It turns out that pure water can store electricity.

A new study by the Hamburg University of Technology in Germany reveals that trapping water inside nanometer-sized clay channels creates a supercapacitor capable of efficiently storing and moving electrical charge.

In this work, pure water has been used as an electrolyte to carry electrical charge. This system is dubbed the “Blue Capacitor.”

“Our goal is to develop safer and more sustainable energy-storage technologies based on abundant materials rather than complex chemical compounds,” said Dr. Vasily Artemov from the Cluster of Excellence “BlueMat—Water-Driven Materials” at Hamburg University of Technology. 

“The device stores and releases energy efficiently, operates at a comparatively high voltage for a water-based system, and remains stable over tens of thousands of charging cycles,” the lead author added.

Nanometer-sized channels

Pure water is mostly considered a terrible medium for storing power. To conduct electricity, batteries and supercapacitors have always required a chemical cocktail of added salts, acids, or volatile organic solvents. Without them, energy storage simply stalls.

But the research team tried to change this through its functional “Blue Capacitor” technology. It is an energy-storage device made entirely from three of Earth’s most abundant, naturally occurring materials: water, clay, and carbon.

The system has been engineered to confine pure water within microscopic channels, thereby altering the liquid’s fundamental behavior.

The clay minerals were blended with graphene — a highly conductive, ultra-thin form of carbon. When combined, these materials form a dense labyrinth of millions of parallel channels. Each channel measures just one nanometer wide, roughly 100,000 times thinner than a human hair.

“Our results show that nanoconfined water can serve as the active electrolyte in a practical energy-storage device,” noted Artemov.

To actually see this happening, the team had to look more closely than almost anyone has before. They utilized PETRA III at DESY, one of the world’s most powerful particle accelerator research centers. 

“Only with DESY’s brilliant X-ray source PETRA III, were we able to visualize the ultra-thin sheets of individual water films within the clay structures,” said Prof. Patrick Huber, co-author of the paper.

Rigorous testing

The new device is a supercapacitor, a type of energy-storage technology that stores energy by separating electrical charges rather than through chemical reactions. Because of this mechanism, supercapacitors feature rapid charging and discharging capabilities, along with exceptionally long operational lifetimes.

In testing, the proof of concept showed promising results. 

In rigorous laboratory testing, the Blue Capacitor survived more than 60,000 charge-discharge cycles without degrading. Furthermore, it operated at up to 1.6 volts. 

That is an exceptionally high voltage threshold for any water-based system, which typically breaks down into hydrogen and oxygen gases at much lower voltages.

While commercial applications are still years away, the implications of a non-toxic, un-burnable capacitor are massive.

It offers a promising path for future energy storage. Potential applications include managing renewable energy from solar and wind power, stabilizing electrical grids, and powering devices that need rapid, frequent charging cycles.

According to researcher Artemov, understanding the unexpected nanoscale properties of a familiar substance opens the door to the development of entirely new technological applications. 

Beyond green power, the discovery opens the door for water-based nanoscale sensors and bio-inspired computing.

The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications.

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The life cycle of an electric vehicle battery has been a violent, one-way street. When a battery dies, the industry routinely tears it apart to access the parts that matter. High-tech recyclers either blast the dead cells in extreme-heat furnaces or grind them into a powdery substance known as “black mass” before drenching them in harsh, corrosive acids.

It is an expensive, carbon-intensive, and messy way to extract scarce minerals like nickel and cobalt. But what if you didn’t have to destroy a dead battery just to rebuild it?

Researchers at Cornell University have developed a way to overcome the destruction altogether. Rather than smashing the battery, the method turns to chemical washing. 

In this, intact components were immersed in a specialized electrochemical bath to restore 95 percent of the dead batteries. Plus, this method could cut recycling manufacturing costs by 56 percent.

“We repair them, as is, without shredding or powdering them, and then put them back into a new battery,” said Vibha Kalra, the Fred H. Rhodes Professor of Chemical Engineering in the Cornell Duffield College of Engineering. 

