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Aug. 18, 1868: Helium is discovered

18 August 2026 at 14:00

During the total solar eclipse of Aug. 18, 1868, two astronomers, Pierre Jules César Janssen of France and J. Norman Lockyer of England, each independently discovered a new line in the Sun’s spectrum. Lockyer thought it showed an undiscovered element, which he named helium. (In Greek mythology, Helios was the Sun god.) Although scientists wouldContinue reading "Aug. 18, 1868: Helium is discovered"

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Le scottature solari non sono soltanto un fastidio temporaneo. Una nuova me…

18 August 2026 at 13:49
Le scottature solari non sono soltanto un fastidio temporaneo. Una nuova meta-analisi pubblicata su JAMA Dermatology suggerisce che le scottature dolorose, con vesciche o particolarmente gravi possano aumentare significativamente il rischio di sviluppare un carcinoma a cellule squamose della pelle (cSCC). I ricercatori hanno analizzato 17 studi che hanno coinvolto oltre 321.000 persone. Chi aveva […]

L’umanità ha attraversato alcuni dei periodi climatici più difficili della…

18 August 2026 at 13:40
L’umanità ha attraversato alcuni dei periodi climatici più difficili della sua storia, compresa l’ultima era glaciale. Una nuova ricerca genetica condotta dall’Università di Tokyo suggerisce che alcuni dei nostri antenati svilupparono specifici adattamenti per sopravvivere alle temperature estreme. Gli scienziati hanno analizzato 42 genomi di cacciatori-raccoglitori Jomon, popolazione che visse nell’arcipelago giapponese tra circa 16.000 […]

Una nuova e spettacolare immagine della Nebulosa Tarantola, conosciuta anch…

18 August 2026 at 13:27
Una nuova e spettacolare immagine della Nebulosa Tarantola, conosciuta anche come 30 Doradus, sta offrendo agli astronomi nuovi dettagli su una delle più grandi regioni di formazione stellare vicine alla Via Lattea. Situata nella Grande Nube di Magellano, a circa 160.000 anni luce dalla Terra, la nebulosa ospita migliaia di giovani stelle immerse in una […]

Un gigante con un’apertura alare di oltre trentadue metri e un peso al deco…

18 August 2026 at 11:50
Un gigante con un’apertura alare di oltre trentadue metri e un peso al decollo superiore alle undici tonnellate si è staccato dalla pista dell’aeroporto internazionale di Plattsburgh, nello Stato di New York, senza ronzii di cherosene né scarichi di combustione. Per 27 minuti Anders Forslund, fondatore e amministratore delegato di Heart Aerospace, ha guidato la […]

La kyawthuite, l'unico minerale sulla Terra di cui è stato documentato un s…

18 August 2026 at 10:43
La kyawthuite, l'unico minerale sulla Terra di cui è stato documentato un singolo esemplare da appena 1,61 carati. Trovato nel 2010 dal gemmologo Kyaw Thu nella regione birmana di Mogok e oggi custodito a Los Angeles, questo ossido di bismuto e antimonio deve la sua struttura atomica estrema all'impatto tettonico tra la placca indiana e quella asiatica. Tra instabilità politiche e giacimenti inaccessibili, l'intera conoscenza scientifica di questa specie si regge su una sola pietra.

The Sky Today on Tuesday, August 18: Stars and sparklers

18 August 2026 at 09:00

Looking for a sky event this week? Check out our full Sky This Week column.  August 17: Mars at Gemini’s feet Wait until after about 10 P.M. tonight to begin your deep-sky observing and the Moon won’t be a bother. An excellent target is NGC 6939, an open cluster in Cepheus the King. This cluster is quiteContinue reading "The Sky Today on Tuesday, August 18: Stars and sparklers"

The post The Sky Today on Tuesday, August 18: Stars and sparklers appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.

Tokenization Of H2O: Is O2 Next?

