interface.

tvOS 27 takes a narrower approach. Apple Music gains high-resolution lossless audio support, Apple Podcasts has been redesigned, and additional text-size accessibility options have been introduced. Apple TV 4K owners can install the release on supported second- and third-generation models.

Other changes stretch across device categories. iCloud Shared Albums can now retain full-resolution photos and videos while making participation easier from Android and Windows devices. AirPods gain custom EQ settings, Maps expands Flyover with AI-assisted aerial detail, and Missed-message notifications and unread counts now synchronize more quickly and reliably across Apple devices.

With the September 14 releases now public, the software cycle shifts from preview demonstrations to staggered feature delivery. Siri AI language expansion begins in October, while some Apple Intelligence capabilities and individual app features will continue arriving through later updates rather than being tied exclusively to the initial 27.0 releases.

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iPhone 18 Pro arrives with Apple concentrating its biggest changes in three areas: camera control, sustained performance, and battery life. The new Pro models retain familiar 6.3-inch and 6.9-inch display sizes, but introduce a variable-aperture main camera, the 2-nanometer A20 Pro chip, redesigned thermal hardware, and a smaller Dynamic Island.

The lineup consists of iPhone 18 Pro and iPhone 18 Pro Max, starting at $1,199 and $1,299 in the U.S., respectively. Both begin with 256GB of storage and are available in black, silver, glacier, and a new burgundy finish. Preorders opened September 12, with retail availability beginning September 18 in more than 65 countries and regions.

Rather than treating the Pro models as a cosmetic update, Apple has focused on changes that become more noticeable during demanding use, particularly photography, video work, gaming, AI processing, and long sessions away from a charger.

iPhone 18 Pro brings variable aperture to the main camera

The centerpiece is a new 48MP Fusion Main camera with a physical variable aperture, a first for the iPhone.

Six laser-cut aperture blades can adjust the amount of light reaching the sensor while also changing depth of field. The camera supports four aperture settings: ƒ/1.48, ƒ/1.8, ƒ/2.8, and ƒ/4.0.

At the wider end, the camera can gather more light in darker scenes. A narrower aperture can keep more people or background detail in focus, giving photographers another tool beyond computational depth effects and Portrait mode.

Apple also gives users direct access to those settings through new Pro controls in the Camera app. Aperture, shutter speed, and white balance can be adjusted manually, while a histogram provides a more conventional way to monitor exposure.

The feature is paired with a new main-camera sensor and updated computational imaging pipeline. Apple says the combination improves low-light performance and detail, while Photographic Styles gain texture and grain controls for additional control over an image’s appearance.

Video receives several additions as well. Cinematic effects can now be applied after recording to footage captured at up to 60 frames per second, while Time-lapse can record in 4K with Dolby Vision HDR. Audio Mix has also been updated with improved voice processing and the ability to isolate music.

For photographers who want more evidence of how an image originated, Apple is introducing Apple Reference Image. In Reference mode, the main camera signs sensor data, which Private Cloud Compute uses to create an unalterable reference version that can be compared with an edited image in Photos. Apple is also preparing support for the SynthID standard as another way of identifying AI-generated or altered content.

iPhone 18 Pro uses A20 Pro and a redesigned vapor chamber

A20 Pro is built using a 2-nanometer manufacturing process and contains a six-core CPU, seven-core GPU, and dual 16-core Neural Engine.

Apple says memory bandwidth is 50% higher than on A19 Pro, while GPU performance can be up to 40% faster. The Neural Engine provides 32 cores in total, doubling the AI processing capability of the previous Pro chip.

The silicon change is closely tied to a redesigned cooling system. Apple has rearranged the chip package so that the silicon die sits beside the memory rather than beneath it in the thermal path, allowing A20 Pro to connect more directly to a next-generation vapor chamber.

That vapor chamber has three times the surface area of the previous generation and uses new materials to move heat away from the processor more effectively. Apple claims the design can deliver up to a 40% gain in sustained performance compared with iPhone 17 Pro.

That distinction is more relevant than peak benchmark numbers for workloads such as extended gaming sessions, video editing, computational photography, and local AI models, where heat can force a phone to reduce performance over time.

Connectivity has also moved further toward Apple-designed silicon. The N1 wireless chip supports Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 6, and Thread, while the new C2 modem succeeds C1X. Apple says C2 uses 15% less energy while offering faster uploads and adds mmWave support in the U.S.

iPhone 18 Pro Max reaches 45 hours of video playback

Battery improvements are another major part of the new hardware.

Apple rates eSIM-only versions of iPhone 18 Pro for up to 36 hours of video playback, while iPhone 18 Pro Max reaches as much as 45 hours. Apple says Pro Max receives the largest battery-life increase ever delivered in an iPhone.

