For more than a century, the electricity grid has mostly worked in one direction. Power plants generate electricity, grids deliver it, and homes, factories and businesses consume it. That model is starting to look a little dated.

As solar panels, batteries, electric vehicles and connected devices spread, millions of things that consume electricity can also store it, shift when they use it or, in some cases, send it back. “Everything-to-grid” is the emerging idea of coordinating those resources so they become active parts of the power system rather than simply sitting at the end of the network. The World Economic Forum included the concept among its Top 10 Emerging Technologies of 2026.

What exactly is everything-to-grid?

The simplest way to think about it is to imagine the grid gaining millions of tiny batteries, generators, and adjustable loads. An electric vehicle plugged into a charger is normally a consumer. But with bidirectional charging, its battery can potentially send electricity back to a building or the grid. 

A building with solar panels and batteries can generate, store, and supply electricity. A factory could shift some electricity-intensive processes away from peak-demand periods.

Instead of asking only, “How much electricity do we need?”, an everything-to-grid system also asks, “What can we move, store, or temporarily switch off right now?” That flexibility can be valuable when electricity demand suddenly rises, or renewable generation fluctuates.

Your car could become a grid asset

Electric vehicles are one of the most obvious pieces of this puzzle because their batteries can store substantial amounts of electricity while the vehicles are parked for much of the day. Vehicle-to-grid, or V2G, technology allows compatible vehicles and chargers to exchange electricity with the grid rather than simply charging the battery. 

Software can decide when a vehicle should charge, pause charging, or discharge electricity, while accounting for factors such as grid conditions and the owner’s need to drive.

The U.S. Department of Energy has been examining V2G as a way of integrating EVs into the wider power system. However, widespread deployment still depends on compatible vehicles, chargers, communications systems, regulations, and business models. In other words, your car could spend the afternoon being a car and the evening moonlighting as a very expensive power bank.

Buildings become more than electricity consumers

Buildings are another major part of the concept. A grid-interactive building combines energy efficiency, smart controls, communications and distributed energy resources such as solar panels and batteries. Heating, cooling, water heating and other systems can be adjusted according to electricity prices, grid conditions or the availability of renewable power.

The U.S. Department of Energy describes these buildings as flexible energy resources that can help reduce peak demand and make better use of periods when electricity is plentiful. The IEA similarly describes grid-interactive buildings as “prosumers” that can produce, consume, store, buy, and sell energy.

Why renewables make this more important

Solar and wind power are increasingly important sources of electricity, but their output varies with weather and time of day. Solar generation, for example, can fall rapidly as evening demand rises.

That makes flexibility increasingly valuable. The IEA expects renewables to overtake coal in global electricity generation in 2026 and says modernizing grids and improving system flexibility will be critical as wind and solar expand. Everything-to-grid systems could help absorb surplus electricity when renewable generation is high and reduce demand when the grid is under pressure.

The catch: somebody has to coordinate the chaos

Making millions of independent devices behave like one useful power resource is considerably harder than installing a solar panel or plugging in an EV. It requires communication standards, smart inverters and chargers, control software, electricity-market rules, and cybersecurity. 

The more connected the grid becomes, the more important it is to protect those connections from failures and attacks. The DOE specifically identifies cybersecurity as an important consideration for increasingly connected grid-interactive buildings. There are also practical questions around battery degradation, consumer compensation, privacy, and who gets to control an asset in someone’s home.

Everything-to-grid, then, isn’t about turning every appliance into a miniature power station overnight. It is about changing the architecture of electricity itself, from a system where consumers mostly take power from the grid into one where millions of connected assets can help manage it.

The grid of the future may still have giant power plants and transmission lines. But alongside them could be millions of cars, buildings, batteries and machines quietly doing their part. That is a much more complicated grid. It could also be a much more flexible one.

E-ink displays can look almost suspiciously like paper. They don’t glow like a phone screen, remain readable under bright sunlight, and can display the same page for days without constantly drawing power. Yet beneath that paper-like surface is a surprisingly simple bit of physics. Millions of tiny charged particles move around in microscopic containers.

The technology is officially known as an electrophoretic display, or EPD. It is used in e-readers, electronic shelf labels, digital signage and an expanding range of low-power devices.

Tiny capsules full of moving ink

At the heart of a conventional black-and-white e-ink display are millions of microscopic capsules. Each is roughly the diameter of a human hair and contains a clear fluid with electrically charged pigment particles suspended inside it.

In a common two-particle system, the particles are black and white and carry opposite electrical charges. The capsules sit above an electronic layer that can apply a controlled electric field to individual areas of the display.

Apply one polarity and the white particles move toward the top of a capsule. Reverse the field and the black particles move upward instead. What the viewer sees therefore depends on which particles are positioned at the surface. 

This movement is called electrophoresis. Charged particles move through a fluid in response to an electric field. The same basic principle was demonstrated in early electronic-paper research, including the microencapsulated electrophoretic ink described by researchers at the MIT Media Lab in a 1998 Nature paper. 

There is no backlight

This is where e-ink takes a very different route from an LCD or OLED display. A phone or laptop screen produces or controls light that travels toward your eyes. Traditional LCDs use a backlight, while OLED pixels generate their own light.

E-ink is reflective. Instead of producing the light you see, it uses ambient light, reflecting it from the pigment particles at the surface much like ink on a printed page. The brighter the surroundings, the easier the screen can be to see. 

That is why an e-reader can be remarkably comfortable to use outdoors on a sunny day while a conventional display may become harder to see. E-readers can still have a light for reading in darkness, but it is generally a front light that illuminates the surface rather than a conventional display backlight shining through the screen. 

The clever trick: the picture stays put

One of the most important properties of electrophoretic displays is bistability. Once the pigment particles move into position, they can stay there without continuously applying power. The electronics need electricity to change the image, but not simply to keep an existing image on screen.

That means an e-reader can display a page for hours while consuming essentially no display power between updates. E Ink says its displays consume power only when the image changes, with the energy required for an update depending on the display and operating mode. It is one reason e-ink devices can achieve battery life measured in weeks rather than hours.

So why does e-ink refresh so slowly?

There is a tradeoff for all that efficiency. LCD and OLED pixels can change extremely quickly because they control light electronically. E-ink has to physically move pigment particles through fluid. That makes its refresh behavior fundamentally different.

Modern E Ink displays have multiple refresh modes, and the company says some can update a full display in as little as 120 milliseconds. The technology is still generally slower and can produce visible flashing or ghosting during certain transitions, which is perfectly acceptable for turning pages or reading a document. But it is considerably less ideal for fast video or action-heavy games.

What about color?

Color e-ink works by adding more types of charged pigment particles or using different display structures. E Ink’s color technologies include systems using black, white, red, and yellow particles, while other approaches can produce a broader color range. 

Its Advanced Color ePaper technology, for example, uses colored particles rather than relying on a conventional LCD-style color filter array.  Color e-ink therefore remains reflective and low-power, but there is another tradeoff: color electrophoretic displays generally cannot match the brightness, saturation, and refresh performance of modern OLED or LCD screens.

Why e-ink still matters

E-ink is not trying to replace your smartphone display. Its advantage comes from doing less. It reflects rather than emits light, holds an image without continuously consuming display power, and can remain readable in bright environments. 

That makes it especially useful when the priority is information rather than animation: books, labels, signs, notes, and other content that doesn’t need to change every millisecond. In a world increasingly filled with glowing screens, e-ink’s cleverest trick may simply be knowing when not to glow.

A nuclear-powered submarine can disappear beneath the ocean and remain there for weeks or even months without surfacing. Unlike conventional submarines, it does not need to regularly come up for air or surface to recharge its batteries.

The secret is not simply the nuclear reactor. A nuclear submarine is essentially a self-contained environment that can generate its own power, oxygen and fresh water while carrying enough food and supplies to keep its crew alive for extended periods.

Nuclear power removes the biggest limitation

The fundamental difference is the way the submarine generates energy. Conventional diesel-electric submarines need atmospheric oxygen to run their diesel engines, while their batteries eventually need to be recharged. 

A nuclear reactor, by contrast, produces heat through nuclear fission and does not need atmospheric oxygen to operate. That allows the submarine to keep generating power while completely submerged.

In a typical naval reactor system, heat from the reactor is transferred to water in a separate steam system. The resulting steam drives turbines, which provide propulsion and generate electricity for the submarine’s other systems. The steam is then condensed back into water and reused in a closed cycle.

This gives nuclear submarines essentially unlimited range from their reactor fuel compared with conventional submarines. The U.S. Department of Energy says modern naval reactor cores can last more than 1 million miles, although the submarine’s actual deployment duration is limited by other factors.

But what about oxygen?

The crew still needs it, of course. This is where the submarine becomes more like a miniature artificial ecosystem. Modern submarines can produce oxygen onboard, allowing the crew to breathe without drawing a fresh supply from the atmosphere. At the same time, systems remove carbon dioxide and other contaminants from the enclosed air.