“The dissolution is basically what helps the battery recover its capacity. It shows 95 percent recovery. So we are shortening the circularity loop immensely,” added Kalra. 

Cost-saving battery fix

To understand how it works, look at what actually happens when a battery dies.

Batteries don’t usually run out of minerals. But, as electricity flows back and forth between the positive and negative sides, a thick, crusty layer of gunk gradually builds up inside the cell.

Engineers call this the solid electrolyte interphase. The materials are all still there, but the energy can no longer flow. Standard recycling destroys the whole part just to clean it. 

Cornell’s method, called Direct Electrode-to-Electrode Regeneration (DEER), is far gentler. 

Workers open the casing and pull out the battery’s core parts — the electrodes — while these are still completely intact. Then the parts are submerged into a chemical solution called 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone. The liquid targets the gunk. It dissolves the insulating buildup, leaving the delicate internal structures perfectly preserved. 

The process cuts down air pollution and slashes industrial water consumption.

The growing demand

At this moment, the world is grappling with disruptions to global supply chains for essential battery ingredients. The United States currently possesses very few domestic reserves of the critical minerals required to build modern batteries.

US depends mostly on complex, foreign supply chains to import materials. It also lacks the massive infrastructure needed to refine raw materials or rebuild crushed battery powder from scratch; domestic recycling has lagged.

“When these lithium-ion batteries came about, nobody was thinking about how these minerals are limited on the Earth’s crust, and you cannot make them forever,” Kalra said. “In recent years, people are realizing you can’t just keep making batteries, because you don’t have enough material.”

By keeping the battery components intact, the DEER method eliminates the need for expensive, overseas refabrication. It allows the entire recycling process to happen locally, cheaply, and quickly. 

The research team’s next step is to test the DEER method on larger, industrial-scale batteries and adapt the process to combat other forms of wear, such as permanent lithium loss. 

Currently, the technique successfully treats batteries at a 70-80 percent state of health — the typical retirement threshold for electric vehicles. But researchers believe they can widen this recovery window by targeting these additional degradation mechanisms.

The study findings were published in the journal Energy and Environmental Science on June 9. 

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The race for European battery independence just found its next battleground in an unexpected place: the trash heap.

On June 2, an advanced battery materials firm, Vianode, and German sustainable recycling pioneer, Cylib, signed an agreement to turn old batteries into vehicle components. 

The memorandum of understanding (MoU) establishes a partnership to develop and supply recycled graphite for high-performance battery anodes.

Under the agreement, Cylib will supply high-quality graphite concentrate recovered through its proprietary recycling technology, while Vianode will test and validate its performance in anode materials.

“Closing the loop on battery materials is essential for building a truly sustainable battery value chain,” said Burkhard Straube, CEO of Vianode. 

“By collaborating with Cylib on the integration of recycled graphite into advanced anode materials, we aim to strengthen circularity for battery graphite, reduce reliance on virgin raw materials, and support the EU’s ambitions for a more resilient, low‑carbon battery ecosystem,” Straube added in the press release.

Recycled graphite supply chain

Graphite is an important material for lithium-ion battery anodes due to its unique crystalline structure, which enables efficient lithium-ion store and release. 

In high-performance batteries, the anode requires either highly purified natural graphite or precision-engineered synthetic graphite to maximize electrical conductivity, enhance structural durability, and enable fast charging. 

The material’s global demand has been increasing due to the high demand for tech like electric vehicles. For this reason, the industry is increasingly focused on sourcing high-performance graphite that balances extreme energy density with strict environmental standards. Hence, it is driving the shift toward localized production and advanced recycling methods.

Currently, Europe relies heavily on imports of virgin graphite, a critical mineral tightly controlled by global markets outside the bloc.

With the integration of Cylib’s proprietary recycling technology directly into Vianode’s advanced anode production process, the two companies plan to turn spent battery waste into high-performance vehicle components. 

If successful, this closed-loop manufacturing system will create a sustainable, domestic supply chain that slashes carbon emissions while securing Europe’s material independence.