Water is the foundation of life itself. The UN says we are entering an age of “Global Water Bankruptcy” and therefore we should be subjected to “bankruptcy management,” where “conservators” are appointed by the court to manage the sale of remaining assets. Hence, tokenization enters stage right: sell the scarcity to the world in a price auction. The whole scheme is indisputably evil! ⁃ Patrick Wood, Editor.

The Elites are Claiming the World’s Water Supply and Plan to Trade It on the Stock Market.

Yep, you heard me right. This is not a joke or exaggeration. The facts are out there for all to see. I wrote about the tokenization of nature in my article “From Blockchain to Ball and Chain: Are We Being Borged?” [1] This article will deal primarily with the tokenization of the world’s water supply.

Tokenization: Turning Life Itself into a Tradeable Chip

For those who do not understand tokenization, here is a short and simple explanation: Tokenization means turning something real, like a share of water rights, a measured volume of water from a river or aquifer, or even credits for water that was “saved” or recycled, into a digital token (a unique digital certificate) that lives on a blockchain.

A blockchain is simply a shared digital notebook that many computers keep identical copies of at the same time, so the records of who owns what cannot be secretly changed by any one person or company.

That token can then be bought, sold, or traded on markets the same way people trade stocks or other assets. Instead of water simply belonging to the land, the local community, or the people who rely on it, it becomes a financial product that large investors, corporations, and institutions can own fractions of and exchange for profit. The right to use, claim, offset, or trade that water becomes the commodity.

Offset means making up for the water you use by helping save or restore the same amount somewhere else. A farmer switches to drip irrigation, a project restores a wetland, or a company reuses treated wastewater. That saved or restored water is measured and turned into credit. You buy or claim the credit. On paper your water use is balanced.

How Dare They Profit from Stealing Our Water

How dare they make money off this corrupt plan to steal, control, measure and meter the world’s water supply. Yes, I sound like Greta. The irony is thick: the same girl who made “How dare you” famous has been thoroughly programmed to cheer for Agenda 2030 and the very control grid she should be screaming against. Since she refuses to use her catchphrase where it actually belongs, then I will.

Water is the foundation of life itself. Every human, every animal, every plant depends on it. Yet the same elites who lecture the public about scarcity and climate are building the machinery to turn every last drop into a tradable asset they can profit from while ordinary people face rationing and surveillance.

This is exactly the process already described and promoted in official reports. Goldman Sachs itself published “Securing and Financing the Future of Water” in 2026, openly stating that tokenization can turn water rights into traceable tokens that track use across markets and deliver credits for companies that conserve or recycle water through connections to flow meters. Read it yourself: https://www.goldmansachs.com/insights/articles/securing-and-financing-the-future-of-water

The United Nations has declared the world has entered an era of “Global Water Bankruptcy.” Their report argues that the old system of local rights is finished and that new enforceable limits, transparent accounting, and centralized management are required. See the official collection: https://unu.edu/inweh/collection/global-water-bankruptcy

The Mapping Machines Are Already Flying Over Your Head

Look at how they are already doing it. Across the United States, helicopters now fly low over farms and aquifers towing giant electromagnetic loops that map the groundwater beneath our feet like an MRI of the earth. California’s Department of Water Resources runs statewide Airborne Electromagnetic Surveys for exactly this purpose. Click here to read how the water mapping technology works: https://water.ca.gov/programs/sgma/aem

hese surveys create detailed maps of every major water source so that usage can later be tracked and limited.

The All-Seeing Eye of Oracle Returns: Now It Watches Every Drop You Use

Oracle Utilities already processes data from more than 100 million meters worldwide with AI systems that detect irrigation, leaks, and individual household use in real time. Their customer platform is designed for exactly this level of precise control: https://www.oracle.com/utilities/customer-platform/

Larry Ellison didn’t just dream of a panopticon. He said the quiet part out loud: “Citizens will be on their best behavior because we are constantly recording and reporting everything that’s going on.” That wasn’t a warning. That was a sales pitch from the man who still owns roughly 40% of Oracle, the company now quietly embedding itself into the pipes that deliver the most basic resource on Earth: water.