The U.S. Navy’s historical account of submarine operations notes that modern boats use equipment to produce fresh air, remove carbon dioxide, and filter potentially harmful vapors.

The reactor is particularly useful here because its enormous energy supply can power these life-support systems continuously. In other words, the submarine does not need to conserve its oxygen simply because it is underwater. It has systems designed to continually maintain the atmosphere inside the boat.

How do they get fresh water?

Water is another resource that could quickly become a problem for a crew spending months underwater. Modern nuclear submarines can produce fresh water from seawater, using onboard distillation systems. 

The U.S. Navy says this capability, combined with oxygen production, allows a nuclear submarine to operate independently of Earth’s atmosphere for extended periods. Fresh water can therefore be produced for drinking and other onboard needs, rather than carrying every drop required for a months-long patrol.

So what eventually forces a submarine to surface?

Surprisingly, food is one of the biggest constraints. A nuclear reactor can keep producing power, and the submarine can produce oxygen and fresh water, but its crew still needs to eat. The U.S. Navy describes food as the primary limitation on the length of a submerged patrol, while an official U.S. Navy page for the Ohio-class submarine lists approximately 60 days of endurance with food supplies.

That does not mean a nuclear submarine must physically surface every time it needs supplies. Resupply can sometimes be conducted through specialized operations, but a submarine’s ability to remain completely independent is ultimately constrained by what it can carry and what its crew requires.

What about the people inside?

Keeping the machinery running is only half the challenge. Hundreds of sailors may spend months in a confined environment with no sunlight, limited personal space, and little contact with the outside world.

The Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History notes that nuclear submarines can operate submerged for months, while crews must cope with cramped living conditions and prolonged separation from their families. The U.S. Navy also studies the effects of disrupted sleep schedules, limited sunlight, and restricted exercise on submariners during long deployments.

That is why a nuclear submarine is better understood not simply as a warship with a reactor, but as a self-contained underwater city. The nuclear reactor supplies the energy needed to propel the vessel and operate its systems. Life-support equipment maintains the air. Desalination systems provide fresh water. Food stores sustain the crew.

Put those capabilities together, and a submarine no longer has to repeatedly return to the surface just to survive. That independence from the atmosphere is what transformed submarines from vessels that could briefly operate underwater into warships capable of remaining hidden beneath the ocean for months.

Europe has added another powerful machine to its growing supercomputing network with the inauguration of Arrhenius, a new system in Sweden capable of more than 60 petaflops, or over 60 million billion operations per second.

The supercomputer was inaugurated at Linköping University and will be available to researchers, companies and public-sector organizations across Europe. It is designed to tackle computationally intensive work ranging from climate simulations and materials research to life sciences, engineering and artificial intelligence.

A 60-petaflop machine for European research

Arrhenius is classified as a mid-range supercomputer, but its performance places it among the world’s most powerful machines. It ranked 42nd on the TOP500 list published in June 2026.

Its computing capacity is intended for workloads that would be impractical or take considerably longer on conventional computing systems. Researchers can use it to run complex simulations, analyze large datasets, and develop compute-intensive AI applications.

Potential applications include climate modeling, materials science, drug discovery, life sciences, and engineering. The system is also designed with security and data integrity in mind, allowing organizations to use it for proprietary product development and research involving sensitive personal data, according to the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking.

Arrhenius is already being used by European researchers. Users gained early access through the EuroHPC AI for Science access call before the official inauguration, while broader access is now available through regular EuroHPC access calls as well as benchmark and development modes.

Designed to deliver more computing for less energy

Raw performance is only one measure of a modern supercomputer. The amount of electricity required to achieve that performance has become increasingly important as computing systems grow larger.

According to EuroHPC, Arrhenius delivers more than 61 billion operations per watt. That placed it 24th on the Green500 list, which ranks supercomputers according to energy efficiency. The system was procured through a contract with HPE signed in July 2025, with an estimated total value of €68.5 million. 

Up to 35% of the cost is co-funded by the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking through the Digital Europe Program, with additional contributions from the Swedish Research Council to Sweden’s National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing (NAISS). EuroHPC and NAISS, hosted by Linköping University, jointly manage access to the machine.

Part of Europe’s push for computing sovereignty

Arrhenius is more than a standalone Swedish research computer. It joins 12 supercomputers already procured by the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking as Europe attempts to build computing infrastructure that it can control and access across the continent.

The initiative is also expanding beyond traditional high-performance computing. EuroHPC is overseeing the implementation of 19 AI Factories and 13 AI Factory Antennas across Europe, while also developing a European quantum-computing infrastructure that will integrate quantum technologies with conventional supercomputers.

The Swedish system is named after Carl Axel Arrhenius, the Swedish geologist and chemist who discovered the mineral gadolinite in 1787. Gadolinite was later found to contain several previously unknown elements belonging to the rare-earth group.

For European researchers and businesses, however, the machine’s more immediate significance is its computing capacity. By making tens of petaflops of processing power accessible across borders, Arrhenius gives scientists and industry another resource for workloads that conventional computing simply cannot keep pace with.

Australia is taking another step toward operating its future nuclear-powered submarine fleet, awarding Lockheed Martin a two-year, AUD$26.5 million contract to establish a sovereign Combat Systems Integration (CSI) capability for its future Virginia-class submarines.

The work is being undertaken through the Australian Submarine Agency (ASA) as part of the AUKUS partnership, with Australian engineers working alongside U.S.-based Virginia-class submarine specialists.

The technical capability being developed may sound like a relatively small part of a submarine program, but it sits at the heart of how a modern attack submarine turns information from its sensors into decisions and, ultimately, weapons effects.

What does combat-system integration actually mean?

A submarine’s combat system is essentially the technological nervous system connecting its sensors, communications, tactical information, and weapons.

A modern submarine can detect contacts using sonar and other sensors, build a picture of what is happening around it, determine whether a contact is a potential threat, and coordinate an appropriate response. Making all of those components work together reliably is the job of combat-system integration.

It is also an ongoing process rather than something completed when a submarine leaves the shipyard. Software, sensors, weapons and other components evolve throughout a submarine’s service life, requiring testing and integration to ensure new capabilities work with the rest of the system.

Australia’s Defense Department says the Combat System Integration Partner will help implement and test combat-system improvements and support submarine crews with maintenance and repair of the system.

Why Australia wants the capability at home

The objective is not simply to have Australian engineers working on American-designed equipment. Canberra wants to develop a sovereign integration capability that can support its own submarines over decades of operation.

That is particularly important for a fleet expected to remain in service for many years. A submarine’s combat system cannot simply be treated as a fixed piece of equipment; maintaining its effectiveness means continually integrating improvements as technology and operational requirements change.

Australia has already been involved with the AN/BYG-1 submarine combat control system, which is used by both Australian and U.S. submarines. The U.S. Navy describes AN/BYG-1 as a joint U.S.-Australian program and has been demonstrating its capabilities to AUKUS partners as part of broader efforts to ensure interoperability.

The new CSI capability builds on that broader experience while creating a larger Australian industrial and engineering base around the future Virginia fleet.

Building an Australian industrial base

Lockheed Martin says the contract will initially create more than 20 CSI engineering positions, with work beginning in Western Australia. Australia’s government previously said the broader CSI partner program could ultimately create around 100 additional jobs at Lockheed Martin Australia.

The companies will also examine Australia’s supply chain to identify local businesses that could contribute to Virginia-class combat-system integration.

That could become an important part of AUKUS. The partnership is not only about acquiring submarines and transferring technology; Australia is attempting to develop enough domestic expertise to operate, maintain and eventually sustain an advanced nuclear-powered submarine force.

The submarines behind the program

Australia’s future Virginia-class boats will be conventionally armed, nuclear-powered attack submarines operated under Australian command. The Australian government currently plans to acquire three Virginia-class submarines, with the first expected in the early 2030s.

The Virginia class is designed around long-duration submerged operations and combines nuclear propulsion with sophisticated sonar, combat-management and weapons systems. Australia’s future boats will therefore require a substantial technical workforce capable of supporting complex U.S.-origin systems within Australia’s own operational and maintenance structure. The CSI work is one piece of that much greater effort.

Australia is also building expertise through the broader AUKUS submarine ecosystem, including preparations for future SSN-AUKUS submarines that will eventually be designed and built jointly by Australia and the United Kingdom. The significance of the new contract is therefore less about the AUD$26.5 million itself and more about what it is intended to create.

Few institutions have shaped humanity’s understanding of space quite like NASA. Since its founding in 1958, the agency has launched hundreds of missions, but only a handful fundamentally changed science, engineering, or human history.