Some of that gain comes from using the space previously occupied by a physical SIM tray. In markets receiving eSIM-only models, including the U.S., Canada, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, the larger internal battery provides an additional two hours of rated video playback.

Charging has accelerated as well. iPhone 18 Pro can reach 50% charge in approximately 15 minutes using a supported wired setup, while wireless charging reaches 50% in around 30 minutes. Apple says five minutes of wired charging on iPhone 18 Pro Max can provide roughly seven hours of video playback.

Both devices use aluminum unibody construction with Ceramic Shield 2 on the front and Ceramic Shield on the back. Storage options run from 256GB through 2TB.

The iPhone 18 Pro weighs 211 grams, while iPhone 18 Pro Max weighs 249 grams. Display sizes remain 6.3 inches and 6.9 inches, respectively.

iOS 27 brings Siri AI and new Apple Intelligence tools

The hardware launches alongside iOS 27, which places Apple Intelligence and the new Siri AI more prominently across the system.

Siri AI can use personal context from information stored across apps, respond to onscreen content, perform actions in supported apps, and handle more open-ended questions. A new Siri mode in Camera lets users ask questions and take action based on objects or information visible through the viewfinder.

Photo tools include Spatial Reframing, Extend, and an upgraded Clean Up feature, while Safari can monitor selected webpages for changes such as a product restock or price adjustment.

The Dynamic Island has also been physically reduced and redesigned. It can display up to three Live Activities simultaneously while continuing to support Face ID.

Apple released iOS 27 on September 14, while Siri AI is rolling out initially as a beta in English, with additional language support planned. iPhone 18 Pro and iPhone 18 Pro Max reach stores September 18, giving Apple a Pro lineup whose most substantial additions are less about a new exterior shape and more about physical camera control, heat management, and how long the hardware can sustain demanding workloads.

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From friendship networks and the internet to connections in the brain and trade relationships between countries, networks are everywhere. Physicists at Leiden study the fundamental principles underlying all these networks, leading to new insights into how they work.

iPhone Duo gives Apple its first foldable iPhone and introduces a hardware format that required considerably more than adding a hinge to an existing handset. The device combines a 7.6-inch inner display with a compact 5.4-inch outer screen, while iOS 27 has been adapted around the different positions, orientations, and multitasking possibilities created by the folding design.

Apple unveiled the device on September 9, positioning it above the conventional iPhone lineup with a starting price of $1,999 in the U.S. Preorders open October 16, followed by availability on October 23 in more than 70 countries and regions.

The pricing puts iPhone Duo firmly into premium-device territory, but the more significant distinction is how much of the underlying iPhone experience has been reconsidered around the larger display.

iPhone Duo turns one phone into two screen formats

When closed, iPhone Duo uses a 5.4-inch Super Retina XDR outer display intended to work much like a compact conventional smartphone. Apple says it provides more than 90% of the screen area of iPhone 18 Pro despite the smaller physical footprint.

Opening the device reveals a 7.6-inch OLED Super Retina XDR panel. The inner display is 50% larger than the screen on iPhone 18 Pro Max and uses a nano-texture finish intended to reduce reflections and make the crease less visually prominent.

Both displays support ProMotion refresh rates up to 120Hz, Always-On functionality, HDR, and peak outdoor brightness of 3,000 nits. Apple has also retained the same display aspect ratio between the inner and outer screens, allowing interfaces and content to resize proportionally when the phone is opened or closed.

The design results in some unusual dimensions for an iPhone. Duo measures 5.2mm thick when open and 11.3mm when folded, with a weight of 254 grams. Its frame and hinge cover use grade 5 titanium, while Ceramic Shield 2 protects the outer display, while Ceramic Shield covers the back of the device. The device carries an IP68 water- and dust-resistance rating.

Touch ID is built into the side button rather than relying solely on Face ID, giving users a consistent authentication point regardless of how the phone is positioned.

iPhone Duo makes iOS 27 part of the folding design

iPhone Duo would have limited value as a larger iPhone if applications simply stretched across the inner screen. Apple instead adapted iOS 27 to treat the additional space as a new working area.

Split View brings two applications side by side on an iPhone for the first time. Users can also open two windows from the same app, save pairs of applications for repeated use, and switch between tasks without collapsing everything back into a single full-screen view.

Interface elements have moved as well. Navigation controls, Lock Screen elements, and the Dock can appear along the side of the display to preserve vertical space, while Dynamic Island has been reworked for both screens. When the device is open, the Home Screen can display two pages alongside Today View.

Several physical positions have their own uses. The phone can sit partially folded on a surface for video playback, FaceTime calls, workouts, photography, or StandBy. Apple has also confirmed future support for Apple Pencil with USB-C on either display, extending the inner panel toward note-taking, markup, and sketching.