Once you own the real-time ledger of every drop that enters every home, every farm, every factory, you don’t need jackboots. You just need a dashboard. Throttle the water, and compliance follows. The same technocratic elite that spent decades consolidating data, finance, and surveillance is now moving on the last ungoverned commons, water itself, under the soothing branding of “customer platforms” and “smart utilities.”

And Ellison isn’t some lone eccentric billionaire operating in a vacuum. He’s a Trump donor who poured roughly $45 million into supporting the 2024 campaign and has since enjoyed the kind of access that turns political proximity into regulatory profit. The same circle that lectures about freedom while building the tools to score, monitor, and ration everyday life now has one of its most unapologetic surveillance advocates sitting in their inner circle.

The water meters are just the latest sensor in a system that already knows when you open the fridge, when and where you drive, when you yawn, drink, text or speak and soon, how long you shower and how many times you flush your toilet.

This is not innovation. This is the elite’s operating system for managed scarcity and behavioral compliance, dressed up as progress and sold by a man who openly celebrated the idea that constant recording would keep the public “on their best behavior.” Oracle isn’t managing utilities. It’s helping construct the choke points. What’s next Larry? Are you going to regulate and tokenize oxygen?

The infrastructure for control is already being paired with the financial machinery. Chainlink, a decentralized oracle network that feeds real-world data such as meter readings and conservation verification into blockchain systems, has published detailed guides on digitizing water rights and conservation credits into tokens so companies can buy offsets just like carbon credits: https://chain.link/article/tokenized-water-rights-credits

In Dubai, the DMCC (Dubai Multi Commodities Centre), a government-backed free zone and major international trading hub, has signed agreements to launch the world’s first digital token backed by verified freshwater reserves, positioning water itself as a tradable commodity on global markets: https://mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2025/june/17-06/dmcc-signs-strategic-mou

They Already Seized the Food and Are Playing God with the Weather

The elites have been systematically taking control of the world’s food supply for years. Bill Gates, through Cascade Investment, has become the largest private owner of U.S. farmland, holding hundreds of thousands of acres across nearly twenty states. At the same time, major asset managers like BlackRock hold massive stakes in the dominant agribusiness corporations that control seeds, fertilizers, processing, and distribution.

Simultaneously, cloud seeding programs and solar geoengineering research, backed by Silicon Valley money and governments, are rapidly expanding. These efforts claim to manage rainfall and cool the planet, yet they place the power to influence weather patterns in the hands of the very institutions already pushing centralized control over water and food.

In other words, they are running the classic Hegelian dialectic to consolidate power:

  1. Create the droughts through weather geoengineering/modification
  2. Declare an emergency and frighten the public.
  3. Arrive with the “solution,” water tokenization that will supposedly save the planet but in reality just make them richer.

The pattern is unmistakable. Connect the dots. First, they buy the land that grows the food. Then they experiment with altering the weather that waters the crops. Now they are mapping, metering, and tokenizing the water itself so that every drop can be tracked, rationed, and sold.

This Is Not Theory. This Is the Takeover in Progress. Technocracy 101

They tell us water is too important to leave in local hands. They declare bankruptcy on systems that have sustained communities for generations. Then they create the digital and physical infrastructure to measure every use, enforce every limit, and profit from every token. The shared nature of water is being rewritten into a system of permission slips owned by the elite few who say that they, the experts, the financiers, the scientists, know best how to manage nature and humanity. It is all part and parcel of the plan of Technocracy Inc.

And make no mistake, this entire scheme sits squarely inside the United Nations Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals. SDG 6 pretends to be about “clean water and sanitation for all,” yet the real machinery being built is the global accounting, metering, and financialization of every drop. The same institutions that wrote the goals now promote water “bankruptcy,” enforceable limits, transparent tracking, and market-based solutions that turn a basic necessity of life into a tradable asset class. What is sold to the public as sustainability and equity is in practice the transfer of control from communities and nations to the very financial and bureaucratic elites who drafted the blueprint. Agenda 2030 is the framework being used to justify seizing, measuring, and selling the world’s water under the banner of saving it.