Some placed humans on the Moon. Others transformed astronomy, revealed hidden worlds across the Solar System, or even ventured beyond the Sun’s influence. Here are 15 NASA missions whose legacy continues to shape science and exploration today.

1. Project Mercury (1958-1963)

NASA’s first human spaceflight program proved that Americans could survive and operate in space. Alan Shepard became the first American in space in 1961, while John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth a year later, laying the groundwork for every crewed mission that followed.

2. Project Gemini (1961-1966)

Before astronauts could reach the Moon, NASA had to master orbital rendezvous, docking, long-duration spaceflight, and spacewalks. Gemini accomplished all of those objectives, becoming the technological bridge between Mercury and Apollo.

3. Apollo 11 (1969)

Perhaps no mission changed history more profoundly. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon while Michael Collins orbited overhead. Apollo 11 demonstrated that humanity could travel to another celestial body and safely return home, inspiring generations of scientists and engineers.

4. Skylab (1973-1979)

America’s first space station proved humans could live and work in space for months at a time. Crews conducted hundreds of experiments in medicine, solar physics, and Earth observation, paving the way for the International Space Station decades later.

5. Viking 1 (1975-1982)

When Viking 1 landed safely on Mars in 1976, it became the first successful mission to operate on the Martian surface. It returned the first images from the ground, analyzed Martian soil, and conducted pioneering experiments searching for signs of life.

6. Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 (1977-Present)

Originally designed to explore the outer planets, the twin Voyager spacecraft delivered humanity’s first close-up views of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Both continue operating today, with Voyager 1 becoming the first human-made object to enter interstellar space.

7. Space Shuttle Program (1981-2011)

The Space Shuttle transformed access to low Earth orbit by introducing partially reusable spacecraft. Shuttle missions deployed and serviced satellites, launched the Hubble Space Telescope, assembled much of the International Space Station, and flew 135 missions over three decades.

8. Hubble Space Telescope (1990-Present)

Hubble revolutionized modern astronomy. Its observations helped refine the age of the Universe, study black holes, discover thousands of galaxies, and capture some of the most iconic images ever taken from space. More than three decades later, it continues producing groundbreaking science.

9. Mars Pathfinder (1997)

Pathfinder introduced the world to Sojourner, the first rover to operate on another planet. The mission demonstrated that relatively low-cost robotic exploration could deliver enormous scientific returns and paved the way for the sophisticated Mars rovers that followed.

10. Cassini-Huygens (1997-2017)

Cassini transformed our understanding of Saturn and its moons. It revealed water-rich plumes erupting from Enceladus, explored Titan’s methane lakes, and showed that icy moons may possess environments capable of supporting life.

11. Spirit and Opportunity (2003-2019)

Expected to survive only 90 Martian days, the twin rovers rewrote expectations. Opportunity operated for nearly 15 years, discovering overwhelming evidence that liquid water once flowed across Mars, dramatically reshaping scientific understanding of the planet’s history.

12. Curiosity (2011-Present)

Curiosity’s mobile laboratory confirmed that ancient Mars once possessed lakes, rivers, and the chemical ingredients necessary for microbial life. It continues investigating how the planet evolved from a wetter world into today’s cold desert.

13. James Webb Space Telescope (2021-Present)

Built to succeed Hubble, the James Webb Space Telescope has observed some of the earliest known galaxies, analyzed exoplanet atmospheres, and provided unprecedented infrared views of the cosmos. Its discoveries are already reshaping astronomy and cosmology.

14. Perseverance and Ingenuity (2020-Present)

Perseverance is searching for signs of ancient microbial life in Jezero Crater while collecting samples for future return to Earth. Its companion, Ingenuity, became the first aircraft to achieve powered, controlled flight on another planet, opening an entirely new chapter in planetary exploration.

15. Artemis I (2022)

More than 50 years after Apollo, Artemis I successfully tested NASA’s Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System during an uncrewed mission around the Moon. It marked the beginning of NASA’s Artemis program, which aims to return astronauts to the lunar surface and eventually support human missions to Mars.

From the Moon to interstellar space

NASA’s greatest missions have done far more than achieve technical milestones. They have expanded humanity’s understanding of the Universe, transformed engineering, and inspired generations to pursue science and exploration. With programs such as Artemis, Europa Clipper, and future Mars missions on the horizon, the next history-making NASA mission may already be on its way.

Check out 7 upcoming NASA missions here.

A new industrial complex in China’s Shandong province is beginning production rollout with a specific goal. Manufacturing batteries designed to store electricity for longer periods and support increasingly renewable power grids.

HiTHIUM held the production rollout ceremony for its Heze Base on August 7 in Heze Luxi New Area. The company describes the facility as the world’s first integrated industrial park dedicated exclusively to long-duration energy storage (LDES).

Unlike conventional battery plants focused primarily on cells, the Heze project brings together battery-cell manufacturing, materials production and energy-storage system integration. The planned facility covers approximately 80 hectares, with total investment across the industrial chain exceeding RMB 13 billion.

Why long-duration storage matters

Solar and wind power can produce large amounts of electricity when conditions are favorable, but generation does not always coincide with demand. Energy storage allows excess electricity to be stored and released later, helping balance the grid. LDES is intended to extend that capability over longer periods. For example, stored electricity could be released after solar generation falls in the evening or during longer periods of low renewable output. That makes the technology increasingly relevant as power systems add more variable renewable generation.

A battery factory built around LDES

The Heze Base uses a whole-industry-chain approach, covering LFP battery cells, modules and system integration, new materials and upstream raw-material processing. The facility is also designed around very large-capacity battery products. HiTHIUM says its fifth-generation intelligent manufacturing lines can produce more than 15 GWh per production line, while the company is developing thousand-ampere-hour-class cells for LDES applications.

Larger-capacity cells can potentially reduce the number of individual cells and connections needed in a large storage installation, simplifying parts of system construction. HiTHIUM’s earlier LDES products include a 1,175 Ah cell, which the company says entered mass production in 2025.

Automating storage production

The factory itself is designed as a highly automated manufacturing operation. HiTHIUM says its fifth-generation production lines have an automation rate exceeding 95% and incorporate more than 1,000 quality-control checkpoints, including AI-powered visual inspection.

According to the company, the new production system reduces floor space required per GWh by 50%, production manpower by 58%, and manufacturing energy consumption by 13% compared with its previous generation. HiTHIUM also reports a 200% improvement in production efficiency.

These figures are company-reported comparisons, but they highlight an important part of the LDES race: reducing costs will depend not only on battery chemistry, but also on manufacturing efficiency.

From cells to complete storage systems

The Heze Base is intended to take the battery manufacturing process from raw materials all the way through to finished, containerized energy-storage systems. That integrated approach matters because grid-scale storage is more complicated than simply installing large numbers of battery cells. Cells must be assembled into modules and systems, with the finished equipment incorporating the components and controls required for large-scale energy storage.

HiTHIUM says the Heze rollout marks a new phase focused on scaled manufacturing and delivery of LDES products. The significance of the project ultimately goes beyond one factory. As renewable generation expands, electricity grids need increasingly capable ways to shift power across time. The growth of dedicated LDES manufacturing suggests battery companies are now preparing for a market where storing electricity for longer periods could become just as important as generating it.

More than 6,000 exoplanets have now been confirmed beyond our Solar System, but only a handful truly redefine what astronomers thought was possible. Over the past few years, observatories such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), and NASA’s TESS mission have uncovered alien worlds that are evaporating into space, forming before our eyes, or hiding in plain sight for more than a decade. Here are seven of the most fascinating exoplanets discovered or dramatically redefined in recent years.

1. Beta Pictoris d: The planet that hid for more than a decade

Astronomers using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope recently announced the discovery of Beta Pictoris d, a giant planet that had remained hidden in archival observations for over ten years. The world is about 100 times fainter than its famous sibling, Beta Pictoris b, making it one of the faintest exoplanets ever directly imaged from Earth. Its discovery also makes Beta Pictoris only the second known planetary system with three directly imaged planets, providing astronomers with an exceptional laboratory for studying planetary formation.

2. BD+05 4868 Ab: A planet literally evaporating away

Few exoplanets are as dramatic as BD+05 4868 Ab. Located about 140 light-years away, this rocky world orbits so close to its host star that its surface is believed to be molten. Intense heat strips away rock from the planet, creating spectacular comet-like mineral tails stretching millions of kilometers into space. Astronomers believe they are witnessing the slow destruction of an entire planet in real time, making it one of the most unusual planetary systems ever observed.

3. WISPIT-2 b: Watching a planet being born

Most exoplanets are discovered long after they have formed. WISPIT-2 b is different. It was directly imaged while still embedded within the gas-and-dust disk surrounding its young star. The planet appears to have carved a visible gap inside the protoplanetary disk, giving astronomers one of the clearest views yet of planetary formation in progress. Systems like WISPIT-2 are exceptionally rare and provide valuable insights into how giant planets emerge from stellar nurseries.