Slashing emissions

The process relies on a delicate handoff. First, Cylib will extract high-quality graphite concentrate from spent batteries using its water-based OLiC (Optimized Lithium and Graphite Recovery) technology. 

As per the press release, this system has a 90 percent recovery rate for critical metals such as lithium, graphite, nickel, cobalt, and manganese. Better yet, it slices carbon emissions by 80 percent compared to normal mining.

Then, Vianode steps in.

The Norwegian company will test the recycled material at its pilot facilities, blending it into formulations for its next-generation synthetic anodes. Vianode’s synthetic graphite already has a carbon footprint 90 percent lower than that of standard industry materials. 

Injecting recycled graphite into the mix pushes them closer to a strict 2030 climate target: emitting just 1.0 kg of CO₂ equivalent per kilogram of graphite produced.

If the pilot projects succeed at a commercial scale, both firms intend to negotiate a binding commercial supply agreement.

The European Union has placed immense pressure on automakers to slash manufacturing emissions and source materials locally. This partnership offers a glimpse of how the industry might actually pull that off without sacrificing vehicle range or battery life.

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The devil wears Prada. And soon, so will the astronauts heading to the moon.

Commercial aerospace company Axiom Space and luxury fashion house Prada showcased the innermost layer of NASA’s next-generation lunar spacesuit.

It is called the Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) and will be worn inside the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AxEMU) spacesuit. 

The garment is the first line of defense for astronauts exploring the moon’s surface for the first time in over half a century.

“The future of space exploration will not be built by any one entity alone, and our partnership with Prada is proof of that,” said Dr. Jonathan Cirtain, Axiom Space CEO and President.

“By bringing together the best in both aerospace engineering as well as luxury craftmanship and advanced product development, we have developed a garment that neither company could have created independently, and that is exactly the kind of cross-industry thinking that will define the next era of human spaceflight,” Cirtain added.

Prada is going to the moon

When astronauts step onto the lunar South Pole during NASA’s upcoming Artemis IV mission, the environment will be brutal.

Temperatures switch violently between blistering heat in direct sunlight and absolute freezing cold in deep shadow. To survive outside a spacecraft for up to eight hours, the human body needs an artificial atmosphere. 

Spacewalks are physically grueling missions in which astronauts generate intense body heat that cannot dissipate naturally in the vacuum of space.

Without intervention, crew members would rapidly overheat while moving and exploring. To prevent this, the LCVG serves as a wearable radiator, using an integrated network of chilled-water tubes to continuously absorb and dissipate excess body heat.

Using Prada’s expertise in engineered knitting, advanced 3D modeling, and high-performance materials, the collaboration produced a next-generation garment optimized for comfort during spacewalks lasting up to eight hours.

Furthermore, Prada’s knowledge of specialized fibers ensured that the garment was durable enough to be worn repeatedly over the long duration of lunar missions.

Woven directly into the specialized fibers is a complex web of flexible tubes. Chilled water constantly flows through these channels, routing across the body’s major muscle groups to absorb metabolic heat and pump it away to the suit’s backpack life-support system.

Cooling system

In an industry first for an inner spacesuit layer, the LCVG features a fully redundant backup cooling loop that instantly takes over if the primary system fails on the lunar surface.

The garment also pulls double duty by managing respiration, using a separate ventilation loop to gently blow fresh oxygen across the astronaut’s face while simultaneously vacuuming away exhaled carbon dioxide for scrubbing and recirculation.

“Every minute astronauts spend outside their vehicle, the LCVG is working to keep them safe,” said Russell Ralston, Axiom Space Senior Vice President of Spacecraft Development. 

“It manages their thermal environment, supports their breathing, and does it all while they’re pushing their bodies to the limit. The work we have done with Prada has taken that capability to a level we could not have achieved alone,” Ralston added. 

Moving the collaboration inward was a natural step for the two companies. In 2024, they showcased the heavy, protective white outer shell of the Axiom Extravehicular Mobility Unit (AxEMU).