Third-party developers will determine how useful that larger canvas becomes over time. Netflix, Zoom, and Slack are among the companies already adapting their apps for the folding interface.

A20 Pro and dual batteries address foldable compromises

Foldable phones create difficult thermal and battery constraints because internal space is divided across two halves. Apple’s response is a custom hardware layout centered on A20 Pro, the same chip used in the iPhone 18 Pro family.

The 2-nanometer processor combines a six-core CPU, seven-core GPU, and dual 16-core Neural Engine. Apple says the chip can deliver up to 35% better sustained performance than iPhone 17 Pro when paired with Duo’s vapor-chamber cooling system.

A custom package connects A20 Pro directly to the vapor chamber, an arrangement designed to manage heat during gaming, AI processing, and prolonged multitasking on the larger display.

Battery capacity is similarly divided. iPhone Duo places a high-energy-density battery in each half of the enclosure and manages them as a single power system. Apple rates the phone for up to 31 hours of video playback using the inner display or up to 44 hours on the outer screen. With both displays used equally, the company estimates up to 24 hours of use per charge.

Wired fast charging can reach 50% in about 20 minutes, while MagSafe or Qi2 wireless charging can reach the same level in approximately 30 minutes.

The worldwide eSIM-only design also frees internal volume for battery capacity. Connectivity includes Apple’s N1 wireless chip with Wi-Fi 7, Bluetooth 6, and Thread, alongside the C2 cellular modem.Cameras use the iPhone Duo displays in new ways

Cameras use the iPhone Duo displays in new ways

The camera system consists of a 48MP Fusion Main camera and 48MP Fusion Ultra Wide. The main sensor also provides an optical-quality 2x option, while video recording reaches 4K Dolby Vision at up to 120 frames per second on the primary camera.

The folding design also gives the cameras capabilities that go beyond their conventional specifications. Users can shoot a selfie with the rear cameras while framing themselves on the outer display, while Duo Preview lets a subject see the live composition from the opposite side of the phone.

Smart Take uses on-device models running on A20 Pro to recognize when people appear ready for a group photo and automatically capture the image. Kid Cue can display Peanuts animations on the outer screen to attract a child’s attention toward the camera.

An under-display FaceTime camera sits beneath the inner panel, while the outer screen uses a 12MP Center Stage camera. Duo FaceTime can also place another participant on the outer display when people are gathered around the device.

Siri AI brings personal-context understanding and onscreen awareness to iOS 27, while the broader Apple Intelligence experience includes new photo-editing tools and other capabilities across apps. On the inner display, users can keep a Siri conversation visible alongside another app.

iPhone Duo will ship in Night Sky and Star White with 256GB, 512GB, 1TB, and 2TB storage options. iPhone Duo will ship with iOS 27.1 when it becomes available on October 23, while Apple says USB-C Apple Pencil support will arrive later in the year.

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Philippine surgeons completed historic robotic telesurgeries across a reported 1,380 km, showing the potential of long-distance remote surgery.

The ocean has quietly absorbed billions of tons of humanity’s carbon emissions over the past two centuries, but scientists and companies racing to supercharge that natural service have long been hampered by a stubborn and costly engineering problem. Now researchers at Stony Brook University, working with the Research Foundation for the State University of New York, have unveiled a method for electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement that they say can dramatically lower the cost of ocean-based carbon dioxide removal by eliminating one of the most expensive steps in the entire process: the pretreatment of seawater before it enters an electrochemical reactor. The innovation, now available for licensing through SUNY TechConnect, promises high-quality carbon offsets at a substantially reduced cost while simultaneously helping to counteract the acidification that threatens marine ecosystems worldwide.

At the heart of the challenge is a delicate chemical balancing act. As atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves into seawater, it forms carbonic acid, which lowers the ocean’s pH and erodes the carbonate chemistry that corals, shellfish and other calcifying organisms depend upon. Ocean carbon dioxide capture exploits a simple principle: if the ocean becomes more alkaline, it can absorb more CO2 from the air and lock it away safely as bicarbonate, one of the most stable and abundant forms of inorganic carbon on Earth. This process, known as ocean alkalinity enhancement, effectively turns the surface ocean into a vast, distributed carbon sink. But adding alkalinity to seawater is not trivial, and doing it in a way that is energy-efficient, scalable and safe has become one of the central engineering puzzles of the emerging carbon removal industry.

