Why most people believe there is a climate emergency For decades, United Nations climate bodies, international organisations and much of the media have warned that human greenhouse-gas emissions—particularly carbon dioxide—are causing global warming and creating serious climatic risks requiring urgent action. Following the IPCC’s 2018 special report on 1.5°C warming, many politicians and media outlets...

Modern science is no longer used primarily to describe reality, but to construct models that are then treated as reality itself. This shift spans cosmology, climate science, pandemic response, and artificial intelligence. Across these domains, models increasingly mediate how reality is interpreted, from theoretical structures in cosmology, through institutional policy models in climate science and...