The exterior layer is built to stop micrometeoroids and extreme radiation; the inner layer handles the delicate physics of human comfort.

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Penn State researchers have built a human-eye-inspired device to prevent self-driving cars from going blind in changing light conditions. 

It is a new type of “photomemristor” that mimics the human eye, adapting to mixed, changing light from bright to dark in seconds.

“Self-driving cars are exposed to a mixture of light levels in use — imagine the contrast of the dark sky with the bright headlights of other cars when driving at night,” said Larry Cheng, James L. Henderson Jr. Memorial Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Penn State. 

“It can be difficult for an artificial optical system to distinguish details, like the glow of a red light, in these mixed lightning conditions,” the co-corresponding author added.

Mimicking the human eye

Autonomous vehicles remain surprisingly fragile when encountering high-contrast lighting environments, despite being equipped with advanced cameras and powerful AI. 

These robotic eyes perform well in stable weather conditions, but are not accustomed to sudden flashes of light, such as oncoming headlights piercing a dark midnight sky. It can trigger catastrophic data glitches that blind the vehicle‘s system.

The team of engineers has finally found a workaround. And the secret is copying the wet, organic mechanics of the human eye.

Researchers unveiled a tiny hardware component that can adapt from blinding brightness to deep shadow in just seconds.

While our eyes require roughly 20 to 30 minutes to fully acclimate to extreme changes in light, this artificial system handles the transition almost instantly.

To build it, scientists had to rethink how computers process light. Standard cameras capture an image and send it to a separate computer brain for analysis. This takes time and immense computing power. The team used photomemristors. These are microscopic electrical components that can simultaneously sense light and store it as data — mimicking how neurons work.

But the key development lies in how the devices manage sensitivity.

4×4 grid for testing

The human eye uses rod cells for low light and cone cells for bright conditions. When a bright light hits your eyes, the pigments in your rods temporarily “bleach” out, leaving the cones to take over. To mimic this, the researchers paired a powdery white compound called titanium oxide with a stretchy, gel-like plastic known as PEDOT:PSS.

The titanium oxide captures ambient light and converts it into an electric current. That current forces the plastic layer to react with the surrounding air. In the dark, the plastic rapidly sucks in water vapor and swells. In bright light, it dries out quickly.

This automatic sweating and swelling acts as a physical volume knob for light. It self-regulates.

To test the tech, researchers built a miniature 4×4 grid and paired it with an AI neural network. They gave it a classic ophthalmologist challenge: spot a dimly lit letter “F” against a massively bright backdrop.

The system didn’t flinch. It took just seven rounds of training for the device to reach a remarkable 95 percent accuracy in pattern recognition.

The implications stretch far beyond avoiding highway accidents. The team has already filed a provisional patent to expand their use.

In the future, factory robots could operate flawlessly in erratic, flickering industrial environments. More importantly, Cheng believes this technology could eventually yield sophisticated artificial optics, giving adaptive, reliable sight back to the visually impaired.

The findings were published in the journal Nature Communications on June 9.

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A mobile pilot plant has been designed to convert various types of plastic waste into oil. 

Developed by the Catalysis Engineering Group at the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the Solvothermal Liquefaction (STL) process uses a potent mix of solvent, heat, catalysts, and intense pressure to cook mixed plastic waste back into oil.

Interestingly, the resulting dark brown oil contains the precise molecules needed to remake brand-new, virgin plastic, thereby closing the recycling loop.

The pilot plant is heading to Spain to face its ultimate test: real municipal plastic waste. It offers a viable solution for keeping these materials out of landfills and incinerators.

“We have gained a deep insight into the process and are confident that it merits scaling up to industrially relevant volumes. That’s why we have now designed and manufactured a pilot reactor system as a first important step towards actual application,” said Associate Professor Dr Shiju Raveendran.

Cooks unsorted trash

The underlying technology is called Solvothermal Liquefaction. 