One of the most promising approaches relies on electrochemistry, specifically a technique called bipolar membrane electrodialysis. In this system, ion-selective membranes are stacked between two end electrodes, and the arrangement allows operators to split ordinary saltwater into its constituent acid and base. When brine containing sodium chloride flows through the stack, the process generates hydrochloric acid on one side and sodium hydroxide, a strong base, on the other. The elegance of the scheme lies in its product handling: if the hydrochloric acid is kept on land, where it can be stored, neutralized or put to industrial use, and only the sodium hydroxide along with the treated seawater is returned to the ocean, the receiving waters gain a net infusion of alkalinity. That added alkalinity shifts the carbonate equilibrium, allowing the ocean to draw down carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and convert it into dissolved bicarbonate that remains stable for millennia.

This electrochemical pathway has attracted serious commercial interest precisely because it produces what carbon markets call negative emissions, meaning carbon dioxide is durably removed from the atmosphere rather than merely avoided. Companies pursuing net-zero targets increasingly rely on such carbon removal credits to offset their residual emissions, and ocean alkalinity enhancement is widely regarded as one of the largest-capacity avenues available, given the sheer scale of the world’s oceans. Yet the technology has been held back by a deceptively mundane problem: what flows into the reactor matters just as much as what flows out.

Seawater, and many other brine streams that might feed these systems, contains divalent cations, most notably calcium and magnesium ions, alongside the sodium and chloride that the process is designed to split. When these divalent ions encounter the high-pH conditions created at the base-producing side of a bipolar membrane stack, they precipitate as solid calcium and magnesium compounds that coat the membranes in a crust known as scale. The consequences are cascading. Scaled membranes lose their ion-selective efficiency, forcing the system to push harder and consume more electricity to achieve the same output. Over time, the deposits shorten membrane lifetime, increasing maintenance frequency and replacement costs. The conventional answer has been water softening pretreatment, in which the incoming seawater is stripped of calcium and magnesium before it ever reaches the electrodialysis unit. While effective, such pretreatment adds significant capital and operating expense, undermining the economic case for the entire carbon removal operation and eroding the value proposition of the resulting carbon credits.

The Stony Brook researchers behind the new method have essentially designed around this bottleneck. Their technology enables electrochemical enhancement of ocean alkalinity without any pretreatment of the incoming seawater at all. By rethinking how the electrochemical system handles brine streams laden with divalent cations, the researchers have created a process that tolerates raw seawater directly, sidestepping the water softening infrastructure that previous designs demanded. According to the announcement from the Research Foundation for SUNY, the result is a system that produces negative emission carbon offsets of very high quality at a substantially reduced cost, simply because the most expensive upstream step has been engineered out of existence. The advantages claimed for the approach are straightforward and commercially significant: it is cheaper, more energy efficient, and requires no expensive water softening pretreatment.

The implications ripple across both the carbon markets and the broader climate technology landscape. Carbon offset buyers, including corporations striving to meet net-zero commitments, place a premium on removal credits that are durable, verifiable and cost-competitive. Ocean alkalinity enhancement already offers exceptional permanence, since bicarbonate dissolved in seawater represents one of the most long-lived forms of carbon storage known. By cutting costs at the front end, the Stony Brook method could help push the price of these high-quality ocean-based offsets toward levels that make them viable at gigatonne scale, a threshold that analysts consider essential if carbon removal is to play a meaningful role in stabilizing the global climate. Cheaper alkalinity generation also strengthens the second major application of the technology: mitigating ocean acidification directly, without necessarily framing it as a carbon market product at all.

Ocean acidification itself is a mounting crisis. Since the industrial revolution, the average surface ocean pH has dropped measurably as the sea has absorbed roughly a quarter to a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The consequences have been documented across coral reefs, oyster hatcheries, pteropods and other calcifying organisms whose shells and skeletons become harder to build in increasingly acidic waters. A technology that adds alkalinity to coastal waters and open ocean regions simultaneously addresses this chemical stress and harvests the carbon removal benefit, a dual function that distinguishes ocean alkalinity enhancement from many other carbon removal approaches. In regions where fisheries, aquaculture and reef ecosystems are economically vital, localized deployment of alkalinity-enhancing electrochemical systems could offer both environmental resilience and revenue through carbon credit sales.

The scientific pedigree of the work reflects the growing maturity of the carbon removal field. Stony Brook University, a flagship research institution within the SUNY system, has become an active hub for climate and energy innovation, and the new method is protected under intellectual property identified in the licensing announcement. The Research Foundation for the State University of New York, the nation’s largest research foundation supporting the nation’s largest public university system, is actively seeking development partners, commercial partners and licensees to translate the laboratory advance into deployed systems. The foundation describes a broad portfolio of SUNY-led research spanning artificial intelligence for the public good, quantum technologies, next-generation semiconductors, biotechnology and medicine, and energy and climate solutions, with system-wide research expenditures approaching 1.5 billion dollars in fiscal year 2025.