4. TOI-561 b: A lava world that challenged expectations

The rocky exoplanet TOI-561 b circles its star in less than half an Earth day, making its surface hot enough to sustain vast oceans of molten rock. Recent observations have suggested that this extreme world may retain an atmosphere despite temperatures that should have stripped lighter gases away long ago. Understanding how such planets survive under these conditions could improve scientists’ understanding of rocky planets orbiting close to their stars.

5. 2M1510 (AB) b: A real-life Tatooine

Science fiction imagined planets orbiting two suns decades before astronomers found one. 2M1510 (AB) b goes a step further by orbiting two brown dwarfs instead of ordinary stars. Brown dwarfs are often described as “failed stars” because they never became massive enough to sustain hydrogen fusion. The discovery has challenged existing theories of planet formation, suggesting planets can emerge in environments previously considered unlikely.

6. K2-18 b: The exoplanet that keeps scientists debating life

Few planets have generated as much discussion as K2-18 b. Located within its star’s habitable zone, the super-Earth has been studied extensively by the James Webb Space Telescope for signs of atmospheric chemistry that could hint at biological activity. While recent observations sparked excitement over possible biosignature gases, subsequent analyses have emphasized that no evidence of extraterrestrial life has been confirmed. Even so, K2-18 b remains one of the most important targets in the search for potentially habitable worlds.

7. L 98-59 d: A volcanic world unlike anything in our Solar System

Among the newest additions to this growing list is L 98-59 d, an exoplanet about 35 light-years away that appears to host a global molten magma ocean beneath an atmosphere rich in sulfur compounds. The discovery offers astronomers an unprecedented opportunity to study how rocky planets evolve under extreme conditions. Unlike Earth, where volcanic activity is largely localized, L 98-59 d may represent an entire planet shaped by continuous volcanism, making it one of the most hostile—and scientifically valuable—worlds ever identified.

The golden age of exoplanet discovery

Every year, astronomers uncover hundreds of new worlds, but the most exciting discoveries are no longer just about adding another dot to the catalog. Today’s observatories are beginning to reveal how planets form, how they die, what their atmospheres contain, and whether any could potentially support life.

With the James Webb Space Telescope, next-generation ground observatories, and future missions on the horizon, these seven worlds are unlikely to remain the most astonishing for long. The next truly extraordinary exoplanet could already be waiting in the data.

For years, lithium-ion batteries have dominated the electric vehicle (EV) industry. But a new contender is rapidly gaining momentum. Sodium-ion batteries, once considered a laboratory curiosity, are now entering commercial production, with companies such as CATL unveiling second-generation cells and several automakers exploring the technology for future vehicles.

The growing interest has led to an obvious question. Could sodium-ion batteries replace lithium-ion batteries? While sodium-ion batteries offer several compelling advantages, they are unlikely to replace lithium altogether. Instead, they could become an important part of a more diverse battery ecosystem.

How do sodium-ion batteries work?

At first glance, sodium-ion batteries look remarkably similar to lithium-ion batteries. Both generate electricity by shuttling charged ions between a positive electrode (cathode) and a negative electrode (anode) during charging and discharging. The key difference is that lithium-ion batteries use lithium ions, while sodium-ion batteries use sodium ions.

That seemingly small change has major implications. Sodium is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and is widely available across many regions, unlike lithium, whose mining and refining remain concentrated in relatively few countries. Because of this, sodium-ion batteries have the potential to reduce supply chain risks while lowering dependence on critical minerals.

Why are researchers so excited?

The biggest attraction is cost. Lithium prices have fluctuated dramatically over the past decade as EV demand surged. Sodium, by comparison, is inexpensive and widely available, making it an attractive alternative for manufacturers looking to build more affordable batteries.

Sodium-ion chemistry also performs well in cold weather, where conventional lithium-ion batteries often experience noticeable reductions in charging speed and driving range. Another advantage is safety. Many sodium-ion designs demonstrate excellent thermal stability, reducing the likelihood of thermal runaway compared with some lithium-based chemistries.

Taken together, these characteristics make sodium-ion batteries particularly appealing for lower-cost EVs, grid-scale energy storage, and commercial vehicles where affordability and durability often matter more than maximum driving range.

So why hasn’t sodium replaced lithium?

The answer comes down to energy density. Lithium is a much lighter element than sodium, allowing lithium-ion batteries to store more energy for the same weight. Modern lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries commonly exceed 200 watt-hours per kilogram, while nickel-rich lithium chemistries can achieve even higher values.

Although sodium-ion technology has improved rapidly, with commercial cells now approaching 175 Wh/kg, it still trails the best lithium-ion batteries. That means an EV using sodium-ion cells generally requires a larger or heavier battery pack to achieve the same driving range.

For compact city cars, this may not be a major issue. For premium long-range EVs, however, every kilogram matters.

The future may not be lithium or sodium it could be both

Perhaps the most interesting development isn’t replacing lithium batteries at all. Several manufacturers, including CATL, are developing hybrid battery packs that combine lithium-ion and sodium-ion cells in a single vehicle.

The idea is to let each chemistry do what it does best. Lithium cells provide high energy density for long driving range, while sodium-ion cells offer strong cold-weather performance, improved durability, and lower costs. Advanced battery management systems can intelligently balance power between the two chemistries depending on temperature, driving conditions, and charging requirements.

If successful, these hybrid packs could reduce winter range losses while lowering manufacturing costs without sacrificing overall vehicle performance.

Where sodium-ion batteries could make the biggest impact

Rather than competing directly with every lithium-ion battery, sodium-ion technology appears best suited to applications where cost and reliability outweigh maximum range. Affordable city EVs, delivery vans, buses, two- and three-wheelers, forklifts, and stationary energy storage systems are all strong candidates. In many of these applications, vehicles return to predictable charging locations, reducing the importance of ultra-high energy density.

Long-range luxury EVs, performance cars, and electric aircraft, however, are likely to continue relying on higher-energy lithium-based chemistries for the foreseeable future.

So, are sodium-ion batteries a game-changer?

Yes but perhaps not in the way many people expect. Sodium-ion batteries are unlikely to replace lithium-ion batteries across the entire automotive industry. Instead, they represent an important new option that could make electric mobility cheaper, more resilient, and less dependent on constrained raw material supply chains.

Much like modern vehicles use different engine types for different purposes, tomorrow’s EV market is likely to rely on multiple battery chemistries, each optimized for specific applications. If lithium-ion batteries helped launch the EV revolution, sodium-ion batteries could play a key role in making that revolution more affordable, more sustainable, and accessible to far more people around the world.

Coal has long been associated with electricity generation, steelmaking, and carbon emissions. But a new technology unveiled in China aims to give the fossil fuel a very different role. Transforming it into high-value carbon materials used in industries ranging from energy storage to aerospace.

The technology, presented at an industry conference in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, converts ordinary coal into premium carbon materials through a specialized coal liquefaction process. Developers say the approach could significantly increase the economic value of coal while reducing emissions associated with conventional coal utilization.

A different approach to coal utilization

According to the company, the technology was jointly developed by Zhaoqing Shunxin Coal Chemical Industry Technology Co., Ltd. and Guangdong Coal-based Carbon Materials Research Co., Ltd. It was reviewed by an expert panel organized by the China International Association for the Promotion of Science and Technology in October 2025, which assessed the process as having reached an internationally leading level and recommended accelerating its commercialization.

Rather than burning coal for energy or converting it into fuels, the process focuses on extracting carbon-rich molecular structures that can serve as feedstock for advanced engineering materials.

The developers say the technology is based on quantum chemistry, separating coal molecules according to their chemical structure and bond strength. Molecules with lower bond energies are converted into oil and gas, while highly stable aromatic structures are transformed into condensed-ring pitch. A carbon-rich precursor used to manufacture advanced carbon materials.

From coal to aerospace-grade materials

One of the most notable aspects of the technology is the range of materials it claims can be produced. According to the developers, the condensed-ring pitch can be used to manufacture carbon foam, carbon fibers, 3D graphene, super-activated carbon, and supercapacitor-grade activated carbon. These materials are widely used across sectors including aerospace, energy storage, electronics, and advanced manufacturing.

The company also claims its carbon foam exceeds China’s Class A flame-retardancy standard and is suitable for military and aerospace applications. If these performance claims are validated at commercial scale, the technology would shift coal from being primarily an energy resource to serving as a raw material for high-performance engineered products.

Environmental and economic potential

The developers also highlight environmental benefits. According to the company, approximately 60% of the carbon contained in coal can be converted directly into carbon materials rather than being released through combustion. The process is also claimed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by around two tonnes per tonne of coal processed, while generating virtually no waste gas, wastewater, or solid waste.