Rather than requiring workers or optical sensors to sort polyethylene from polypropylene, the STL process accepts the mixed plastic stream as is. The waste is fed into a 25-liter reactor vessel. Inside, it is blasted with solvent, subjected to high heat, and exposed to elevated pressure.

The key ingredient of all is the specialized nanostructured solid catalysts developed by the UvA team. These microscopic structures accelerate the chemical breakdown without being consumed by the reaction. In just 30 minutes, the molecular bonds of the plastics collapse.

The process cleanly splits the waste into three distinct products: gas, which is diverted to help power the system; char, which is filtered out as a solid byproduct; and a dark brown oil. This oil is packed with the pure monomers needed to manufacture brand-new, high-quality plastic.

Interestingly, the entire process closes the loop completely. The resulting plastic is identical to material made from fossil fuels, completely overcoming the degradation that usually happens during mechanical melting.

Circular plastic recycling

Academic breakthroughs die in labs every day because scaling them up is highly difficult. The team is attempting to beat those odds.

Backed by over €1.5 million from the larger €20 million European “PLASTICE” project, the technology has officially reached Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6/7. In engineering, it means that the tech is ready for operational reality.

The Amsterdam researchers also partnered with an industrial engineering firm in India. Together, they designed and manufactured a heavy-duty, transportable system. The entire plant is complete with storage tanks, remote-control software, and rigorous safety overrides. It is mounted on automated steel frames called skids.

In Spain, the public waste management company COGERSA will host the pilot plant. For the first time, the machine will run on raw municipal waste streams rather than controlled laboratory feeds.

“Our lab experiments already included actual plastic waste, but we will certainly encounter challenges we could not fully foresee. That is precisely the purpose of this scale-up phase—to move the technology toward genuine industrial relevance,” said Raveendran.

If the skid-mounted reactor can withstand the chaotic composition of Spanish household waste this summer, it could pave the way for modular, decentralized recycling plants worldwide. 

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Next-generation mobile internet will be incredibly fast, but it has one major physical weakness. It can be stopped dead by a single concrete wall or a passing crowd.

Now, a new kind of “metacrystal panel” has been designed to address this major problem in 6G networks. 

Developed by researchers at Finland’s Aalto University, these affordable, 3D-printed devices passively guide radio waves around physical barriers like walls and corners.

Interestingly, these smart panels can be mounted on walls, ceilings, or furniture to effortlessly bounce signals around corners, into dead zones, and directly toward specific devices.

6G signal blocking issue

The tech industry is currently sprinting toward ultra-fast 6G networks. Future 6G networks will likely achieve unprecedented terabit-per-second data speeds by utilizing terahertz waves (also known as submillimeter radiation or far-infrared light).

However, the higher-frequency channels needed to carry massive amounts of data are fragile. 

Compared with the broad waves of older networks, 6G signals struggle to bend around obstacles. Usually, fixing a dead zone means buying more electronics.

Carriers install power-hungry routers, complex repeaters, and expensive base stations just to push the signal into hard-to-reach places like basements, factories, or long corridors.

But the Aalto team thinks they can solve this issue using just a low-tech solution. Metacrystal panels are 3D-printed plastic blocks that bounce, bend, and shape radio waves without electricity.

“When a room is too dark, you can bring in more lamps – or use simple mirrors to guide the already available light. This is what these metacrystals do, but with radio waves,” explained Mahdi Asgari, doctoral researcher. 

Rather than relying on wires or microchips, these panels use geometry to do the work. These are volumetric structures designed using advanced computer optimization. 

Researchers can control multiple signals at the same time by precisely calculating how the internal plastic shapes interact with electromagnetic fields. 

Earlier attempts at this technology used flat, single-layer metasurfaces. However, a 2D flat surface lacks the physical degrees of freedom to manipulate multiple angles at once. If a signal hits it from the wrong angle, it becomes useless.

“Unlike previously proposed single-layer intelligent surfaces, these volumetric metacrystals can be designed to control multiple incoming signals or frequency bands independently — a key requirement for realistic wireless communication,” added Asgari.   