For the carbon removal industry, the timing of the announcement is notable. As voluntary and compliance carbon markets mature, buyers are demanding higher fidelity in the offsets they purchase, favoring durable removal over avoidance-based credits. Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement, with its well-understood chemistry and measurable inputs and outputs, is well positioned to meet rigorous monitoring, reporting and verification standards. The obstacle has always been cost, and the pretreatment bottleneck has been a substantial contributor. If the Stony Brook design performs as described at industrial scale, it could remove one of the largest cost wedges standing between laboratory demonstration and commercial deployment, accelerating a technology class that many climate analysts view as indispensable to achieving deep decarbonization.

The broader lesson of the advance may be as important as the technology itself. In the race to scale carbon removal, progress often comes not from exotic new chemistry but from eliminating the hidden costs and fragilities that make promising concepts uneconomic in practice. Water softening pretreatment is exactly the kind of unglamorous engineering detail that determines whether a climate technology remains a paper exercise or becomes infrastructure. By designing a bipolar membrane electrodialysis system that thrives on untreated seawater, the Stony Brook researchers have addressed one of those decisive details. The ocean, meanwhile, stands ready. Every unit of alkalinity added is an invitation for the sea to take up more carbon dioxide and, in doing so, to heal a little of the acidification that a warming world has inflicted upon it. What remains now is the work of scaling, partnering and commercializing, and the SUNY licensing announcement signals that the researchers and their institution intend to see this chemistry leave the laboratory and reach the sea.

A new 50-ton electric excavator from Volvo Construction Equipment is designed to never need a battery recharge. It uses a 35-meter cable reel to draw power directly from the grid instead. The EC500 Electric is now undergoing pre-production testing in Norway, running real work at active job sites months before its official production launch.

Volvo built the EC500 Electric to match the performance of its diesel-powered counterpart, a machine the company’s customers already know well. Saying the two perform identically is one thing, though. Proving it in the field is another matter entirely. The new model is significantly larger than Volvo’s existing 30-ton EC230 Electric, and the excavator remains so early in development that it isn’t yet in full production.

Grid power, no downtime

The excavator carries an onboard high-voltage battery rated for two to three hours of continuous use on its own. Its 35-meter cable reel lets the 50-ton machine plug directly into grid power instead. That connection enables operation around the clock across shift after shift without ever needing to stop and recharge.

That grid dependency comes with its own tradeoff, since reliable power access can’t always be taken for granted on every job site. Mike Switzer, a heavy equipment fleet buyer and co-host of The Heavy Equipment Podcast, said that reality applies broadly across the industry. Working for a company, he said, doesn’t automatically guarantee power is available wherever that work happens.

Handling uneven power

Volvo’s battery-electric system runs on a 400-volt base designed specifically to adapt to varying grid conditions on different job sites. That flexibility is meant to help customers manage the practical realities of fluctuating site power while reducing the demands the excavator places on existing job site infrastructure.

The first EC500 Electric unit in customer hands is currently working across quarrying, road building, and tunneling applications in Norway. Volvo said the ongoing test program is designed to funnel real-world feedback on the machine’s behavior, performance, and operator experience directly into its final development stages.

Volvo described the approach as ensuring the machine gets developed around more than technical specifications alone. It also incorporates the daily requirements of customers working in some of the most demanding applications the equipment will actually face. Early data gathered from the pilot program is already shaping refinements ahead of the EC500 Electric’s planned production launch in spring 2027.

Honda Motor has invested in Niron Magnetics, a US company commercializing rare-earth-free Iron Nitride permanent magnets.

Announced on September 9, the investment will support the continued commercialization of Niron’s technology and help scale its manufacturing operations.

The move reflects Honda’s interest in next-generation magnetic materials that could reduce reliance on rare-earth elements in electrified systems.

Reducing reliance on rare-earth materials

Permanent magnets are used in electric propulsion motors and several other technologies. However, many conventional high-performance magnets depend on rare-earth metals that face resource constraints and changing market conditions.

Niron’s Iron Nitride technology offers an alternative that does not require rare-earth materials. It is intended to support performance, cost stability, and sustainability goals while reducing reliance on constrained global supply chains.

“This investment reflects the increasing focus on rare-earth-free magnet technology as manufacturers look for more resilient solutions,” said Jonathan Rowntree, CEO of Niron Magnetics.

“Following investment from Honda, we are encouraged by their confidence in our technology and vision for scaling rare-earth-free permanent magnets across a broad range of applications. The investment adds to growing industry momentum as manufacturers increasingly direct resources to alternatives to rare-earth-based magnets,” he added.

The technology can be used across automotive systems, robotics, industrial automation and emerging mobility platforms. Other potential applications include artificial intelligence and data center infrastructure, as well as consumer electronics.