This is the plan. It is already in motion. And the people pushing it expect the public to accept it as inevitable.

It is NOT inevitable.

Resistance is NOT futile.

Expose the plan. Shout if from the rooftops, news sites, podcasts and council meetings.

Don’t let the elites complete their takeover plan. They have the money but we have the numbers.

Read full story here…

More Starlink satellites and two big launches for China

17 August 2026 at 19:38

Rocket launches this week On Tuesday, Aug. 18, Chinese aerospace firm LandSpace is targeting 7:35 p.m. EDT for the second flight of its Zhuque-3 rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in China, according to tracking from Next Spaceflight. The launch was scrubbed last week after a Long March 7A rocket exploded hours before Zhuque-3’sContinue reading "More Starlink satellites and two big launches for China"

The post More Starlink satellites and two big launches for China appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.

Hubble captures a corner of M20

17 August 2026 at 19:23

Life in space is hard. Most orbiting observatories retire well before their 20th birthday. Yet the Hubble Space Telescope has survived and continues to thrive well into its 30s. Astronomers celebrated the observatory’s 36th birthday in April by releasing a new image of the Trifid Nebula (M20). This stellar nursery lies about 5,000 light-years fromContinue reading "Hubble captures a corner of M20"

The post Hubble captures a corner of M20 appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.

Are zoos ready for the changing climate?

amarw92/Shutterstock

When people think about climate change and animals, they might picture melting sea ice, drought-stricken landscapes or species struggling in the wild. Far less attention is given to the animals living in our care. Yet as heatwaves become more frequent, intense and unpredictable, zoos may be facing one of the biggest animal welfare challenges of the coming decades.

The recent deaths of three lions at Tama Zoo, Japan during a heatwave that reached over 40°C have brought this issue into sharp focus. Investigations are ongoing, but the incident raises an important question. Do we understand how animals will – or won’t – cope with heat in a rapidly changing climate?

Many people are surprised to learn a lion can be vulnerable to high temperatures. After all, lions evolved in Africa and are often associated with hot, arid landscapes. But this assumption oversimplifies how animals experience heat. Temperature is only one part of the story.

Humidity can play an equally important role. Lions, like many mammals, do not sweat effectively like humans do. Instead, they seek shade, move less and pant to dissipate heat.

High humidity can make these cooling strategies less effective. Perhaps surprisingly, humans are often more heat tolerant than lions. Our ability to sweat over most of the body makes evaporation cooling remarkably effective, allowing us to remain active in conditions that may force lions to rest and seek shade.

In the wild, lions may have more choices available to them that help them to remain cooler. Wild lions can move across large landscapes, select favourable microclimates, rest in shaded areas and adjust their activity patterns – none of which may be feasible in a zoo. Wild lions are famously inactive for much of the day, often waiting until cooler periods to hunt and socialise.

Other vulnerable species are perhaps unsurprising, including polar bears, penguins and red pandas, all of which are adapted to cooler climates. However, climate change may also affect species that people typically associate with warm environments.

Great apes, tapirs, cheetahs and even elephants can struggle with dangerous levels of thermal stress when high temperatures are combined with humidity, which reduces the body’s ability to dissipate heat. For elephants in particular (due to their large body size), the risk is heightened when access to shade, water or other cooling opportunities is limited.

This highlights an important principle in animal welfare science: welfare is influenced not simply by the environment animals are exposed to, but by the degree of choice and control they have within it.

Climate change is changing welfare

Historically, many zoos, particularly in temperate regions such as the UK, were designed with cold weather in mind. Considerable effort has gone into protecting animals from low temperatures and rain. Extreme heat, by comparison, has often been viewed as a relatively minor concern. That assumption may no longer hold.