Economically, the approach aims to move coal further up the value chain. Instead of producing a commodity worth hundreds or thousands of yuan per tonne, the process is designed to generate advanced carbon materials that can command values ranging from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan per tonne, depending on the final product. These figures were provided by the technology’s developers and have not been independently verified.

Moving toward commercialization

The technology has already taken its first step toward industrial deployment. The developers announced a cooperation agreement with the state-owned China Pingmei Shenma Group to construct a 6,000-tonne-per-year coal-based carbon materials project in Henan Province. They also said several carbon products produced using the process have completed user testing with downstream manufacturers and are now ready for commercial-scale deployment.

Although the technology still faces the challenge of proving its performance at industrial scale, it reflects a broader shift in how coal is being viewed. Rather than serving solely as a fuel, researchers are increasingly exploring its potential as a source of advanced materials, potentially opening new applications for one of the world’s most abundant carbon resources.

The United States is moving to expand its domestic drone manufacturing base after Performance Drone Works (PDW) received a conditional loan commitment of up to $820 million from the Department of War’s Office of Strategic Capital (OSC). Rather than focusing solely on producing more drones, the proposed funding aims is address one of the industry’s biggest vulnerabilities: reliance on foreign-controlled supply chains for critical drone components.

If finalized, the financing would help expand U.S. production capacity for propulsion systems, power electronics, flight-control hardware, vision systems, and other key technologies used in drones, robotics, and autonomous platforms.

Building the industrial base behind military drones

Modern military drones are only as resilient as the supply chains that support them. While the United States develops some of the world’s most advanced unmanned systems, many of the electronic components and subsystems that power them continue to come from overseas suppliers.

According to the company, the proposed investment would allow PDW to manufacture many of these critical technologies domestically while also supplying components to other American drone manufacturers. The initiative reflects broader efforts to strengthen the U.S. defense industrial base as demand for unmanned systems continues to grow.

The company currently operates Drone Factory 01, a 90,000-square-foot engineering and manufacturing facility in Huntsville, Alabama, where engineering, systems integration, flight testing, manufacturing, and fulfillment are carried out under one roof.

Lessons from modern warfare

The announcement comes as drones have become one of the defining technologies of modern conflict. From intelligence gathering and precision strikes to logistics and electronic warfare, unmanned systems are now central to military operations across multiple theaters.

Recent conflicts have also exposed the importance of manufacturing capacity. Producing advanced drones at scale requires a reliable supply of motors, batteries, flight controllers, sensors, cameras, communications equipment, and propulsion systems. Many of these have historically depended on international supply chains.

By investing in domestic production of these technologies, the United States aims to reduce potential supply disruptions while improving the ability to rapidly manufacture mission-critical systems when required.

Beyond defense applications

Although the proposed financing is driven by national security priorities, the manufacturing capability could extend beyond military use. PDW said the expanded production capacity is intended to support future public safety, industrial, and commercial applications in addition to meeting defense requirements. A stronger domestic component ecosystem could also benefit the wider U.S. drone industry by providing American-made alternatives for manufacturers that currently rely on imported hardware.

The Office of Strategic Capital was established to help finance technologies considered important to long-term U.S. national security and industrial competitiveness, particularly in areas where private investment alone may not be sufficient to rapidly scale manufacturing.

Funding remains conditional

The proposed $820 million financing has not yet been finalized. According to the announcement, the commitment remains conditional and is subject to additional financial, legal, technical, and due diligence requirements before reaching financial close.

Even so, the size of the proposed investment illustrates how drone manufacturing has become a strategic priority for the United States. As militaries increasingly rely on autonomous systems across air, land, and sea, building secure domestic supply chains for the components behind those platforms is emerging as an important part of maintaining technological and industrial competitiveness.

When people think of strategic bombers, aircraft such as the B-52 Stratofortress, B-2 Spirit, or the new B-21 Raider usually dominate the conversation. They are among the most recognizable military aircraft ever built and form the backbone of America’s long-range strike capability.

Yet if “power” is measured by more traditional metrics such as speed, payload, engine output, and sheer size, another aircraft arguably deserves the crown. That aircraft is the Tupolev Tu-160, known to NATO as the Blackjack and nicknamed the “White Swan” in Russia. 

First developed during the Cold War to counter American strategic bombers, the Tu-160 remains the largest and heaviest combat aircraft ever built, the fastest operational bomber in the world, and one of the most heavily armed aircraft ever placed into service.

Built for a different era of warfare

According to data published by the U.S. Army’s ODIN weapons database and official Russian specifications, the Tu-160 was designed around a philosophy very different from the stealth bombers that would later emerge in the United States.

Instead of avoiding enemy air defenses through low observability, Soviet engineers sought to create a bomber capable of outrunning threats, carrying massive payloads, and launching long-range weapons from stand-off distances.

The result was a giant variable-sweep-wing aircraft powered by four Kuznetsov NK-32 afterburning turbofan engines. Together, these engines generate roughly 220,000 pounds of thrust, making the Tu-160 one of the most powerful military aircraft ever constructed.

The aircraft can exceed Mach 2, or roughly 1,380 miles per hour, a speed no operational strategic bomber can match today. By comparison, the B-2 Spirit and B-52 Stratofortress are both subsonic aircraft, while the B-21 Raider is also believed to prioritize stealth over speed.

The Tu-160’s size is equally impressive. It has a maximum takeoff weight of approximately 275 tonnes and can carry up to 45 tonnes (99,000 pounds) of weapons internally. That exceeds the payload capacity of both the B-2 and B-21 and even surpasses the venerable B-52 in several mission configurations.

A flying missile arsenal

While images often show the White Swan carrying conventional bombs, its primary purpose is to serve as a long-range missile carrier. Modernized Tu-160M variants can deploy weapons such as the Kh-101 conventional cruise missile and the nuclear-capable Kh-102. These missiles have ranges measured in thousands of kilometers, allowing the aircraft to strike targets without entering heavily defended airspace.

This capability has become increasingly important in modern warfare. Rather than flying directly over enemy territory, strategic bombers can launch stand-off weapons from safer distances while remaining protected by friendly air defenses and fighter escorts.

In effect, the Tu-160 functions as a high-speed airborne missile truck capable of delivering large numbers of long-range precision weapons across intercontinental distances.

Why the B-2 and B-21 are still feared

If the Tu-160 dominates on paper, why are the US B-2 Spirit and B-21 Raider bombers more capable combat aircraft?

The answer lies in stealth. B-2 was designed to penetrate dense air-defense networks by minimizing its radar signature. Rather than outrunning enemy defenses, it attempts to avoid detection altogether. The B-21 takes that concept even further. 

Although many details remain classified, the aircraft is widely believed to incorporate next-generation stealth materials, advanced networking capabilities, digital mission systems, and the ability to integrate with unmanned platforms.

In a modern conflict against advanced integrated air-defense systems, stealth can be more valuable than raw speed. A bomber that remains undetected may be able to strike targets that a larger, non-stealth aircraft would struggle to approach.

This is why comparing the Tu-160 directly to the B-21 can be misleading. The two aircraft were designed to solve different military problems.

So which bomber is actually the most powerful?

The answer depends entirely on how power is defined. If the discussion is about speed, payload, engine thrust, and physical size, the Tu-160 stands alone. No bomber currently in service flies faster, carries more weapons internally, or produces more thrust.

If survivability and the ability to penetrate advanced air defenses are the primary criteria, the advantage shifts toward stealth bombers such as the B-2 and B-21. More than three decades after entering service, the White Swan remains one of the most extraordinary aircraft ever built. 

It may not be the most advanced bomber in the world, nor the most survivable, but it represents the peak of a design philosophy centered on speed and overwhelming firepower. For that reason, Russia’s Tu-160 still has a strong claim to being the most powerful bomber ever built.

The US military is launching an ambitious effort to develop a new generation of rechargeable batteries capable of delivering up to ten times the energy density of today’s systems, a breakthrough that could dramatically extend the range, endurance, and effectiveness of future drones, robots, sensors, and battlefield electronics.

Led by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the initiative aims to overcome one of the biggest limitations facing modern military systems: the tradeoff between storing large amounts of energy and delivering it rapidly when needed. According to DARPA’s newly announced Expeditionary Power- and Energy-Dense Implementations (ExPEDitions) program, researchers will explore advanced battery chemistries, materials, and architectures capable of achieving five to ten times the energy density of current rechargeable technologies. 

Industry reporting suggests the agency is targeting systems that exceed 2 kilowatt-hours per kilogram (kWh/kg), far beyond the performance of most lithium-ion batteries in service today. Sources: DARPA, Defense Blog.

Why batteries are becoming a critical battlefield tech

For decades, military planners focused on weapons, sensors, and vehicles. Increasingly, however, the limiting factor is energy.

“Energy has long been the fundamental currency of the battlespace,” DARPA notes in its program description. Whether powering drones, communications equipment, autonomous vehicles, electronic warfare systems, or future directed-energy weapons, military platforms are becoming more dependent on portable power than ever before.