Honda sees potential for electric propulsion

Most electric propulsion motors currently use permanent magnets made from rare-earth metals. Honda expects Niron’s technology to help address some of the supply and market challenges associated with these materials.

“Niron Magnetics has an innovative permanent magnet technology that does not require rare earth materials. Most electric propulsion motors today use permanent magnets made from rare earth metals, which are subject to resource constraints and fluctuations in market conditions,” said Mahito Shikama, Director, Executive Officer of Honda Motor Co., Ltd.

“Niron Magnetics is addressing these challenges, and Honda has high hopes for its potential,” he added.

The investment further supports Niron’s effort to establish Iron Nitride as a new category of permanent magnetic material. It will also help the company expand the technology’s adoption across a growing range of products and applications.

Honda’s backing adds to the resources being directed toward alternatives to rare-earth-based permanent magnets. For Niron, it supports the transition from commercializing its technology to producing the magnets at a larger scale.

US facility to scale magnet production

Niron recently announced a new 287,000-square-foot facility in Sartell, Minnesota, for magnet manufacturing. The plant is scheduled to begin operating in 2027.

Once operational, the facility is expected to produce up to 1,500 tons of rare-earth-free Iron Nitride permanent magnets annually. This output will serve the company’s targeted automotive, industrial and advanced technology applications.

The facility forms a central part of Niron’s manufacturing expansion. Honda’s investment will support the company as it works to scale production and broaden the use of Iron Nitride magnets across electrified systems.

A satellite has fired a Hall-effect thruster fueled by solid zinc in orbit for the first time, giving spacecraft designers a new option for electric propulsion.

Muon Space completed the test on July 1 aboard SERT-III, a dedicated propulsion test spacecraft. The mission tested the company’s Starlight propulsion system under real orbital conditions.

The thruster fired successfully on its first attempt. Telemetry matched ground-test predictions, while orbital tracking detected a measurable change in the spacecraft’s trajectory.

Zinc aims at xenon

Hall-effect thrusters have become a standard choice for efficient satellite propulsion. Most systems use xenon or krypton, which require high-pressure storage and add complexity to spacecraft designs.

Starlight takes a different approach. Its propellant comes as solid zinc, which remains stable at room temperature and does not need a pressurized tank.

That could simplify spacecraft integration and ground operations. Zinc also costs less than traditional noble-gas propellants and has a much broader supply base.

Those factors matter as satellite operators deploy larger constellations. Cutting propulsion hardware and propellant costs can become significant when the same system flies across dozens of spacecraft.

Muon says Starlight can support orbit raising, station keeping, and controlled deorbiting on small and medium-sized satellites.

The system also addresses a practical challenge that has followed electric propulsion for years. Satellite operators need efficient thrusters, but propulsion hardware must also fit tight spacecraft mass and integration constraints.

SERT-III tests hardware

Muon designed SERT-III specifically to examine how the propulsion system behaves in space. The spacecraft carried sensors to measure performance, spacecraft interactions, and material deposited by the thruster plume.

Ground testing had already established expected performance across different throttle levels and operating conditions. The orbital test provided a chance to see whether those results held up in microgravity.

They did. The thruster fed and vaporized zinc reliably during the firing, according to Muon. Tracking data also confirmed that the spacecraft experienced the expected thrust.

Engineers also watched for unwanted zinc deposition around the spacecraft. Thermoelectric Quartz Crystal Microbalance sensors detected less deposition near the thruster than conservative preflight models predicted.

That result gives engineers more data for understanding how zinc behaves after leaving the thruster. It should also help refine plume and contamination models for future spacecraft.

Muon CEO Jonny Dyer called the orbital firing a major milestone for electric propulsion. He said the company chose to acquire Starlight Propulsion because zinc could address persistent problems in the propulsion supply chain.

The test also avoided putting experimental hardware on a primary customer mission. SERT-III gave engineers a spacecraft dedicated to collecting propulsion data without placing another mission at risk.

Customer missions next

Muon now plans to incorporate the flight data into further development of Starlight. Engineers will focus on reliability, manufacturing, and plume management as the system moves toward production.

The company expects its current-generation thruster to reach customer spacecraft before the end of 2026. Muon is also developing a larger second-generation system. It plans to test Gen2 in orbit during the first quarter of 2027.

That version will target larger spacecraft and could expand zinc-based Hall propulsion beyond the smaller satellite market. If the upcoming tests confirm the early results, solid-metal propellant could become a practical alternative for more commercial spacecraft.

A controversy around OpenAI’s latest math proof raises a fear that might become increasingly common: that A.I. tools could take valuable insights from one user and hand them to another.