Lion with tongue hanging out
Zoo lions may share your views about the endless heatwaves this summer. NaturePhotographyOfficial/Shutterstock

Climate change is increasing the frequency, duration and intensity of extreme heat events across the globe. As heatwaves become a more regular feature of British summers, zoos will need to think differently about how they manage animal welfare. Temperature control measures that were adequate ten or 20 years ago may not be sufficient for the conditions today and in the future.

Zoos have long managed environmental conditions for species with specialised needs. Tropical animals are often provided with heated indoor shelter, for example. The challenge is that climate change is shifting the environmental baseline upon which many of these systems were designed.

One strength of modern zoo management is its recognition that animals are individuals. Two animals of the same species living in the same enclosure may respond very differently to identical conditions. Older animals may have less physiological resilience. Animals with respiratory conditions or other underlying health issues may be particularly vulnerable.

The good news is zoos routinely maintain detailed individual records on behaviour, personality, social relationships, health history and life experience, which will help them monitor any changes.

Increasingly, extreme heat should be treated in the same way as severe storms, flooding or disease outbreaks: as a foreseeable animal welfare risk. This might involve expanding shaded areas, creating climate-controlled refuges, improving ventilation, installing misting systems and water features, and monitoring temperature and humidity in real time.

But infrastructure alone will not be enough. Zoos may also need to adapt their daily management practices, adjusting feeding and enrichment schedules and modifying routines to minimise heat exposure during the hottest parts of the day.

Tell-tale signs

One of the most valuable and commonly used indicators of animal welfare is behaviour. An animal that appears lethargic, withdrawn or less engaged with its surroundings may be signalling compromised welfare long before clinical symptoms emerge.

An animal experiencing thermal discomfort may alter its activity patterns, spend more time in certain locations, change its posture, eat less food or interact differently with other animals. Humans are no different.

During heatwaves we change our routines, seek cooler places, struggle to sleep and often reduce activity. In people, exposure to extreme heat also affects cognition and behaviour. Evidence suggests that attention, memory and decision-making can deteriorate under thermal stress, raising important questions about how heat may influence the behaviour and welfare of animals in our care.

These insights are relevant not only to zoos, but to all managed animal populations. Farms, wildlife parks, rescue centres and companion animal owners are all likely to confront similar welfare challenges in a future defined by more frequent and intense heatwaves.

The Conversation

Samantha Ward does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

​Oltre tremila ettari di vegetazione sono andati inceneriti nella riserva n…

17 August 2026 at 14:41
​Oltre tremila ettari di vegetazione sono andati inceneriti nella riserva naturale delle Hautes Fagnes a causa di un vasto incendio scoppiato il 14 agosto al confine tra Belgio e Germania. L'emergenza, la più grave nella regione dal 1911, ha richiesto l'intervento di oltre 250 soccorritori, elicotteri olandesi e canadair svedesi e cechi, oltre all'evacuazione preventiva del comune tedesco di Monschau. Le operazioni di spegnimento sono rese complesse dal terreno torboso, che permette alle fiamme di propagarsi in profondità nel sottosuolo e riemergere a distanza

World’s largest solar telescope reveals the Sun’s hidden texture

17 August 2026 at 14:20

The sharpest images ever taken of the Sun’s surface reveal ribbons of solar plasma curling into tight, wave-like vortices near the edge of a sunspot — a pattern never before seen on our star. The experiment behind the discovery was designed to push the technical limits of a new camera system, not hunt for newContinue reading "World’s largest solar telescope reveals the Sun’s hidden texture"

The post World’s largest solar telescope reveals the Sun’s hidden texture appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.

Aug. 17, 1877: Asaph Hall discovers Phobos

17 August 2026 at 14:00

Astronomer Asaph Hall met Angeline Stickney at New York Central College in 1855. Two years his elder, she instructed him in geometry and German, and was reputedly so strong a mathematician that Hall and his classmate made a game of trying to stump her, yet never could. The pair were married the following year. ForContinue reading "Aug. 17, 1877: Asaph Hall discovers Phobos"

The post Aug. 17, 1877: Asaph Hall discovers Phobos appeared first on Astronomy Magazine.