The challenge lies in balancing two competing requirements. Energy density determines how long a system can operate before recharging, while power density determines how quickly that energy can be delivered.

A surveillance drone may need to remain airborne for hours while continuously operating cameras and communications systems. A strike drone, meanwhile, may require sudden bursts of power to maneuver aggressively or execute attacks. Most existing battery technologies force designers to compromise between endurance and performance.

DARPA’s ExPEDitions program aims to eliminate that compromise by developing batteries capable of delivering both.

The logistics advantage

The military value of better batteries extends well beyond longer flight times. Every battery, fuel convoy, generator, and charging station deployed to the battlefield creates a logistical burden. In many conflicts, supply lines become some of the most vulnerable targets.

A battery capable of storing five to ten times more energy could dramatically reduce the number of resupply missions required to sustain drones, sensors, robotic systems, and dismounted troops.

For autonomous systems, the benefits could be even greater. Longer-lasting batteries would allow drones to remain on station for extended periods, enable robotic vehicles to travel farther, and reduce dependence on fixed charging infrastructure that could be targeted by adversaries.

Why China is part of the conversation

The initiative also reflects growing concern in Washington over global battery supply chains. Analysts at the Atlantic Council recently argued that batteries are no longer merely an energy technology. They have become a strategic military capability. The think tank warned that China’s dominance across battery manufacturing, critical mineral processing, and supply chains could eventually influence future military competitiveness.

China currently occupies a commanding position in much of the global battery ecosystem, from lithium processing and cathode production to large-scale cell manufacturing. As militaries increasingly electrify vehicles and deploy autonomous systems, access to advanced battery technology is becoming a national security issue.

The Atlantic Council argues that maintaining a technological edge will require not only better battery designs but also domestic manufacturing capacity and resilient supply chains.

Beyond drones and robots

Although unmanned systems are among the most obvious beneficiaries, a breakthrough in battery performance could affect nearly every aspect of military operations. Future soldier-worn electronics, portable radar systems, autonomous underwater vehicles, communications networks, and even directed-energy weapons could all benefit from lighter and more energy-dense power sources.

DARPA’s program is scheduled to run for 36 months across two phases beginning in 2027, with multiple prototype awards planned under Other Transaction Agreements. Whether researchers ultimately achieve the agency’s ambitious fivefold-to-tenfold improvement remains to be seen. But if successful, the effort could reshape not only military technology but also the future of robotics, aerospace, and electric transportation far beyond the battlefield.

European missile manufacturer MBDA has unveiled a new long-range strike weapon that could significantly expand Europe’s ability to hit targets deep behind enemy lines without relying on US-made systems.

Introduced at the Eurosatory defense exhibition in Paris, the new Naval Cruise Missile–Land Cruise Missile (NCM-LCM) Mk2 combines MBDA’s combat-proven Naval Cruise Missile with a mobile ground-launch capability, creating what many analysts describe as Europe’s closest equivalent to the US Tomahawk cruise missile.

The company says the missile can strike targets at ranges exceeding 1,000 kilometers (621 miles) while maintaining precision even in heavily jammed electronic warfare environments. A first operational ground launch system is expected to become available from 2029.

Why the new missile matters

The unveiling comes as European militaries seek greater strategic autonomy and long-range strike capabilities amid growing geopolitical tensions.

Long-range cruise missiles allow militaries to destroy command centers, air-defense systems, logistics hubs, and critical infrastructure far behind enemy lines without exposing aircraft or troops to enemy defenses.

While Europe already fields air- and sea-launched deep-strike weapons such as SCALP/Storm Shadow and the Naval Cruise Missile, it has lacked a dedicated ground-launched cruise missile with comparable range and operational flexibility. The LCM Mk2 is designed to fill that gap.

Unlike conventional artillery systems, which typically reach tens or hundreds of kilometers, the new missile can engage targets more than 1,000 kilometers away, allowing commanders to project firepower across entire theaters of operation.

Built for GPS-denied warfare

One of the most significant upgrades in the Mk2 variant is its ability to operate in highly contested electronic warfare environments. Modern battlefields increasingly feature GPS jamming and spoofing systems designed to disrupt precision-guided weapons. Rather than relying solely on satellite navigation, the NCM-LCM uses multiple guidance methods.

The missile uses a combination of inertial navigation, terrain-reference navigation, satellite positioning, and an imaging infrared seeker. In the terminal phase of flight, the seeker compares the target area against stored reference imagery, helping maintain precision even when satellite navigation signals are degraded or unavailable.

This multi-layered approach allows the weapon to maintain accuracy even in GPS-denied environments. MBDA has also equipped the Mk2 with a new-generation anti-jamming system, upgraded avionics, and enhanced mission electronics designed for high-intensity conflict scenarios.

How the missile survives enemy defenses

Unlike hypersonic weapons that rely on extreme speed, the NCM-LCM survives by remaining difficult to detect.

The missile flies at low altitude, closely following terrain features such as hills, valleys, and coastlines to remain below enemy radar coverage. MBDA says the Mk2’s redesigned nose section and updated electronics allow even lower-altitude flight, further improving survivability.

The missile also incorporates stealth features that reduce its radar signature, making interception more difficult. MBDA has also showcased a complementary concept known as Deluge, a low-cost expendable drone designed to saturate enemy air-defense networks and create opportunities for long-range missiles to penetrate contested airspace.

A mobile launcher designed to disappear

The land-based version is designed for rapid deployment and survivability. According to MBDA, a launcher vehicle can move into an unprepared location, deploy, and have four missiles ready to fire in under 15 minutes. Once launched, the battery can relocate before enemy forces identify its position. 

This “shoot-and-scoot” capability has become increasingly important in modern conflicts, where drones and counter-battery systems can rapidly detect and target static launch sites. The company also notes that the missile can be integrated into synchronized multi-domain strike operations, enabling launches from ships, submarines, and ground batteries to coordinate attacks on the same set of targets.

NCM-LCM Mk2 signals Europe’s growing ambition to field sovereign long-range strike systems capable of operating in the highly contested battlefields of the future.

Will AI robot soldiers take over the battlefield? If your image of a robot soldier comes from The Terminator, the answer is probably no. If your image is a swarm of AI-guided drones, autonomous ground vehicles, robotic tanks, and software making battlefield decisions faster than humans ever could, then the answer is that it is already happening.

There is no doubt that warfare in our times is increasingly becoming a contest between machines. The war in Ukraine has demonstrated this more clearly than any conflict in history. Millions of drones are now being produced annually by both Ukraine and Russia, transforming reconnaissance, logistics, artillery spotting, and strike missions. 

Unmanned systems already outnumber human combatants in active zones like Ukraine, where tens of thousands of drones and autonomous platforms are deployed. While this conflict points to a future in which sensors, drones, and weapons are integrated into unified, AI-assisted networks, the US-Israel war on Iran highlights a the economic reality of modern warfare. 

Cheap drones and missiles costing tens of thousands of dollars have repeatedly forced defenders to launch interceptors worth hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of dollars, proving that future conflicts may be determined as much by cost-exchange ratios as by technological superiority.

The robot takeover has already begun

The first generation of battlefield robots does not look human. Instead, it looks like first-person-view drones carrying explosives, autonomous reconnaissance aircraft, robotic ground vehicles delivering ammunition, and uncrewed boats attacking warships.

In April, Ukraine announced that one operation to capture a Russian position was conducted entirely using unmanned systems, including aerial drones and robotic ground vehicles, without direct human assault troops. While humans still planned and supervised the mission, the operation offered a glimpse into how future battles may unfold.

This is where military investment is currently focused. The United States, China, Russia, Ukraine, and many NATO countries are developing autonomous aircraft, robotic vehicles, uncrewed submarines, and AI-powered targeting systems designed to reduce risk to soldiers while increasing battlefield effectiveness.

What about humanoid robot soldiers?

That future remains much further away. One of the most closely watched examples is the Phantom MK-1, a humanoid robot developed by the US company Foundation. In early 2026, two units were sent to Ukraine for battlefield evaluation, primarily for reconnaissance and logistics missions. The deployment marked one of the first known attempts to test a humanoid robot in an active war zone. But the tests also highlighted the technology’s limitations.

The Phantom MK-1 can carry only modest payloads, has limited battery endurance, and still struggles with many tasks humans perform effortlessly. Reports from the Ukrainian trials suggest the robots were mainly useful for logistics and support missions rather than combat.

Even Foundation’s leadership argues that humanoid robots are more likely to serve as a first line of defense, reconnaissance platform, or force-protection system than as replacements for infantry soldiers. The company’s philosophy is simple: “Don’t send a human where you can send a robot first.”