Low-cost solution

Compared with conventional intelligent surfaces that rely on expensive, high-maintenance control circuits, these 3D-printed metacrystal panels offer an affordable, low-maintenance alternative. 

Using cheap consumable materials costing only a few tens of euros per piece, the panels can be custom-fabricated to fit specific environments rather than relying on a one-size-fits-all model. 

For industrial spaces, this could be a massive win. Setting up a 6G layout in a sprawling warehouse or a complex factory floor usually requires a huge amount of infrastructure. Worse, those networks constantly pull power and demand routine maintenance.

According to researchers, this makes them highly attractive for industrial settings with static or slowly changing layouts, such as factories, warehouses, long corridors, and indoor 5G/6G networks. In these settings, passive, custom-designed structures can quietly route signals without requiring ongoing maintenance or active electricity.

The research team is currently looking for industrial collaborators to commercialize the technology. 

While the current prototypes are static, the next frontier is to make them adaptable. The team is already working on ways to create tunable, reconfigurable panels that can adjust as the environment changes, all while keeping the manufacturing simple and cheap.

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An international research team led by The University of Manchester has shown how superheating alters how a volcano erupts.

Superheating is a process where magma is heated beyond the temperature at which its crystals can remain stable. The new study found that superheating delays crystal formation strongly as it rises toward the Earth’s surface. 

It helps explain why similar volcanic systems exhibit vastly different eruptive behaviors.

The researchers focused their investigation on magma collected from the 2021 Tajogaite eruption on Spain’s La Palma.  It was a devastating 85-day disaster that destroyed 3,000 buildings and displaced thousands of residents.

Creating volcanic conditions

Imagine two identical volcanoes. These two have the exact same chemical makeup, the same gas content, and the same underground pressure. Yet when the eruption occurs, one gently oozes harmless sludge, while the other violently blasts curtains of fire into the sky.

Experts have long struggled to explain this erratic behavior. Now, they have an answer. 

It turns out that magma’s hidden thermal history dictates how dangerously it behaves.

To unlock this secret, the researchers traveled to La Palma, Spain, and collected cooling rock from the Tajogaite eruption. 

The team took these volcanic samples and recreated the thermal process using a newly designed X-ray-transparent pressure vessel. The rocks were blasted with intense heat and pressure. Then, the team watched the magma melt in real time using high-powered synchrotron X-ray microtomography.

What they saw changed everything. Normally, as liquid magma cools on its way to the surface, it relies on microscopic crystal “seeds” to start solidifying.

It is like dust in the atmosphere, helping raindrops form. But when magma experiences a sudden injection of extreme heat before its ascent —a state known as superheating — those tiny crystal seeds dissolve.

The underground alchemy in volcano

The study shows that extreme temperatures melt away microscopic crystal seeds and homogenize the magma’s internal structure, severely hindering new crystal growth. 

This structural change keeps the magma highly fluid, directly dictating how fast it rises to the surface and how easily trapped volcanic gases can escape. These two critical factors ultimately determine whether an eruption will be a violent explosion or a gentle flow.

It was discovered that non-superheated magma crystallizes in just 20 minutes, while superheated magma delays crystal growth for over eight hours. 

When these delays were plugged into computer simulations of magma ascent, the models revealed a stark contrast in volcanic behavior. The prolonged fluid state of superheated magma allows it to rush rapidly to the surface and trigger spectacular lava fountains. On the other hand, early-crystallizing magma becomes thick and sluggish, allowing gases to safely escape and resulting in much gentler, slower lava flows.

Until now, standard volcanic hazard models have completely ignored this thermal history. Scientists only measured a volcano’s current chemistry, gas levels, and pressure.

“This work suggests that pre-eruptive thermal history and crystallization kinetics may also play an important role in controlling magma ascent and eruptive behavior, with implications for volcanic hazard assessment,” said Dr Margherita Polacci, Senior Lecturer in Volcanology at The University of Manchester. 

The discovery could help decode volcanic monitoring signals and anticipate impending eruptions.

The study was published in the journal Nature Communications on June 8.

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