​Un'insolita marea di minuscoli corpi gelatinosi dal colore blu brillante h…

17 August 2026 at 12:51
​Un'insolita marea di minuscoli corpi gelatinosi dal colore blu brillante ha improvvisamente invaso le spiagge della Cumbria, spinta sui litorali inglesi dalle recenti e intense raffiche di vento oceanico. Le autorità locali e gli esperti del Cumbria Wildlife Trust chiedono la massima cautela ai passanti e raccomandano di non toccare gli esemplari spiaggiati per evitare possibili reazioni allergiche e irritazioni cutanee. Nonostante l'aspetto ricordi quello di una medusa, la spiegazione biologica rivela una realtà ben più complessa: non si tratta di un singolo animale, ma di un'intera architettura vivente in balia del meteo.

Gli astronomi potrebbero aver trovato un nuovo tipo di oggetto celeste, a m…

17 August 2026 at 12:46
Gli astronomi potrebbero aver trovato un nuovo tipo di oggetto celeste, a metà strada tra una stella e un buco nero. Si tratta di MoM-BH-1*, un’anomalia cosmica individuata grazie al telescopio spaziale James Webb (JWST) mentre i ricercatori cercavano alcune delle galassie più antiche dell’universo.L’oggetto è stato descritto come una sorta di “stella con buco […]

Da diversi giorni circolano di rete le incredibili foto del ciclone tropica…

17 August 2026 at 12:05
Da diversi giorni circolano di rete le incredibili foto del ciclone tropicale che si è abbattuto sull’Australia occidentale nel marzo scorso. Il ciclone tropicale Narelle ha lasciato dietro di sé uno scenario impressionante nell’Australia occidentale, dove gigantesche quantità di polvere sollevate dai forti venti hanno trasformato il cielo in un intenso colore rosso sangue. Il […]

Ban on Chinese robots leaves U.S. startups stranded

17 August 2026 at 11:00
The U.S. government is forcing a rapid onshoring of robotics through a sweeping ban on foreign-made robots, even before an American supply chain exists, putting at risk the very robotics...

© Getty Images/Rest of World

Three Unitree G1 humanoid robots are pictured at robotics company Unitree's first retail store in Beijing.

How a 19th-century estate agent offered 3D property ‘walkthroughs’ before the dawn of the photography age

The Cosmoramic Room in P.T. Barnum’s American Museum, New York. Illustration from the museum’s official guidebook.

If you’re thinking about moving house or just feeling nosy about your neighbours, your first port of call may be an online property marketing site: Rightmove and Zoopla in the UK, Zillow in the US or Magic Bricks in India.

They offer 3D plans of their properties and a video walkthrough, sometimes with added interactive tools. It all seems very modern – yet it turns out, at least one pioneering London estate agent was offering its clients 3D visual walkthroughs long before the advent of commercial photography.

In the UK, estate agents came into being as a specialised profession in the mid-19th century, as rapid urbanisation and greater social and geographic mobility led to a dramatic increase in the demand for housing.

But in this pre-photography era, how did the Victorian era’s newly monied see what they could buy with their gains from trade or industry? One high-end London estate agent, Brooks & Green, came up with a novel answer.

Illustration of how the cosmorama worked.
How the cosmorama worked. From The Boy’s Own Book: A Complete Encyclopedia (1849)

In 1838, the year of Queen Victoria’s coronation, this Old Bond Street estate agent began advertising an early form of immersive visual technology called a “cosmorama”, to offer prospective buyers a virtual tour of the properties it was selling.

A cosmorama involved looking at paintings or artists’ prints through a large convex lens, which magnified the image and enhanced the perspectival depth, creating a basic 3D effect.