A future in which AI can recognize a person's unspoken "that's not what I meant" response from brain signals and adjust its behavior on its own is coming closer. KAIST researchers have developed a technology that detects cognitive mismatch between humans and AI through brainwaves, enabling AI systems to revise their actions in real time according to human goals. The achievement is expected to accelerate the shift from AI that follows explicit commands to AI that can infer human intent.

Le 8 octobre prochain, l’Accor Arena à Paris va redevenir, le temps d’une journée, le centre de gravité de l’entrepreneuriat français à l’occasion de Big 2026, organisé par Bpifrance. Le thème de cette 12e édition : le culot. Le culot d’entreprendre, d’investir, de voir plus grand. Mais aussi le...

My guest in this episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast is Marco Caffio, who is co-founder of iGii. The UK-based company has developed a porous 3D carbon nanomaterial called Gii, which it manufactures for a range of customers and applications.

Caffio describes Gii as a 3D version of graphene that delivers many of the useful electronic, structural and chemical properties of that 2D wonder material. Unlike graphene, which can be difficult to manufacture and integrate into devices, Caffio explains that Gii can be customized for use in practical technologies such as chemical sensors, batteries and heaters.

We also chat about the genesis of the company and Caffio offers career advice to physicists who are keen on working in the materials-technology sector.

The post Porous material offers the benefits of graphene in 3D appeared first on Physics World.

Researchers in Brazil have demonstrated that a hybrid advanced oxidation process can transform pharmaceutical-laden wastewater into an effluent that is dramatically safer for plants, earthworms, onion root cells, and beneficial microorganisms, offering a rigorous ecotoxicological case for reusing treated sewage in agriculture. The study, published in Environmental Science and Pollution Research, addresses a long-standing blind spot in water treatment: proving that a chemically “clean” effluent is also biologically compatible.

Conventional wastewater treatment plants were never designed to strip out recalcitrant organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, and trace amounts routinely slip through into receiving waters. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) attack these stubborn compounds by generating highly reactive free radicals that fragment contaminant molecules. But chemical degradation alone does not guarantee safety. As contaminants break down, they spawn transformation products (TPs) that can, in some cases, be as toxic as—or more toxic than—the parent compounds. The research team, led by Lucas Gustavo da Costa and Alam Gustavo Trovó of the Federal University of Uberlândia, together with collaborators at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, set out to answer a deceptively simple question: does measurable chemical removal of micropollutants actually translate into reduced biological harm?

The centerpiece of their work is the H₂O₂/S₂O₈²⁻/UVC process, a hybrid system that combines hydrogen peroxide and persulfate with short-wave ultraviolet C radiation. UVC photons cleave both oxidants simultaneously, generating hydroxyl radicals (HO•) and sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻) in the same reaction volume. This dual-radical strategy outperforms systems relying on either oxidant alone, or on peroxymonosulfate (HSO₅⁻), which is costlier and demands more energy for activation. The hybrid route also resists interference from inorganic species commonly found in real effluents, making it an economically attractive candidate for deployment at full-scale treatment plants. The process had already been chemically optimized in the team’s earlier work using multivariate mixture design and rotatable central composite design experiments; the new study is its first integrated biological stress test.

The experiments used real municipal effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, sampled after the plant’s final tertiary treatment stage of coagulation-flocculation with ferric chloride and flotation. The effluent was enriched with three pharmaceuticals representing different therapeutic classes: colchicine (COL, an antimitotic agent), nitazoxanide (NTZ, an antiparasitic), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, a widely detected antibiotic), each at 325 nmol L⁻¹—equivalent to 130, 100, and 82 micrograms per liter, respectively. That concentration was deliberately chosen as high enough for direct HPLC–DAD analysis without preconcentration, yet low enough to be environmentally representative. Treatment was carried out in an amber glass reactor irradiated by two 8-watt UVC mercury lamps emitting at 254 nm, with a measured irradiance of 4.9 W m⁻². Residual oxidants were neutralized with sodium thiosulfate before any biological testing, ensuring that observed effects could not be attributed to leftover peroxide chemistry.

The ecotoxicological battery spanned multiple trophic levels and levels of biological organization. Oxidative stress was assessed in the earthworm Eisenia andrei by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, and protein carbonylation, an irreversible oxidative modification of proteins. Phytotoxicity was evaluated using lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and a growth index combining germination rate and root elongation. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were quantified in onion (Allium cepa) root meristems through the mitotic index and the frequency of chromosomal and nuclear aberrations—micronuclei, chromosome breaks, stickiness, bridges, and nuclear buds—across 5,000 cells per sample. Finally, growth inhibition was tested in two environmentally relevant microbes: Azospirillum brasilense, a plant growth-promoting bacterium used in soybean cultivation, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast that persists in soils and fermentative niches.