Why do humanoids still struggle

The problem is that battlefields are among the most demanding environments imaginable. A humanoid robot must walk over rubble, mud, snow, trenches, stairs, and debris. It must manipulate unfamiliar objects, survive electronic warfare, operate for hours without recharging, and make decisions in rapidly changing environments.

Robots may need to master household chores before they master warfare. Folding laundry, loading dishwashers, cleaning kitchens, and navigating cluttered homes require many of the same perception, manipulation, and reasoning capabilities that would eventually allow robots to operate independently on a battlefield.

That is one reason why companies such as Tesla, Figure, Agility Robotics, and Unitree continue to focus heavily on factories, warehouses, and logistics operations rather than combat applications.

The real future of AI warfare

The future battlefield is unlikely to be dominated by armies of humanoid robots carrying rifles. Instead, it will probably consist of human soldiers working alongside large numbers of autonomous systems. AI software will process intelligence, drones will conduct surveillance and strikes, robotic vehicles will handle dangerous missions, and uncrewed platforms will increasingly take on tasks once assigned to humans.

The biggest transformation may not be robotic bodies at all. It may be AI becoming the invisible operating system behind military decision-making. In other words, robot soldiers are coming. They just may not look anything like the ones in Hollywood movies.

The US Army has awarded General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems (GA-EMS) a contract to advance a next-generation 155 mm artillery projectile capable of hitting targets at significantly greater distances than conventional shells while maintaining accuracy even when GPS signals are unavailable.

The award falls under the Army’s Extended Range Artillery Projectile (ERAP) program, an effort to develop a new class of long-range precision munitions that could dramatically increase the reach of existing artillery systems. 

According to General Atomics, the project will fund a series of flight demonstrations to validate the projectile’s performance before the Army moves toward achieving initial operational capability by fiscal year 2030.

The announcement follows earlier testing that demonstrated the munition’s potential. During trials conducted at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona, a version of the projectile successfully struck targets more than 74 miles (119 kilometers) away after being fired from an M777 howitzer, far beyond the range of standard 155 mm artillery rounds.

Extending artillery range without rockets

One of the most notable aspects of the GA-EMS design is its ability it achieve extended range without relying on rocket assistance. Most modern long-range artillery rounds use rocket motors to extend their reach after launch. General Atomics has instead developed a glide-based approach that employs deployable wings and advanced aerodynamic design to travel farther while remaining compatible with existing artillery systems.

According to the company, the projectile can be fired from legacy cannons and loaders already in service, potentially allowing the Army to increase battlefield range without replacing large portions of its artillery fleet.

The design also incorporates redundant guidance systems and maneuvering capabilities. Unlike conventional artillery shells that largely follow a fixed ballistic trajectory, maneuvering projectiles can alter their course during flight, improving accuracy and increasing survivability against countermeasures.

Designed for GPS-denied battlefields

Future conflicts may occur in environments where satellite navigation systems are degraded, jammed, or entirely unavailable. The new projectile must retain the ability to engage targets even when GPS signals cannot be used. General Atomics says its munition includes advanced guidance technologies designed to maintain precision under those conditions.

That capability is becoming increasingly important as high-tech electronic warfare systems have the ability to disrupt navigation, communications, and targeting networks across large areas of the battlefield.

According to reports, the Army’s 2024 ERAP solicitation stated that future projectiles should be capable of engaging a broad range of targets, including infantry fighting vehicles, self-propelled artillery, multiple-launch rocket systems, air defense systems, main battle tanks, and even maritime targets.

Significance and broader push of long-range artillery   

Over the past decade, the service has invested heavily in programs designed to increase the range of cannon artillery, missiles, and hypersonic weapons. The goal is to allow US forces to strike targets from greater distances while reducing exposure to enemy fire.

General Atomics has also attracted interest from other branches of the military. In late 2024, the US Navy selected the company to continue development of a maritime version of the projectile, highlighting the technology’s potential beyond traditional land warfare.

Science is usually associated with reason, evidence, and discovery. Yet some of the world’s most significant scientific and medical sites have accumulated ghost stories, conspiracy theories, and paranormal legends of their own. In many cases, the lore emerged from tragedy, isolation, or misunderstood research rather than anything supernatural.

These seven sites sit at a rather eerie intersection of science and folklore.

1. CERN, Switzerland-France

Home to the Large Hadron Collider, CERN is one of the world’s leading centers for particle physics research. Yet despite its scientific credentials, the facility has become a recurring subject of internet conspiracy theories.

Rumors linking CERN to portals, alternate dimensions, and occult activity gained momentum in 2016 after a prank video filmed on the organization’s grounds appeared to show a ritual human sacrifice near the laboratory’s Shiva statue. CERN later clarified that the video was an unauthorized spoof and that no one was harmed.

The incident added fuel to years of speculation surrounding the collider’s experiments, making CERN one of the few modern research facilities to develop a paranormal reputation despite a lack of evidence supporting the claims.

2. Waverly Hills Sanatorium, United States

Opened in Kentucky in 1910, Waverly Hills Sanatorium was built to treat tuberculosis patients during one of the deadliest public health crises of the early twentieth century.

The facility became known for its advanced treatment methods and later for its so-called “body chute,” a tunnel reportedly used to transport the deceased away from patients. Decades after the hospital closed, stories of apparitions, shadow figures, and unexplained voices transformed it into one of America’s most famous haunted locations.

Whether the stories are true or not, the real history is grim enough. Thousands of patients passed through the sanatorium before antibiotics dramatically reduced tuberculosis deaths.

3. Poveglia Island, Italy

Located in the Venetian Lagoon, Poveglia served as a quarantine station during plague outbreaks beginning in the eighteenth century.

Ships arriving in Venice with suspected infections were isolated there, and over time, the island became associated with disease, death, and mass burials. Later, parts of the island housed a psychiatric facility before being abandoned.

Today, Poveglia is frequently described as one of the world’s most haunted islands. Local legends speak of restless spirits, mysterious voices, and supernatural activity, although many claims are impossible to verify. What is certain is that the island’s history reflects centuries of public-health efforts during some of Europe’s deadliest epidemics.

4. Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum, United States

Completed in the nineteenth century, the Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum was originally designed according to the Kirkbride Plan, an influential architectural approach to psychiatric treatment.

At its peak, the institution housed thousands of patients, far beyond its intended capacity. Reports of overcrowding, poor conditions, and controversial treatments became part of its history.

Today, the massive complex attracts paranormal investigators who report apparitions, voices, and other unexplained phenomena. While the ghost stories dominate popular culture, the site also provides a window into the evolving history of mental-health care and institutional medicine.

5. Pennhurst State School and Hospital, United States

Pennhurst was established in Pennsylvania to care for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Over time, however, investigations revealed severe overcrowding and troubling conditions within the institution.

After its closure, the abandoned buildings became the focus of ghost stories and paranormal television programs. Reports of strange sounds, apparitions, and unexplained encounters continue to attract visitors.

Its haunted reputation is inseparable from its documented history. For many historians, Pennhurst serves as a reminder of how society once approached disability care and how those systems often failed the people they were intended to help.

6. Beelitz-Heilstätten, Germany

This vast hospital complex near Berlin opened in the late nineteenth century as a tuberculosis treatment center and later served wounded soldiers during both World Wars.

The sprawling campus, surrounded by forests and gradually reclaimed by nature, has become one of Europe’s most recognizable abandoned medical facilities. Its decaying corridors and operating rooms have inspired countless urban legends, ghost stories, and paranormal investigations.

Today, parts of the site have been restored and opened to visitors, but its eerie appearance continues to fuel speculation about what may still linger within its walls.

7. Duga Radar (“The Russian Woodpecker”), Ukraine

Hidden within the forests near Chornobyl stands one of the largest radar structures ever built. Known as Duga, the Soviet-era installation formed part of an over-the-horizon early-warning system designed to detect incoming intercontinental ballistic missiles during the Cold War. The enormous antenna array, stretching hundreds of meters long and rising roughly 150 meters high, transmitted a distinctive repetitive signal that was picked up by radio operators around the world between 1976 and 1989.

The mysterious tapping noise earned the system the nickname “The Russian Woodpecker.” Because Soviet authorities never publicly explained the signal, speculation flourished. Amateur radio operators and conspiracy theorists suggested everything from weather control and mind-control experiments to secret military technologies. 

While the radar’s true purpose later became known, the abandoned structure’s location near Chornobyl, its colossal scale, and decades of secrecy continue to fuel an aura of mystery around one of the Cold War’s most imposing engineering projects.

For centuries, the Aurora Borealis has captivated skywatchers with its shimmering curtains of green, red, and purple light. Yet despite being one of Earth’s most recognizable natural phenomena, the Northern Lights remain surrounded by misconceptions. 

Some believe they occur only near the North Pole, while others assume they are caused by weather or that they always appear green. In reality, auroras are the result of complex interactions between the Sun and Earth’s magnetic field, and scientists continue to uncover new details about how they form. Here are seven common myths about the Northern Lights and the facts behind one of nature’s most spectacular displays.