A blackened square frame between the lens and picture hid the edges – enhancing the viewer’s sense of looking at a large scene through an extended opening. Clever lighting effects further enhanced the depth and immersive effects.

To create this cosmoramic view, a skilled artist would have had to visit the estate to prepare the sketches. For 20 years, Brooks & Green promoted its “cosmoramic gallery” as a proto-version of a digital walkthrough. This was nearly 50 years before photography was widely used to advertise property.

Cutting of a Brooks & Green advert for its cosmorama device.
Brooks & Green advert for its cosmorama device. The Patriot newspaper, April 1842.

The estate agent advertised heavily in the London press. An 1842 advert claimed its office property gallery included “several hundred views of different estates”. Prospective buyers of one property were promised an “aerial perspective, the site and architectural elevation of a mansion, the local scenery and features of a park [and] ornamental grounds”.

The viewing experience of the cosmorama supposedly offered much more realism and detail than a written prospectus – without rich London buyers having to travel miles to inspect the property in question.

But this service was definitely not available to ordinary families. Only high-value mansions and estates were valuable enough to be visualised in this way. Entrance to the Brooks & Green gallery was supposedly free, but you needed an admission card – probably granted only to those who looked like they had suitably deep pockets.

Visual explanation of the cosmorama (November 1821). C. Blunt for La Belle Assemblée, nº155, vol. 24.

Exhibits around the world

For the first half of the 19th century, the cosmorama was one of the most common forms of visual show across Europe and the Americas. It was first revealed at a Paris exhibition in 1808 by the French showman Abbot Constant Gazzera. His success led to many more exhibitions throughout Europe during the 1820s and ‘30s.

In London, the Cosmorama Rooms opened in 1821 at 29 St James’s Street, moving to Regent Street in 1823. The gallery became one of the established London attractions for over 30 years. With Regent Street only a mile from Old Bond Street, it may have prompted an ambitious Brooks & Green employee to have the idea of using this innovation to market its property.

Also shown across Europe in pleasure gardens, popular science institutions, retail bazaars and fairgrounds, the cosmorama was successful because urbanisation and population growth had created a critical mass of middle-class audiences. It offered a new kind of immersive visual exhibition, reaching audiences who would never visit a fine-art gallery.

Cosmorama means “views of the world” in Greek. It was mainly used to display picturesque landscapes, renowned European sites and striking architectural interiors – such as the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the canals of Venice or the interior of Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome. The interest in this device reflected the public’s growing desire to be cultivated, and to learn about the wonders of the wider world.

Fascination with 3D worlds

But the cosmorama is just part of the story of immersive pictorial entertainment from the early 19th century. Other popular technologies included peepshows, panoramas and dioramas, all of which offered users a sense of virtual travel.

Panoramas were large circular paintings – the Imax cinema of the age – and dioramas were illusionistic spectacles created from 3D models. At the same time, itinerant exhibitors of peepshow boxes travelled the country’s fairgrounds displaying scenes of national events and sensational murders. Picturegoing had become part of everyday life.

I came across the Brooks & Green adverts for its cosmorama in my research for a historical project led by the Universidade Lusófona in Lisbon, which has mapped cosmorama exhibits across Europe and beyond. In all, Curiositas: Peeping Before Virtual Reality has catalogued more than 650 cosmoramas in Portugal, Spain and the UK.

Many more of these devices were exhibited in countries as far apart as North America, Brazil, Cuba and Australia. The famous US showman P.T. Barnum installed a cosmoramic gallery in his American Museum in New York.

The cosmorama was ultimately superseded by the stereoscope, which also created a 3D photographic experience by looking through lenses. Thus, the cosmorama was an early part of the story of our fascination with virtual worlds – of being taken outside and beyond ourselves, and immersed in another environment.

The Conversation

John Plunkett does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. He is the co-author of Popular Visual Shows 1800-1914: Picturegoing from Peep Shows to Film (Oxford University Press, 2025)

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