The untreated enriched effluent told a worrying story. It exhibited substantial genotoxicity in onion cells—21%, approaching the 24% seen with the positive control, methyl methanesulfonate—and severe phytotoxicity, with lettuce growth indices far below the 80% threshold that signals absence of toxicity. Even the unspiked effluent itself suppressed lettuce growth, achieving a growth index of only 47%, evidence that bioactive compounds survive conventional treatment. In earthworms, individual aqueous solutions of NTZ and SMX raised MDA levels by 37.2% and 23.5% respectively, while the three-compound mixture increased lipid peroxidation by 38.0%, pointing to additive or synergistic oxidative stress mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species and Fenton-type chemistry within cells.

The picture changed decisively after oxidation. Following 10 minutes of UVC-driven treatment—the point at which 80% chemical degradation had been achieved, matching the minimum removal target proposed in the European Union’s COM(2022)541 directive—genotoxicity fell to 10%, and after 20 minutes, corresponding to the limit of quantification for the parent compounds, it dropped further to 6%, a statistically significant reduction. The plant growth index climbed above 80%, crossing from toxic territory into biocompatibility. The mitotic index in onion cells remained statistically indistinguishable from the deionized-water control (around 39–40% versus 40%), demonstrating that the process generated no cytotoxic byproducts capable of arresting cell division. And crucially for agricultural applications, neither the treated effluent nor its transformation products inhibited growth of A. brasilense or S. cerevisiae.

The mechanistic details are instructive. In the untreated enriched effluent, micronuclei—membrane-bound DNA fragments expelled from the nucleus during flawed cell division—were among the most frequent aberrations, indicating clastogenic and aneugenic damage. Colchicine exposure predictably produced C-metaphase accumulation, a signature of its tubulin-binding, spindle-disrupting mechanism first described in Allium nearly a century ago. SMX depressed the mitotic index and induced chromosomal damage, consistent with prior findings in Vicia faba. NTZ, whose genotoxicity had never before been reported, produced chromosome breaks, stickiness, and nuclear buds. After oxidation, the overall aberration burden fell sharply, particularly micronuclei and stickiness, although a few bridges and polyploid cells persisted even at 20 minutes—a reminder that some transformation products or resistant residuals may linger.

The microbial results came with a subtlety. Reduced A. brasilense growth after treatment initially looked like a red flag, but the team attributes it to depletion of assimilable organic matter, which serves as radical scavenger during oxidation and as a nutrient source afterward—not to toxicity. The negative control likewise grew slowly. This distinction matters because AOPs are designed to mineralize organic carbon, and a nutrient-poorer medium should not be misread as a more toxic one. For S. cerevisiae, no inhibition occurred at any stage of treatment, although NTZ alone significantly depressed yeast optical density, reinforcing the compound’s cell-cycle interference potential even at nanomolar-scale exposures.

The study’s broader significance lies in its methodological stance. By adopting an “effect-driven approach,” the team evaluated the toxicity of whole reaction mixtures without needing to isolate and identify individual transformation products—an impractical task given that many degradation byproducts are not commercially available. Their findings align with a growing consensus that treatment efficacy must be judged not merely by parent-compound removal but by the nature and reactivity of the resulting transformation products. Biochemical biomarkers such as MDA and protein carbonylation detected sublethal disturbances that mortality-based endpoints would have missed entirely, providing early warnings of cellular distress at environmentally relevant concentrations.

One caveat deserves attention: while lipid peroxidation declined after treatment, protein carbonylation rose slightly—1.05-fold above control—suggesting some transformation products may still provoke protein oxidation even as lipid damage subsides. The authors flag this discrepancy and call for future identification of the specific TPs responsible, alongside expanded organism panels, longer-term exposure studies, and pilot-scale validation across different environmental matrices.

The regulatory context sharpens the urgency. The EU’s proposed urban wastewater treatment directive mandates at least 80% removal of specified organic micropollutants and microbiological control for agricultural reuse, yet it conspicuously omits eco-compatibility assessment of the treated water itself. This study supplies exactly that missing dimension, showing that a process satisfying the chemical benchmark also delivers measurable biological benefit—lower genotoxicity, restored plant growth, intact cell division, and unharmed beneficial microbes. As water scarcity intensifies globally and reuse becomes less optional, the Brazilian team’s integrated bioassay framework offers a template for ensuring that the water farmers irrigate with is not merely chemically compliant, but genuinely ecologically safe.

Apple unveiled the $1,999 iPhone Duo, iPhone 18 Pro, Apple Watch Series 12, and AirPods 5 as it expands its AI ecosystem.

IonQ’s Superion 256 pairs semiconductor manufacturing with trapped-ion quantum hardware, but full-system performance data is still pending.