1. Myth: The Northern Lights make no sound

Fact: Most auroras occur too high in the atmosphere for sound to travel directly to the ground. However, some observers have reported hearing faint crackling or hissing noises during intense displays. The phenomenon remains debated, but researchers have investigated possible explanations involving electrical activity close to the Earth’s surface. While not fully understood, reports of auroral sounds are not dismissed as pure imagination.

2. Myth: The aurora is always green

Fact: Green is the most common aurora color, but it is far from the only one. Different atmospheric gases and altitudes produce different colors. Oxygen can create green or red displays, while nitrogen can produce blue, purple, and pink hues. During powerful geomagnetic storms, observers may see multiple colors at once, creating the spectacular multicolored curtains often captured in photographs.

3. Myth: Auroras only happen at the North Pole

Fact: The Aurora Borealis is most common near the Arctic, but powerful solar storms can push auroral activity much farther south. During major geomagnetic events, the lights have been observed across Europe, Asia, and even parts of the continental United States. There is also a southern counterpart known as the Aurora Australis, which occurs around Antarctica and southern high-latitude regions.

4. Myth: Auroras are unique to Earth

Fact: Earth is not the only world with auroras. Scientists have observed auroral activity on Jupiter, Saturn, Mars, and several other bodies in the Solar System. While the underlying mechanism is similar, charged particles interact with an atmosphere and a magnetic environment. The appearance and behavior of auroras vary significantly from planet to planet. Studying these alien auroras helps researchers better understand planetary atmospheres and magnetic fields.

5. Myth: The Northern Lights are caused by Earth’s weather

Fact: Auroras are actually a form of space weather. They occur when charged particles from the Sun interact with Earth’s magnetic field and collide with gases in the upper atmosphere. These collisions release energy in the form of colorful light. While clouds can block your view of an aurora, the phenomenon itself originates hundreds of miles above normal weather systems. Strong solar storms can even make the lights visible far beyond the Arctic.

6. Myth: If an aurora forecast is good, you’ll definitely see it

Fact: A strong aurora forecast is only part of the equation. Visibility also depends on cloud cover, light pollution, moonlight, and your geographic location. Even during powerful geomagnetic storms, thick clouds can completely hide the display. This is why experienced aurora chasers pay as much attention to weather forecasts as they do to solar activity predictions.

7. Myth: The aurora is a modern phenomenon

Fact: Humans have been observing auroras for thousands of years. Ancient cultures across Scandinavia, North America, Asia, and Europe developed myths and legends to explain the mysterious lights. Long before scientists understood solar wind or magnetism, people associated auroras with spirits, omens, warriors, or celestial beings. Modern science has explained the mechanism behind the lights, but the sense of wonder they inspire remains unchanged.

A mobile robot developed by Samsung-controlled Rainbow Robotics has reportedly begun testing inside a Coupang fulfillment center, marking what could be its first deployment in a live commercial warehouse environment.

According to a report by The Korea Herald, Coupang is evaluating Rainbow Robotics’ RB-Y1 robot to determine whether it can reliably sort, transport, and handle goods within one of South Korea’s highly automated logistics networks. While neither Coupang, Samsung, nor Rainbow Robotics has publicly confirmed the pilot, industry sources told ETNews that a larger deployment could follow if the tests prove successful.

The reported trial represents an important step for the RB-Y1, which until now has primarily been used by universities, research institutions, and industrial partners for testing and development.

A different kind of humanoid

Unlike the bipedal humanoid robots grabbing headlines worldwide, the RB-Y1 takes a more practical approach. The machine combines a wheeled autonomous mobile base with a dual-arm upper body designed to mimic the movement of a human torso. 

The robot stands approximately 1.4 meters tall and weighs 131 kilograms. Its two robotic arms offer seven degrees of freedom each and can handle payloads of up to 3 kilograms per arm.

Mounted on a high-speed wheeled platform capable of traveling at 1.5 meters per second, the robot is designed to navigate warehouses, factories, and research facilities while performing tasks such as picking, sorting, and manipulating objects.

Rainbow Robotics says the platform uses a 20-axis whole-body control system to maintain stability during movement and when handling items. The company also developed collision-avoidance software that prevents the robot’s arms from interfering with each other during operation.

Why Coupang is interested

For Coupang, South Korea’s largest e-commerce company, warehouse automation has become increasingly important as the company seeks to improve efficiency and reduce operating costs.

The company has invested heavily in robotics, automation, and artificial intelligence in recent years. According to The Korea Herald, Coupang has invested more than $84 million in global AI startups since 2023 as part of broader efforts to modernize its logistics infrastructure.

The potential benefits extend beyond productivity. South Korea’s Serious Accidents Punishment Act holds executives legally accountable for fatal workplace accidents, creating additional incentives for companies to automate potentially hazardous tasks.

With a payload capacity better suited to lighter goods than heavy lifting, the RB-Y1 would likely be deployed for sorting, picking, and moving smaller items if the pilot progresses to commercial use.

Samsung’s growing robotics ambitions

The trial also highlights Samsung’s expanding ambitions in robotics. Samsung increased its stake in Rainbow Robotics to 35 percent before making the company a subsidiary, identifying robotics as one of its next major growth areas alongside artificial intelligence and advanced semiconductors.

The move comes as South Korea continues to lead the world in industrial automation. According to the International Federation of Robotics, the country has the highest robot density globally, with roughly 1,012 industrial robots for every 10,000 manufacturing workers. More than seven times the global average.

If the Coupang pilot proves successful, it could provide one of the clearest signs yet that advanced mobile manipulators are beginning to transition from research laboratories into large-scale commercial logistics operations.

The US Navy has reactivated a submarine squadron that was disbanded more than a decade ago and relocated it from Hawaii to Western Australia, marking a major milestone in the AUKUS security partnership and the growing strategic importance of the Indo-Pacific.

The newly reestablished Submarine Squadron 3 (CSS-3) will operate from HMAS Stirling near Perth, Australia, after previously being based at Pearl Harbor, where it was decommissioned in 2012. The move supports the development of Submarine Rotational Force-West (SRF-West), an initiative that will see US and UK nuclear-powered attack submarines regularly deployed from Australia beginning in 2027. 

According to the US Navy, CSS-3 personnel will work alongside members of the Royal Australian Navy to establish maintenance, logistics, and operational support infrastructure for future submarine rotations.

The reactivation was announced by the US Pacific Fleet’s submarine force and follows a recent trilateral AUKUS statement confirming that key milestones remain on track. Under the AUKUS agreement signed in 2021, Australia is expected to acquire nuclear-powered submarines and eventually operate its own conventionally armed nuclear-powered fleet. Sources: US Navy, DVIDS, AUKUS Joint Statement.

Why bring back a squadron that no longer exists?

Submarine squadrons serve as operational headquarters responsible for overseeing submarine deployments, maintenance, crew readiness, logistics, and mission support.

While the move may appear administrative, it represents a significant expansion of US submarine infrastructure in the Indo-Pacific. Rear Adm. Chris Cavanaugh, commander of the US Pacific Fleet’s submarine force, said the additional forward-positioned squadron would improve the Navy’s responsiveness and operational flexibility across the region.

Strategically, HMAS Stirling is located in a key position on Australia’s western coast.  The base provides access to the Indian Ocean and sits closer to many Indo-Pacific operating areas than traditional US submarine hubs in Hawaii or the continental United States. The facility is expected to become one of the most important submarine support locations in the Southern Hemisphere. 

Preparing for submarine rotations

The squadron’s return is tied directly to SRF-West, one of the first major operational components of AUKUS.

Beginning in 2027, American Virginia-class and British Astute-class nuclear-powered attack submarines are expected to conduct rotational deployments from HMAS Stirling rather than being permanently based there. The arrangement is designed to increase allied submarine presence in the region while helping Australia develop the expertise needed to operate and maintain its future fleet. 

The effort extends beyond military operations. The US Navy has already established Naval Support Activity Stirling to provide housing, healthcare, logistics, and support services for personnel assigned to the rotational force.

Meanwhile, Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard is preparing to establish a dedicated maintenance detachment in Western Australia. According to Navy officials, Australian civilian maintainers and naval personnel are already training in Hawaii, with hundreds expected to participate in submarine maintenance programs.

AUKUS enters a new phase

The reactivation of CSS-3 shows how AUKUS is evolving from a political agreement into a functioning military and industrial partnership.

Rather than focusing solely on future submarine transfers, the alliance is now building the infrastructure, workforce, and maintenance capabilities needed to sustain nuclear-powered submarines in Australia over the coming decades.

With rotational deployments expected within two years, the revived squadron may prove to be one of the earliest visible signs of how the AUKUS submarine plan is taking shape in practice.